build: packageInfo at 14.0.3-quantus.3, as published

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_012uDUodEcRbBwNRi3UCmw8f

.prettierrc.cjs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 module.exports = require('@polkadot/dev/config/prettier.cjs');

.yarnrc.yml

@@ -13,3 +13,12 @@ logFilters:
 nodeLinker: node-modules
 
 yarnPath: .yarn/releases/yarn-4.9.1.cjs
+
+# @quantus packages come from the Gitea registry. Safe as a whole-scope route
+# because we own every name in it — unlike @polkadot, where routing the scope
+# would send yarn looking for dozens of unforked packages that are not there.
+#
+# Reads are anonymous; publishing needs `pass gitea/package-publisher-token`.
+npmScopes:
+  quantus:
+    npmRegistryServer: "https://git.lair.cafe/api/packages/quantus/npm/"

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,52 @@
 # CHANGELOG
 
+## 14.0.3 Mar 23, 2026
+
+Changes:
+
+- Fix(hw-ledger): reset transport on operation errors and add explicit disconnect API ([#2024](https://github.com/polkadot-js/common/pull/2024))
+
+
+## 14.0.2 Mar 16, 2026
+
+Changes:
+
+- Set headers to 2026 ([#2021](https://github.com/polkadot-js/common/pull/2021))
+
+Contributed:
+
+- fix(util-crypto): use correct x/y getters in secp256k1Expand ([#2018](https://github.com/polkadot-js/common/pull/2018)) (Thanks to https://github.com/AndreasGassmann)
+
+
+## 14.0.1 Dec 9, 2025
+
+Changes:
+
+- fix(x-randomvalues): prioritize native RN modules over polyfilled crypto ([#2013](https://github.com/polkadot-js/common/pull/2013))
+- sr25519: switch from wasm to micro-sr25519 ([#1971](https://github.com/polkadot-js/common/pull/1971))
+
+
+## 13.5.9 Nov 25, 2025
+
+Changes:
+
+- Bump polkadot dependencies ([#2011](https://github.com/polkadot-js/common/pull/2011))
+
+
+## 13.5.8 Nov 11, 2025
+
+Changes:
+
+- Bump @polkadot dependencies ([#2009](https://github.com/polkadot-js/common/pull/2009))
+
+
+## 13.5.7 Oct 13, 2025
+
+Changes:
+
+- Revert "Set pbkdf2Encode rounds to default to 210,000" ([#2007](https://github.com/polkadot-js/common/pull/2007))
+
+
 ## 13.5.6 Aug 26, 2025
 
 Changes:

CONTRIBUTORS

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
     1674	Jaco                          	Bump deps (#1912)
-      44	Tarik Gul                     	Set pbkdf2Encode rounds to default to 210,000 (#1983)
+      47	Tarik Gul                     	14.0.3 (#2025)
       13	Carlo Sala                    	feat(networks): add zeitgeist Ledger support (#1840)
+      11	Valentin Fernandez            	13.5.7 (#2008)
        9	Antoine Estienne              	Add eth uri keyring test (#1291)
-       9	Valentin Fernandez            	Bump `@polkadot/wasm` deps (#2002)
+       9	rajk93                        	14.0.1 (#2014)
        6	Amaury Martiny                	Add tests from Rust (#283)
        6	Jakub Pánik                   	HydraDX -> Hydration rebrand (#1923)
        5	Arjun Porwal                  	13.5.6 (#2004)
        5	kwingram25                    	Add BN consts and timeToString (#610)
        4	Adam Dossa                    	Update Polymesh Genesis Hash (#1193)
        4	pan                           	add bifrost kusama (#1626)
+       3	AndreasGassmann               	fix(util-crypto): use correct x/y getters in secp256k1Expand (#2018)
        3	Luke Schoen                   	docs: Fix example in readme since we use default imports (#243)
-       3	rajk93                        	13.5.3 (#1996)
-       2	AndreasGassmann               	feat(dependencies): remove moment.js (#530)
        2	Cameron Fairchild             	Add bittensor details (#1783)
        2	Gav Wood                      	Fix stake:unstake (#182)
        2	Hyungsuk Kang                 	Add cross client Encryption/Decryption (#496)
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
        1	Chris                         	Get rid of warnings for dual esm and cjs packages of the same version (#1890)
        1	Dmitrii Novikov               	Add `Vara` support to Generic Ledger App (#1958)
        1	Eliott Teissonniere           	add nodle ledger specs (#1089)
+       1	Francis O'Brien               	Fix(hw-ledger): reset transport on operation errors and add explicit disconnect API (#2024)
        1	Guilane DENGUIR               	feat(VTB): Added support for VTB blockchain (#1651)
        1	h4x3rotab                     	Throws an error when signing with a locked keypair (#578)
        1	Harry Liu                     	Update README.md (#446)
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@
        1	Mohsan Riaz                   	Add Ternoa for ledger hardware support (#1711)
        1	nahuseyoum                    	Reserving 65 for Aventus based on the new extended range (#871)
        1	Nantian                       	add acala ledger config (#1485)
+       1	Paul Miller                   	sr25519: switch from wasm to micro-sr25519 (#1971)
        1	peetzweg/                     	adds `isRiscV` guard function similar to isWasm (#1878)
        1	qwer951123                    	Add acala genesis (#1161)
        1	Radek Bochenek                	feat: add Liberland support to Generic Ledger App (#1989)

eslint.config.js

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import baseConfig from '@polkadot/dev/config/eslint';

package.json

@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
   },
   "sideEffects": false,
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "13.5.6",
+  "version": "14.0.3",
   "versions": {
-    "git": "13.5.6",
-    "npm": "13.5.6"
+    "git": "14.0.3",
+    "npm": "14.0.3"
   },
   "workspaces": [
     "packages/*"
@@ -31,8 +31,7 @@
     "deno": "yarn polkadot-dev-deno-map && yarn build && deno check --import-map=import_map.json mod.ts",
     "lint": "polkadot-dev-run-lint",
     "postinstall": "polkadot-dev-yarn-only",
-    "test": "polkadot-dev-run-test --env browser ^mnemonic/toMiniSecretCmp",
-    "test:mnemonicCmp": "polkadot-dev-run-test --env browser mnemonic/toMiniSecretCmp",
+    "test": "polkadot-dev-run-test --env browser",
     "test:node": "polkadot-dev-run-test --env browser ^mnemonic/toMiniSecretCmp",
     "test:one": "polkadot-dev-run-test --env browser"
   },

packages/hw-ledger-transports/package.json

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
   },
   "sideEffects": false,
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "13.5.6",
+  "version": "14.0.3",
   "browser": "browser.js",
   "main": "node.js",
   "react-native": "react-native.js",
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     "@ledgerhq/hw-transport": "^6.31.4",
     "@ledgerhq/hw-transport-webhid": "^6.29.4",
     "@ledgerhq/hw-transport-webusb": "^6.29.4",
-    "@polkadot/util": "13.5.6",
+    "@polkadot/util": "14.0.3",
     "tslib": "^2.8.0"
   },
   "optionalDependencies": {

packages/hw-ledger-transports/src/browser.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import LedgerHid from '@ledgerhq/hw-transport-webhid';

packages/hw-ledger-transports/src/empty.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import { createDefs } from './util.js';

packages/hw-ledger-transports/src/mod.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 export * from './empty.js';

packages/hw-ledger-transports/src/node.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import LedgerHid from '@ledgerhq/hw-transport-node-hid-singleton';

packages/hw-ledger-transports/src/packageDetect.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger-transports authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger-transports authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

packages/hw-ledger-transports/src/packageInfo.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger-transports authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger-transports authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev
 
-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '13.5.6' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '14.0.3' };

packages/hw-ledger-transports/src/react-native.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 export * from './empty.js';

packages/hw-ledger-transports/src/types.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // CJS, so we use import * syntax

packages/hw-ledger-transports/src/util.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { Transport, TransportDef, TransportType } from './types.js';

packages/hw-ledger/package.json

@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
     "./packageDetect.cjs"
   ],
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "13.5.6",
+  "version": "14.0.3",
   "main": "index.js",
   "dependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports": "13.5.6",
-    "@polkadot/util": "13.5.6",
+    "@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports": "14.0.3",
+    "@polkadot/util": "14.0.3",
     "@zondax/ledger-substrate": "1.1.1",
     "tslib": "^2.8.0"
   }

packages/hw-ledger/src/Ledger.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { SubstrateApp } from '@zondax/ledger-substrate';
-import type { TransportDef, TransportType } from '@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports/types';
+import type { Transport, TransportDef, TransportType } from '@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports/types';
 import type { AccountOptions, LedgerAddress, LedgerSignature, LedgerVersion } from './types.js';
 
 import { newSubstrateApp } from '@zondax/ledger-substrate';
@@ -30,6 +30,17 @@ async function wrapError <T extends WrappedResult> (promise: Promise<T>): Promis
   return result;
 }
 
+/** @internal Best-effort transport cleanup after failed operations */
+async function closeTransport (transport: Transport | null): Promise<void> {
+  if (transport) {
+    try {
+      await transport.close();
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore cleanup errors so the original failure is preserved.
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 /** @internal Wraps a sign/signRaw call and returns the associated signature */
 function sign (method: 'sign' | 'signRaw', message: Uint8Array, accountOffset = 0, addressOffset = 0, { account = LEDGER_DEFAULT_ACCOUNT, addressIndex = LEDGER_DEFAULT_INDEX, change = LEDGER_DEFAULT_CHANGE }: Partial<AccountOptions> = {}): (app: SubstrateApp) => Promise<LedgerSignature> {
   return async (app: SubstrateApp): Promise<LedgerSignature> => {
@@ -114,16 +125,29 @@ export class Ledger {
     return this.withApp(sign('signRaw', u8aWrapBytes(message), accountOffset, addressOffset, options));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Closes any active transport connection
+   */
+  public async disconnect (): Promise<void> {
+    const app = this.#app;
+
+    this.#app = null;
+
+    await closeTransport(app?.transport || null);
+  }
+
   /**
    * @internal
    *
    * Returns a created SubstrateApp to perform operations against. Generally
-   * this is only used internally, to ensure consistent bahavior.
+   * this is only used internally, to ensure consistent behavior.
    */
   async withApp <T> (fn: (app: SubstrateApp) => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+    let transport: Transport | null = null;
+
     try {
       if (!this.#app) {
-        const transport = await this.#transportDef.create();
+        transport = await this.#transportDef.create();
 
         // We need this override for the actual type passing - the Deno environment
         // is quite a bit stricter and it yields invalids between the two (specifically
@@ -136,6 +160,7 @@ export class Ledger {
 
       return await fn(this.#app);
     } catch (error) {
+      await closeTransport(this.#app?.transport || transport);
       this.#app = null;
 
       throw error;

packages/hw-ledger/src/LedgerGeneric.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import type { TransportDef, TransportType } from '@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports/types';
+import type { Transport, TransportDef, TransportType } from '@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports/types';
 import type { AccountOptionsGeneric, LedgerAddress, LedgerSignature, LedgerVersion } from './types.js';
 
 import { PolkadotGenericApp } from '@zondax/ledger-substrate';
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ async function wrapError <T extends WrappedResult> (promise: Promise<T>): Promis
   try {
     result = await promise;
   } catch (e: unknown) {
-    // We check to see if the propogated error is the newer ResponseError type.
+    // We check to see if the propagated error is the newer ResponseError type.
     // The response code use to be part of the result, but with the latest breaking changes from 0.42.x
     // the interface and it's types have completely changed.
     if ((e as ResponseError).returnCode) {
@@ -46,6 +46,17 @@ async function wrapError <T extends WrappedResult> (promise: Promise<T>): Promis
   return result;
 }
 
+/** @internal Best-effort transport cleanup after failed operations */
+async function closeTransport (transport: Transport | null): Promise<void> {
+  if (transport) {
+    try {
+      await transport.close();
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore cleanup errors so the original failure is preserved.
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 /** @internal Wraps a signEd25519/signRawEd25519 call and returns the associated signature */
 function sign (method: 'signEd25519' | 'signRawEd25519', message: Uint8Array, slip44: number, accountIndex = 0, addressOffset = 0): (app: PolkadotGenericApp) => Promise<LedgerSignature> {
   const bip42Path = `m/44'/${slip44}'/${accountIndex}'/${0}'/${addressOffset}'`;
@@ -245,6 +256,17 @@ export class LedgerGeneric {
     return this.withApp(signWithMetadataEcdsa(message, this.#slip44, accountIndex, addressOffset, options));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Closes any active transport connection
+   */
+  public async disconnect (): Promise<void> {
+    const app = this.#app;
+
+    this.#app = null;
+
+    await closeTransport(app?.transport || null);
+  }
+
   /**
    * @internal
    *
@@ -252,9 +274,11 @@ export class LedgerGeneric {
    * this is only used internally, to ensure consistent bahavior.
    */
   async withApp <T> (fn: (app: PolkadotGenericApp) => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+    let transport: Transport | null = null;
+
     try {
       if (!this.#app) {
-        const transport = await this.#transportDef.create();
+        transport = await this.#transportDef.create();
 
         // We need this override for the actual type passing - the Deno environment
         // is quite a bit stricter and it yields invalids between the two (specifically
@@ -267,6 +291,7 @@ export class LedgerGeneric {
 
       return await fn(this.#app);
     } catch (error) {
+      await closeTransport(this.#app?.transport || transport);
       this.#app = null;
 
       throw error;

packages/hw-ledger/src/bundle.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // This is necessary to ensure users still have access to class Ledger even though its deprecated.

packages/hw-ledger/src/constants.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 export const LEDGER_DEFAULT_ACCOUNT = 0x80000000;

packages/hw-ledger/src/defaults.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/hw-ledger/src/defaults.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // These map to the known name in the @zondax/ledger-substrate/supported_apps package

packages/hw-ledger/src/index.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import './packageDetect.js';

packages/hw-ledger/src/mod.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 export * from './index.js';

packages/hw-ledger/src/packageDetect.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

packages/hw-ledger/src/packageInfo.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev
 
-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/hw-ledger', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '13.5.6' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/hw-ledger', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '14.0.3' };

packages/hw-ledger/src/types.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/hw-ledger authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { HexString } from '@polkadot/util/types';

packages/keyring/package.json

@@ -18,15 +18,16 @@
     "./packageDetect.cjs"
   ],
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "13.5.6",
+  "version": "14.0.3-quantus.3",
   "main": "index.js",
   "dependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/util": "13.5.6",
-    "@polkadot/util-crypto": "13.5.6",
+    "@polkadot/util": "14.0.3",
+    "@polkadot/util-crypto": "14.0.3-quantus.3",
+    "@quantus/crypto": "^0.3.0",
     "tslib": "^2.8.0"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/util": "13.5.6",
-    "@polkadot/util-crypto": "13.5.6"
+    "@polkadot/util": "14.0.3",
+    "@polkadot/util-crypto": "14.0.3"
   }
 }

packages/keyring/src/bundle.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // all external

packages/keyring/src/defaults.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // default substrate dev phrase

packages/keyring/src/index.spec.ts

@@ -1,609 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
-
-import type { KeyringPair$Json } from './types.js';
-
-import { hexToU8a, stringToU8a } from '@polkadot/util';
-import { base64Decode, cryptoWaitReady, encodeAddress, mnemonicGenerate, randomAsU8a, setSS58Format } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
-import * as languages from '@polkadot/util-crypto/mnemonic/wordlists/index';
-
-import { decodePair } from './pair/decode.js';
-import Keyring from './index.js';
-
-await cryptoWaitReady();
-
-describe('keypair', (): void => {
-  describe('ed25519', (): void => {
-    const publicKeyOne = new Uint8Array([47, 140, 97, 41, 216, 22, 207, 81, 195, 116, 188, 127, 8, 195, 230, 62, 209, 86, 207, 120, 174, 251, 74, 101, 80, 217, 123, 135, 153, 121, 119, 238]);
-    const publicKeyTwo = new Uint8Array([215, 90, 152, 1, 130, 177, 10, 183, 213, 75, 254, 211, 201, 100, 7, 58, 14, 225, 114, 243, 218, 166, 35, 37, 175, 2, 26, 104, 247, 7, 81, 26]);
-    const seedOne = stringToU8a('12345678901234567890123456789012');
-    const seedTwo = hexToU8a('0x9d61b19deffd5a60ba844af492ec2cc44449c5697b326919703bac031cae7f60');
-    let keyring: Keyring;
-
-    beforeEach((): void => {
-      keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 42, type: 'ed25519' });
-
-      keyring.addFromSeed(seedOne, {});
-    });
-
-    it('adds the pair', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromSeed(seedTwo, {}).publicKey
-      ).toEqual(publicKeyTwo);
-    });
-
-    it('creates via a dev seed', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromUri('//Alice').address
-      ).toEqual('5FA9nQDVg267DEd8m1ZypXLBnvN7SFxYwV7ndqSYGiN9TTpu');
-    });
-
-    it('creates a ed25519 pair via mnemonicToSeed', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromUri(
-          'seed sock milk update focus rotate barely fade car face mechanic mercy'
-        ).address
-      ).toEqual('5DkQP32jP4DVJLWWBRBoZF2tpWjqFrcrTBo6H5NcSk7MxKCC');
-    });
-
-    it('adds from a mnemonic, with correct ss58', (): void => {
-      // eslint-disable-next-line deprecation/deprecation
-      setSS58Format(20); // this would not be used
-      keyring.setSS58Format(2); // this would be used
-
-      const pair = keyring.addFromMnemonic('moral movie very draw assault whisper awful rebuild speed purity repeat card', {});
-
-      expect(pair.address).toEqual('HSLu2eci2GCfWkRimjjdTXKoFSDL3rBv5Ey2JWCBj68cVZj');
-      expect(encodeAddress(pair.publicKey)).toEqual('35cDYtPsdG1HUa2n2MaARgJyRz1WKMBZK1DL6c5cX7nugQh1');
-    });
-
-    it('allows publicKeys retrieval', (): void => {
-      keyring.addFromSeed(seedTwo, {});
-
-      expect(
-        keyring.getPublicKeys()
-      ).toEqual([publicKeyOne, publicKeyTwo]);
-    });
-
-    it('allows retrieval of a specific item', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.getPair(publicKeyOne).publicKey
-      ).toEqual(publicKeyOne);
-    });
-
-    it('allows adding from JSON', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromJson(
-          JSON.parse('{"address":"5GoKvZWG5ZPYL1WUovuHW3zJBWBP5eT8CbqjdRY4Q6iMaQua","encoded":"0xb4a14995d25ab609f3686e9fa45f1fb237cd833f33f00d4b12c51858ca070d96972e47d73aae5eeb0fc06f923826cf0943fdb02c2c2ee30ef52a7912663053940d1da4da66b3a3f520ae07422c1c94b2d95690fca9d1f4a997623bb2923a8833280e19e7f72c3c5cfa343974e60e2b3dc53b404fdaf330756daad5e4e3","encoding":{"content":"pkcs8","type":"xsalsa20-poly1305","version":"0"},"meta":{"isTesting":true,"name":"alice"}}') as KeyringPair$Json
-        ).publicKey
-      ).toEqual(
-        new Uint8Array([209, 114, 167, 76, 218, 76, 134, 89, 18, 195, 43, 160, 168, 10, 87, 174, 105, 171, 174, 65, 14, 92, 203, 89, 222, 232, 78, 47, 68, 50, 219, 79])
-      );
-    });
-
-    it('signs and verifies', (): void => {
-      const MESSAGE = stringToU8a('this is a message');
-      const pair = keyring.getPair(publicKeyOne);
-      const signature = pair.sign(MESSAGE);
-
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(true);
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, randomAsU8a())).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.verify(new Uint8Array(), signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it('signs and verifies (withType)', (): void => {
-      const MESSAGE = stringToU8a('this is a message');
-      const pair = keyring.getPair(publicKeyOne);
-      const signature = pair.sign(MESSAGE, { withType: true });
-
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(true);
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, randomAsU8a())).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.verify(new Uint8Array(), signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(false);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('sr25519', (): void => {
-    const publicKeyOne = new Uint8Array([116, 28, 8, 160, 111, 65, 197, 150, 96, 143, 103, 116, 37, 155, 217, 4, 51, 4, 173, 250, 93, 62, 234, 98, 118, 11, 217, 190, 151, 99, 77, 99]);
-    const publicKeyTwo = hexToU8a('0x44a996beb1eef7bdcab976ab6d2ca26104834164ecf28fb375600576fcc6eb0f');
-    const seedOne = stringToU8a('12345678901234567890123456789012');
-    const seedTwo = hexToU8a('0x9d61b19deffd5a60ba844af492ec2cc44449c5697b326919703bac031cae7f60');
-    let keyring: Keyring;
-
-    beforeEach((): void => {
-      keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 42, type: 'sr25519' });
-
-      keyring.addFromSeed(seedOne, {});
-    });
-
-    it('creates with dev phrase when only path specified', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.createFromUri('//Alice').address
-      ).toEqual('5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY');
-    });
-
-    it('creates with integer derivations', (): void => {
-      // MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
-      expect(
-        keyring.createFromUri('//9007199254740991').address
-      ).toEqual('5CDsyNZyqxLpHnTvknr68anUcYoBFjZbFKiEJJf4prB75Uog');
-
-      // MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + extra digits
-      expect(
-        keyring.createFromUri('//900719925474099999').address
-      ).toEqual('5GHj2D7RG2m2DXYwGSDpXwuuxn53G987i7p2EQVDqP4NYu4q');
-    });
-
-    it('creates via dev seed (2-byte encoding)', (): void => {
-      keyring.setSS58Format(252);
-
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromUri('//Alice').address
-      ).toEqual('xw8P6urbSAronL3zZFB7dg8p7LLSgKCUFDUgjohnf1iP434ic');
-    });
-
-    it('adds the pair', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromSeed(seedTwo, {}).publicKey
-      ).toEqual(publicKeyTwo);
-    });
-
-    it('adds from a mnemonic', (): void => {
-      keyring.setSS58Format(2);
-
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromMnemonic('moral movie very draw assault whisper awful rebuild speed purity repeat card', {}).address
-      ).toEqual('FSjXNRT2K1R5caeHLPD6WMrqYUpfGZB7ua8W89JFctZ1YqV');
-    });
-
-    it('allows publicKeys retrieval', (): void => {
-      keyring.addFromSeed(seedTwo, {});
-
-      expect(
-        keyring.getPublicKeys()
-      ).toEqual([publicKeyOne, publicKeyTwo]);
-    });
-
-    it('allows retrieval of a specific item', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.getPair(publicKeyOne).publicKey
-      ).toEqual(publicKeyOne);
-    });
-
-    it('allows adding from JSON', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromJson(
-          JSON.parse('{"address":"5GoKvZWG5ZPYL1WUovuHW3zJBWBP5eT8CbqjdRY4Q6iMaQua","encoded":"0xb4a14995d25ab609f3686e9fa45f1fb237cd833f33f00d4b12c51858ca070d96972e47d73aae5eeb0fc06f923826cf0943fdb02c2c2ee30ef52a7912663053940d1da4da66b3a3f520ae07422c1c94b2d95690fca9d1f4a997623bb2923a8833280e19e7f72c3c5cfa343974e60e2b3dc53b404fdaf330756daad5e4e3","encoding":{"content":"pkcs8","type":"xsalsa20-poly1305","version":"0"},"meta":{"isTesting":true,"name":"alice"}}') as KeyringPair$Json
-        ).publicKey
-      ).toEqual(
-        new Uint8Array([209, 114, 167, 76, 218, 76, 134, 89, 18, 195, 43, 160, 168, 10, 87, 174, 105, 171, 174, 65, 14, 92, 203, 89, 222, 232, 78, 47, 68, 50, 219, 79])
-      );
-    });
-
-    it('signs and verifies', (): void => {
-      const MESSAGE = stringToU8a('this is a message');
-      const pair = keyring.getPair(publicKeyOne);
-      const signature = pair.sign(MESSAGE);
-
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(true);
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, randomAsU8a())).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.verify(new Uint8Array(), signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it('signs and verifies (withType)', (): void => {
-      const MESSAGE = stringToU8a('this is a message');
-      const pair = keyring.getPair(publicKeyOne);
-      const signature = pair.sign(MESSAGE, { withType: true });
-
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(true);
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, randomAsU8a())).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.verify(new Uint8Array(), signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(false);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('ecdsa', (): void => {
-    const seedOne = 'potato act energy ahead stone taxi receive fame gossip equip chest round';
-    const seedTwo = hexToU8a('0x3c74be003bd9a876be439949ccf2b292bd966c94959a689173b295b326cd6da7');
-    const publicKeyOne = hexToU8a('0x02c6b6c664db5ef505477bba1cf2f1789c98796b9bb5fa21abd0ac4589bed980e7');
-    const publicKeyTwo = hexToU8a('0x021da683b913fb28c979ba3e5f1881415cef4b1f58a5d05ed3610a2995e7b4943c');
-    const addressKeyOne = hexToU8a('0x0cfd0dd2c59a9987b9848919163931b6a42283ffd3d91e92c98b522525a7038f');
-    let keyring: Keyring;
-
-    beforeEach((): void => {
-      keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 42, type: 'ecdsa' });
-
-      keyring.addFromMnemonic(seedOne, {});
-    });
-
-    it('creates with dev phrase when only path specified', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.createFromUri('//Alice').address
-      ).toEqual('5C7C2Z5sWbytvHpuLTvzKunnnRwQxft1jiqrLD5rhucQ5S9X');
-    });
-
-    it('adds the pair', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromSeed(seedTwo, {}).publicKey
-      ).toEqual(publicKeyTwo);
-    });
-
-    it('adds from a mnemonic', (): void => {
-      keyring.setSS58Format(2);
-
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromMnemonic('moral movie very draw assault whisper awful rebuild speed purity repeat card').address
-      ).toEqual('DrRE1KAcs4pCicX8yJPh7YxkLPQ2vXnCFSVRPQfx38KjEFe');
-    });
-
-    it('allows publicKeys retrieval', (): void => {
-      keyring.addFromSeed(seedTwo, {});
-
-      expect(
-        keyring.getPublicKeys()
-      ).toEqual([publicKeyOne, publicKeyTwo]);
-    });
-
-    it('allows retrieval of a specific item', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.getPair(addressKeyOne).publicKey
-      ).toEqual(publicKeyOne);
-    });
-
-    it('allows adding from JSON', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromJson(
-          JSON.parse('{"address":"5DzMsaYFhmpRdErWrP6K6PD7UXzYoeETToSBUrZSvxasqWRz","encoded":"0xa192d39b42bc1601bf61df31039a554228593fadf870bc837b658a5114627aca199fff596260c95fe8994c66a47636cf0270aa08f402ba5541038753960d00e6c3af5e239ec58fb1eef3db7d6bc266f4853bdfe4ed17122d9092d879014d53980d2ee57f6f55a88c38836447d8645008e8815379626addc8f81f80cd49a2","encoding":{"content":"pkcs8","type":"xsalsa20-poly1305","version":"2"},"meta":{}}') as KeyringPair$Json
-        ).address
-      ).toEqual('5DzMsaYFhmpRdErWrP6K6PD7UXzYoeETToSBUrZSvxasqWRz');
-    });
-
-    it('allows creation from JSON', (): void => {
-      keyring.setSS58Format(2);
-      const pair = keyring.createFromJson(
-        JSON.parse('{"address":"0x02fde629668eb2bcc7d748f40a7e597f7c7b363498ff3db31f03ce4854937883ad","encoded":"qIhAhKqtf2iyEoWEr8nmBdksSI8EHHCpgJHToqd6Pl8AgAAAAQAAAAgAAADDZ//fj/BRRj+0+bl1KAlYgoPJp6nEUwiw0fVqO2BW4mjEgQ+iWwJEgDf1JUtecbzOlfhTXBzqX/dIYzLgUADrF4EFEPpboCWiU1iN7W/3DM1cOTRVvTGcbdIqW//z3axhz961qzeJVUIFgllwGe/euLUPIlKbIkiN/CsRYdQ=","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","ecdsa"],"type":["scrypt","xsalsa20-poly1305"],"version":"3"},"meta":{"genesisHash":"0xb0a8d493285c2df73290dfb7e61f870f17b41801197a149ca93654499ea3dafe","name":"ecdsa","tags":[],"whenCreated":1600925898271}}') as KeyringPair$Json
-      );
-
-      expect(pair.address).toEqual('DHL8HKFuTTR55JzzLmkJRCAfPBbuevKaT9cXikxbEV97Ko8');
-      expect(pair.publicKey).toEqual(hexToU8a('0x02fde629668eb2bcc7d748f40a7e597f7c7b363498ff3db31f03ce4854937883ad'));
-    });
-
-    it('fails toJson() when password is incorrect', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.createFromJson(
-        JSON.parse('{"address":"0x02fde629668eb2bcc7d748f40a7e597f7c7b363498ff3db31f03ce4854937883ad","encoded":"qIhAhKqtf2iyEoWEr8nmBdksSI8EHHCpgJHToqd6Pl8AgAAAAQAAAAgAAADDZ//fj/BRRj+0+bl1KAlYgoPJp6nEUwiw0fVqO2BW4mjEgQ+iWwJEgDf1JUtecbzOlfhTXBzqX/dIYzLgUADrF4EFEPpboCWiU1iN7W/3DM1cOTRVvTGcbdIqW//z3axhz961qzeJVUIFgllwGe/euLUPIlKbIkiN/CsRYdQ=","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","ecdsa"],"type":["scrypt","xsalsa20-poly1305"],"version":"3"},"meta":{"genesisHash":"0xb0a8d493285c2df73290dfb7e61f870f17b41801197a149ca93654499ea3dafe","name":"ecdsa","tags":[],"whenCreated":1600925898271}}') as KeyringPair$Json
-      );
-
-      expect(
-        () => pair.toJson('invalid')
-      ).toThrow(/Unable to decode using the supplied passphrase/);
-    });
-
-    it('pass toJson() when password is correct', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.createFromJson(
-        JSON.parse('{"address":"0x02fde629668eb2bcc7d748f40a7e597f7c7b363498ff3db31f03ce4854937883ad","encoded":"qIhAhKqtf2iyEoWEr8nmBdksSI8EHHCpgJHToqd6Pl8AgAAAAQAAAAgAAADDZ//fj/BRRj+0+bl1KAlYgoPJp6nEUwiw0fVqO2BW4mjEgQ+iWwJEgDf1JUtecbzOlfhTXBzqX/dIYzLgUADrF4EFEPpboCWiU1iN7W/3DM1cOTRVvTGcbdIqW//z3axhz961qzeJVUIFgllwGe/euLUPIlKbIkiN/CsRYdQ=","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","ecdsa"],"type":["scrypt","xsalsa20-poly1305"],"version":"3"},"meta":{"genesisHash":"0xb0a8d493285c2df73290dfb7e61f870f17b41801197a149ca93654499ea3dafe","name":"ecdsa","tags":[],"whenCreated":1600925898271}}') as KeyringPair$Json
-      );
-
-      expect(
-        () => pair.toJson('testing')
-      ).not.toThrow();
-    });
-
-    it('encodes a pair toJSON (and decodes)', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.createFromUri('moral movie very draw assault whisper awful rebuild speed purity repeat card');
-      const json = pair.toJson('password');
-
-      expect(json.address).toEqual('0x03ddca309bd5fedd01f914d6fb76f23aa848a2a520802159215dba5085d7863619');
-      expect(json.encoding).toEqual({
-        content: ['pkcs8', 'ecdsa'],
-        type: ['scrypt', 'xsalsa20-poly1305'],
-        version: '3'
-      });
-
-      const newPair = keyring.createFromJson(json);
-
-      expect(newPair.publicKey).toEqual(pair.publicKey);
-      expect(
-        () => newPair.unlock('password')
-      ).not.toThrow();
-    });
-
-    it('signs and verifies', (): void => {
-      const MESSAGE = stringToU8a('this is a message');
-      const pair = keyring.getPair(addressKeyOne);
-      const signature = pair.sign(MESSAGE);
-
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(true);
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, randomAsU8a())).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.verify(new Uint8Array(), signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it('signs and verifies (withType)', (): void => {
-      const MESSAGE = stringToU8a('this is a message');
-      const pair = keyring.getPair(addressKeyOne);
-      const signature = pair.sign(MESSAGE, { withType: true });
-
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(true);
-      expect(pair.verify(MESSAGE, signature, randomAsU8a())).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.verify(new Uint8Array(), signature, pair.publicKey)).toBe(false);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('ethereum', (): void => {
-    // combine mnemonic with derivation path
-    const PHRASE = 'seed sock milk update focus rotate barely fade car face mechanic mercy' + '/m/44\'/60\'/0\'/0/0';
-    const PRIV_KEY_ONE = '0x070dc3117300011918e26b02176945cc15c3d548cf49fd8418d97f93af699e46';
-    const ETH_ADDRESS_ONE = '0x31ea8795EE32D782C8ff41a5C68Dcbf0F5B27f6d';
-    const ETH_ADDRESS_TWO = '0x4119b2e6c3Cb618F4f0B93ac77f9BeeC7FF02887';
-
-    let keyring: Keyring;
-
-    beforeEach((): void => {
-      keyring = new Keyring({ type: 'ethereum' });
-    });
-
-    it('creates with dev phrase from the private key', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.addFromSeed(hexToU8a(PRIV_KEY_ONE));
-
-      expect(
-        pair.address
-      ).toEqual(ETH_ADDRESS_ONE);
-    });
-
-    it('creates with dev phrase from the private key in createFromUri', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.createFromUri(PRIV_KEY_ONE);
-
-      expect(
-        pair.address
-      ).toEqual(ETH_ADDRESS_ONE);
-    });
-
-    it('creates with dev phrase with derivation path specified', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.createFromUri(PHRASE, undefined, undefined, undefined, 2048);
-
-      expect(
-        pair.address
-      ).toEqual(ETH_ADDRESS_ONE);
-    });
-
-    it('creates with dev phrase with derivation path specified - addFromUri', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.addFromUri(PHRASE, undefined, undefined, undefined, 2048).address
-      ).toEqual(ETH_ADDRESS_ONE);
-    });
-
-    it('creates with dev phrase with derivation path specified - addFromUri with type', (): void => {
-      const keyringUntyped = new Keyring();
-
-      expect(
-        keyringUntyped.addFromUri(PHRASE, {}, 'ethereum', undefined, 2048).address
-      ).toEqual(ETH_ADDRESS_ONE);
-    });
-
-    it('encodes a pair toJSON (and decodes)', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.createFromUri(PHRASE, undefined, undefined, undefined, 2048);
-      const json = pair.toJson('password');
-
-      expect(json.address).toEqual('0x0381351b1b46d2602b0992bb5d5531f9c1696b0812feb2534b6884adc47e2e1d8b'); // this is the public key (different from address for ethereum)
-      expect(json.encoding).toEqual({
-        content: ['pkcs8', 'ethereum'],
-        type: ['scrypt', 'xsalsa20-poly1305'],
-        version: '3'
-      });
-
-      const newPair = keyring.createFromJson(json);
-
-      expect(newPair.publicKey).toEqual(pair.publicKey);
-      expect(
-        () => newPair.unlock('password')
-      ).not.toThrow();
-    });
-
-    it('encodes a pair toJSON and back', (): void => {
-      const pairOriginal = keyring.createFromUri(PHRASE, undefined, undefined, undefined, 2048);
-      const json = pairOriginal.toJson('password');
-      const pair = keyring.addFromJson(
-        json
-      );
-
-      expect(pair.address).toEqual(ETH_ADDRESS_ONE);
-
-      pair.decodePkcs8('password');
-
-      expect(pair.isLocked).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.address).toBe(ETH_ADDRESS_ONE);
-    });
-
-    it('allows adding from JSON', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.addFromJson(
-        JSON.parse('{"address":"KWCv1L3QX9LDPwY4VzvLmarEmXjVJidUzZcinvVnmxAJJCBou","encoded":"U8qFEaghhmNV2PgFhjqzmhyUy37Ok7abfFU2MNsBd0sAgAAAAQAAAAgAAAA3+NniKogzNphiMNueB1X0sGA07B6CaXWfpXPx45iSXoTTprwzU5mOoSqUWO0GKHROI72LN+uJ8Yfv6Ll6JOOV3VPKfoVoFmYm+zDrrMPa0gk5E5kUuSijxADcE6zUrliPVr0Ix/qaghu5SJ7RtWDQLBf4Hp86SJ8Gg6gTSSk=","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","ethereum"],"type":["scrypt","xsalsa20-poly1305"],"version":"3"},"meta":{}}') as KeyringPair$Json
-      );
-
-      expect(pair.publicKey).toEqual(hexToU8a('0x03b9dc646dd71118e5f7fda681ad9eca36eb3ee96f344f582fbe7b5bcdebb13077'));
-      expect(pair.address).toEqual(ETH_ADDRESS_TWO);
-
-      pair.decodePkcs8('password');
-
-      expect(pair.isLocked).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.publicKey).toEqual(hexToU8a('0x03b9dc646dd71118e5f7fda681ad9eca36eb3ee96f344f582fbe7b5bcdebb13077'));
-      expect(pair.address).toBe(ETH_ADDRESS_TWO);
-    });
-
-    it('allows for signing/verification', (): void => {
-      const MESSAGE = stringToU8a('just some test message');
-      const signer = keyring.createFromUri(PHRASE);
-      const verifier = keyring.addFromJson(
-        JSON.parse('{"address":"KWCv1L3QX9LDPwY4VzvLmarEmXjVJidUzZcinvVnmxAJJCBou","encoded":"U8qFEaghhmNV2PgFhjqzmhyUy37Ok7abfFU2MNsBd0sAgAAAAQAAAAgAAAA3+NniKogzNphiMNueB1X0sGA07B6CaXWfpXPx45iSXoTTprwzU5mOoSqUWO0GKHROI72LN+uJ8Yfv6Ll6JOOV3VPKfoVoFmYm+zDrrMPa0gk5E5kUuSijxADcE6zUrliPVr0Ix/qaghu5SJ7RtWDQLBf4Hp86SJ8Gg6gTSSk=","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","ethereum"],"type":["scrypt","xsalsa20-poly1305"],"version":"3"},"meta":{}}') as KeyringPair$Json
-      );
-
-      const signature = signer.sign(MESSAGE);
-      const dummyPublic = verifier.publicKey.slice();
-
-      dummyPublic[dummyPublic.length - 1] = 0;
-
-      expect(verifier.verify(MESSAGE, signature, signer.publicKey)).toBe(true);
-      expect(verifier.verify(MESSAGE, signature, dummyPublic)).toBe(false);
-      expect(verifier.verify(new Uint8Array(), signature, signer.publicKey)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it('allows for signing/verification (withType)', (): void => {
-      const MESSAGE = stringToU8a('just some test message');
-      const signer = keyring.createFromUri(PHRASE);
-      const verifier = keyring.addFromJson(
-        JSON.parse('{"address":"KWCv1L3QX9LDPwY4VzvLmarEmXjVJidUzZcinvVnmxAJJCBou","encoded":"U8qFEaghhmNV2PgFhjqzmhyUy37Ok7abfFU2MNsBd0sAgAAAAQAAAAgAAAA3+NniKogzNphiMNueB1X0sGA07B6CaXWfpXPx45iSXoTTprwzU5mOoSqUWO0GKHROI72LN+uJ8Yfv6Ll6JOOV3VPKfoVoFmYm+zDrrMPa0gk5E5kUuSijxADcE6zUrliPVr0Ix/qaghu5SJ7RtWDQLBf4Hp86SJ8Gg6gTSSk=","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","ethereum"],"type":["scrypt","xsalsa20-poly1305"],"version":"3"},"meta":{}}') as KeyringPair$Json
-      );
-
-      const signature = signer.sign(MESSAGE, { withType: true });
-      const dummyPublic = verifier.publicKey.slice();
-
-      dummyPublic[dummyPublic.length - 1] = 0;
-
-      expect(verifier.verify(MESSAGE, signature, signer.publicKey)).toBe(true);
-      expect(verifier.verify(MESSAGE, signature, dummyPublic)).toBe(false);
-      expect(verifier.verify(new Uint8Array(), signature, signer.publicKey)).toBe(false);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('raw pair add/create', (): void => {
-    const json = JSON.parse('{"address":"5PjeoaQzCoYbSi42aQRKB3Sx18StCaEAzCbGEEbWbZyfKS3H","encoded":"JQUl8ZpoXv2OMkL9TPylLmcIye2cYhaS9INICbFgZTsAgAAAAQAAAAgAAAAr/0hJOOzokIdBG71TstigLABX9D5xGD7L37ySxtjDrVRg26LL90jLQ47quT9o3bq6ppXMVL6USk7Q4p3WU66bojTFuCDyhpYRhNbUqU6s0rD3S4bhv9lG+pG9vQ4eD5PVQUvxdANmJpYuDg45nrTmsMC5AHGdFGkHW/LHnkmbFid1cvPYkdiBoef5CIEdoly512pxMupVxnJWF1NT","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","sr25519"],"type":["scrypt","xsalsa20-poly1305"],"version":"3"},"meta":{"name":"hello"}}') as KeyringPair$Json;
-    const decoded = decodePair('1', base64Decode(json.encoded), json.encoding.type);
-    const keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 44 });
-
-    it('creates a pair from a private/public combo', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.createFromPair(decoded, json.meta, 'sr25519');
-
-      expect(pair.address).toEqual('5PjeoaQzCoYbSi42aQRKB3Sx18StCaEAzCbGEEbWbZyfKS3H');
-      expect(pair.isLocked).toEqual(false);
-      expect(pair.meta.name).toEqual('hello');
-    });
-
-    it('adds a pair from a private/public combo', (): void => {
-      keyring.addFromPair(decoded, json.meta, 'sr25519');
-
-      const pair = keyring.getPairs()[0];
-
-      expect(pair.address).toEqual('5PjeoaQzCoYbSi42aQRKB3Sx18StCaEAzCbGEEbWbZyfKS3H');
-      expect(pair.isLocked).toEqual(false);
-      expect(pair.meta.name).toEqual('hello');
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('util', (): void => {
-    let keyring: Keyring;
-
-    beforeEach((): void => {
-      keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 42 });
-    });
-
-    it('can re-encode an address to Polkadot live', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.encodeAddress('5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY', 0)
-      ).toEqual('15oF4uVJwmo4TdGW7VfQxNLavjCXviqxT9S1MgbjMNHr6Sp5');
-    });
-
-    it('can re-encode an address to keyring default', (): void => {
-      expect(
-        keyring.encodeAddress('15oF4uVJwmo4TdGW7VfQxNLavjCXviqxT9S1MgbjMNHr6Sp5')
-      ).toEqual('5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY');
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('version 2 JSON', (): void => {
-    const PAIR = '{"address":"5CczAE5AmGrZ93MeVhha3Ywam7j9dKB7cArnH7gtrXcMFJvu","encoded":"0xee8f236e2ac3217ce689692a4afc612220dc77fddaed0482f8f95136a7c3e034cccfbc495410a6e9b2439904974ed1d207abeca536ff6985ceb78edeeb3dc343e561c184c488101af8811d1331430b4ccf0e96ef507132e5132964e8564232e7100d973c5bee7b231dd0c8ad5273f3501515a422c8d7ed9d20a73c0ed17c98ee4588e54844bb73052dcad81f7a1094613d63c162fec7446c88b1fae70e","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","sr25519"],"type":"xsalsa20-poly1305","version":"2"},"meta":{"genesisHash":"0xe143f23803ac50e8f6f8e62695d1ce9e4e1d68aa36c1cd2cfd15340213f3423e","name":"json v2","tags":[],"whenCreated":1595243159596}}';
-    const PASS2 = 'versionTwo';
-    const PASS3 = 'versionThree';
-    let keyring: Keyring;
-
-    beforeEach((): void => {
-      keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 42 });
-    });
-
-    it('can decode from a version 2 JSON file', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.addFromJson(JSON.parse(PAIR) as KeyringPair$Json);
-
-      pair.decodePkcs8(PASS2);
-
-      const json = pair.toJson(PASS3);
-
-      expect(pair.isLocked).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.address).toBe('5CczAE5AmGrZ93MeVhha3Ywam7j9dKB7cArnH7gtrXcMFJvu');
-      expect(json.encoding).toEqual({
-        content: ['pkcs8', 'sr25519'],
-        type: ['scrypt', 'xsalsa20-poly1305'],
-        version: '3'
-      });
-
-      pair.decodePkcs8(PASS3);
-
-      expect(pair.address).toEqual('5CczAE5AmGrZ93MeVhha3Ywam7j9dKB7cArnH7gtrXcMFJvu');
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('version 3 JSON (hex)', (): void => {
-    const PAIR = '{"address":"FLiSDPCcJ6auZUGXALLj6jpahcP6adVFDBUQznPXUQ7yoqH","encoded":"0xcd238963070cc4d6806053ee1ac500c7add9c28732bb5d434a332f84a91d9be0008000000100000008000000cf630a1113941b350ddd06697e50399183162e5e9a0e893eafc7f5f4893a223dca5055706b9925b56fdb4304192143843da718e11717daf89cf4f4781f94fb443f61432f782d54280af9eec90bd3069c3cc2d957a42b7c18dc2e9497f623735518e0e49b58f8e4db2c09da3a45dbb935659d015fc94b946cba75b606a6ff7f4e823f6b049e2e6892026b49de02d6dbbd64646fe0933f537d9ea53a70be","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","sr25519"],"type":["scrypt","xsalsa20-poly1305"],"version":"3"},"meta":{"genesisHash":"0xb0a8d493285c2df73290dfb7e61f870f17b41801197a149ca93654499ea3dafe","name":"version3","tags":[],"whenCreated":1595277797639}}';
-    const PASS3 = 'version3';
-    let keyring: Keyring;
-
-    beforeEach((): void => {
-      keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 2 });
-    });
-
-    it('can decode from a version 3 JSON file', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.addFromJson(JSON.parse(PAIR) as KeyringPair$Json);
-
-      pair.decodePkcs8(PASS3);
-
-      expect(pair.isLocked).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.address).toBe('FLiSDPCcJ6auZUGXALLj6jpahcP6adVFDBUQznPXUQ7yoqH');
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('version 3 JSON (base64)', (): void => {
-    const PAIR = '{"address":"FLiSDPCcJ6auZUGXALLj6jpahcP6adVFDBUQznPXUQ7yoqH","encoded":"ILjSgYaGvq1zaCz/kx+aqfLaHBjLXz0Qsmr6RnkOVU4AgAAAAQAAAAgAAAB5R2hm5kgXyc0NQYFxvMU4zCdjB+ugs/ibEooqCvuudbaeKn3Ee47NkCqU1ecOJV+eeaVn4W4dRvIpj5kGmQOGsewR+MiQ/B0G9NFh7JXV0qcPlk2QMNW1/mbJrTO4miqL448BSkP7ZOhUV6HFUpMt3B9HwjiRLN8RORcFp0ID/Azs4Jl/xOpXNzbgQGIffWgCIKTxN9N1ku6tdlG4","encoding":{"content":["pkcs8","sr25519"],"type":["scrypt","xsalsa20-poly1305"],"version":"3"},"meta":{"genesisHash":"0xb0a8d493285c2df73290dfb7e61f870f17b41801197a149ca93654499ea3dafe","name":"version3","tags":[],"whenCreated":1595277797639,"whenEdited":1595278378596}}';
-    const PASS3 = 'version3';
-    let keyring: Keyring;
-
-    beforeEach((): void => {
-      keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 2 });
-    });
-
-    it('can decode from a version 3 JSON file', (): void => {
-      const pair = keyring.addFromJson(JSON.parse(PAIR) as KeyringPair$Json);
-
-      pair.decodePkcs8(PASS3);
-
-      expect(pair.isLocked).toBe(false);
-      expect(pair.address).toBe('FLiSDPCcJ6auZUGXALLj6jpahcP6adVFDBUQznPXUQ7yoqH');
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('wordlist', (): void => {
-    it('creates keypair from different wordlists mnemonics', (): void => {
-      Object.keys(languages).forEach((language) => {
-        const mnemonic = mnemonicGenerate(12, languages[language as keyof typeof languages]);
-        const keyring = new Keyring({
-          type: 'ed25519'
-        });
-
-        expect(keyring.addFromMnemonic(
-          mnemonic,
-          {},
-          'ed25519',
-          languages[language as keyof typeof languages]
-        )).toBeDefined();
-      });
-    });
-    it('cannot create from invalid wordlist', (): void => {
-      const mnemonic = mnemonicGenerate(12, languages.japanese);
-      const keyring = new Keyring({
-        type: 'ed25519'
-      });
-
-      expect(() => keyring.addFromMnemonic(
-        mnemonic,
-        {},
-        'ed25519',
-        languages.english
-      )).toThrow('Invalid bip39 mnemonic specified');
-    });
-  });
-});

packages/keyring/src/index.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import './packageDetect.js';

packages/keyring/src/keyring.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import type { KeypairType } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';
+
+import { contextForSpec } from '@quantus/crypto';
+
+import { u8aConcat } from '@polkadot/util';
+import { cryptoWaitReady, decodeAddress, dilithiumSizes } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
+
+import { Keyring } from './index.js';
+import { createTestPairs } from './testingPairs.js';
+
+await cryptoWaitReady();
+
+// Addresses `quantus developer create-test-wallets` prints for the dev accounts.
+const ALICE = 'qzk1Nxai3dZD9Cn5kwGcgL6mKxsfxwqdis7kDQJ52aJS2vSn7';
+const BOB = 'qzkYEQv8tQsmniZYdame3Cku18RL5g9bGK9Pdydq5TMPdpE3y';
+const CHARLIE = 'qzntBpmqHZF1jxC8KJKpuxcYuHST892jyXBqRctpAxd1WQ9BL';
+const MESSAGE = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+const PASSWORD = 'correct horse';
+
+// Upstream's keyring specs exercised ed25519, sr25519, ecdsa and ethereum pairs.
+// Those types, and their primitives, are gone (quantus/common#6). What replaces
+// them is what a post-quantum-only keyring has to guarantee instead.
+describe('Keyring (post-quantum only)', (): void => {
+  describe('refuses quantum-unsafe keys, and says why', (): void => {
+    const unsafe = ['ed25519', 'sr25519', 'ecdsa', 'ethereum'] as unknown as KeypairType[];
+
+    for (const type of unsafe) {
+      it(`at construction: ${type}`, (): void => {
+        expect(() => new Keyring({ type })).toThrow(/not quantum-safe and cannot be held here/);
+      });
+
+      it(`from a uri: ${type}`, (): void => {
+        expect(() => new Keyring().createFromUri('//Alice', {}, type)).toThrow(/not quantum-safe/);
+      });
+    }
+
+    // The entry point that matters most: a backup file the user chose. This is
+    // the shape of a real polkadot{.js} export of an ed25519 account.
+    it('from a polkadot{.js} JSON backup', (): void => {
+      const json = {
+        address: '5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY',
+        encoded: '0x00',
+        encoding: { content: ['pkcs8', 'ed25519'], type: ['scrypt', 'xsalsa20-poly1305'], version: '3' },
+        meta: { name: 'polkadot account' }
+      };
+
+      expect(() => new Keyring().createFromJson(json as never)).toThrow(/ed25519 keys are not quantum-safe and cannot be held here/);
+    });
+
+    it('and still refuses an unknown type as unknown', (): void => {
+      expect(() => new Keyring({ type: 'dilithium44' as KeypairType })).toThrow(/found 'dilithium44'/);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('defaults to ML-DSA-65', (): void => {
+    expect(new Keyring().type).toEqual('dilithium65');
+  });
+
+  describe('test pairs are the Quantus dev accounts', (): void => {
+    const pairs = createTestPairs({ ss58Format: 189 });
+
+    it('with the addresses the chain endows', (): void => {
+      expect(pairs.crystal_alice.address).toEqual(ALICE);
+      expect(pairs.dilithium_bob.address).toEqual(BOB);
+      expect(pairs.crystal_charlie.address).toEqual(CHARLIE);
+      expect(pairs.crystal_alice.type).toEqual('dilithium87');
+    });
+
+    it('and a nobody pair of a type the keyring can hold', (): void => {
+      expect(pairs.nobody.type).toEqual('dilithium65');
+    });
+  });
+
+  // Upstream decoded the address and passed it as the public key, which for
+  // Substrate is the same bytes. Here the address is a hash of the key, so every
+  // watch-only account reported the hash of its own address.
+  it('adds a watch-only account at the address it was given', (): void => {
+    const keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 189 });
+    const watched = keyring.addFromAddress(ALICE, { name: 'watched' });
+
+    expect(watched.address).toEqual(ALICE);
+    expect(watched.addressRaw).toEqual(decodeAddress(ALICE));
+    expect(keyring.getPair(ALICE).meta.name).toEqual('watched');
+  });
+
+  describe('JSON round trip', (): void => {
+    for (const type of ['dilithium65', 'dilithium87'] as const) {
+      it(`${type}: encrypts, restores locked at the right address, and unlocks`, (): void => {
+        const keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 189 });
+        const pair = keyring.addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32).fill(7), { name: 'roundtrip' }, type);
+        const restored = keyring.createFromJson(pair.toJson(PASSWORD));
+
+        expect(restored.isLocked).toBe(true);
+        expect(restored.address).toEqual(pair.address);
+        expect(() => restored.decodePkcs8('wrong')).toThrow();
+
+        restored.decodePkcs8(PASSWORD);
+
+        expect(restored.publicKey).toEqual(pair.publicKey);
+        expect(restored.sign(MESSAGE, { context: contextForSpec(148) })).toEqual(pair.sign(MESSAGE, { context: contextForSpec(148) }));
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  describe('verify', (): void => {
+    const keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 189 });
+    const alice = keyring.addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32), {}, 'dilithium87');
+    const bob = keyring.addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32).fill(1), {}, 'dilithium87');
+    const context = contextForSpec(148);
+    // what pair.sign returns: the chain's wire form, signature ‖ publicKey
+    const signature = alice.sign(MESSAGE, { context });
+    const bare = signature.slice(0, dilithiumSizes('dilithium87').signature);
+
+    it('accepts the signature ‖ publicKey form and a bare signature', (): void => {
+      expect(signature).toEqual(u8aConcat(bare, alice.publicKey));
+      expect(alice.verify(MESSAGE, signature, alice.publicKey, context)).toBe(true);
+      expect(alice.verify(MESSAGE, bare, alice.publicKey, context)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('fails under the wrong context, for the wrong signer, or for another message', (): void => {
+      expect(alice.verify(MESSAGE, signature, alice.publicKey)).toBe(false);
+      expect(alice.verify(MESSAGE, signature, bob.publicKey, context)).toBe(false);
+      expect(alice.verify(new Uint8Array([9]), signature, alice.publicKey, context)).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('has no derivation and no VRF', (): void => {
+    const pair = new Keyring().addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32));
+
+    expect(() => pair.derive('//1')).toThrow(/derive from the mnemonic/);
+    expect(() => pair.vrfSign(MESSAGE)).toThrow(/VRF signing is not available/);
+    expect(() => pair.vrfVerify(MESSAGE, new Uint8Array(96), pair.publicKey)).toThrow(/VRF verification is not available/);
+  });
+});

packages/keyring/src/keyring.ts

@@ -1,22 +1,43 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { EncryptedJsonEncoding, Keypair, KeypairType } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';
 import type { KeyringInstance, KeyringOptions, KeyringPair, KeyringPair$Json, KeyringPair$Meta } from './types.js';
 
-import { hexToU8a, isHex, stringToU8a } from '@polkadot/util';
-import { base64Decode, decodeAddress, ed25519PairFromSeed as ed25519FromSeed, encodeAddress, ethereumEncode, hdEthereum, keyExtractSuri, keyFromPath, mnemonicToLegacySeed, mnemonicToMiniSecret, secp256k1PairFromSeed as secp256k1FromSeed, sr25519PairFromSeed as sr25519FromSeed } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
+import { hexToU8a, isHex } from '@polkadot/util';
+import { base64Decode, decodeAddress, dilithiumPairFromMnemonic, dilithiumPairFromSeed, dilithiumPathFromSuri, encodeAddress, keyExtractSuri } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
 
 import { createPair } from './pair/index.js';
 import { DEV_PHRASE } from './defaults.js';
 import { Pairs } from './pairs.js';
 
-const PairFromSeed = {
-  ecdsa: (seed: Uint8Array): Keypair => secp256k1FromSeed(seed),
-  ed25519: (seed: Uint8Array): Keypair => ed25519FromSeed(seed),
-  ethereum: (seed: Uint8Array): Keypair => secp256k1FromSeed(seed),
-  sr25519: (seed: Uint8Array): Keypair => sr25519FromSeed(seed)
-};
+/**
+ * Every keypair type this keyring will construct.
+ *
+ * Was two separate inline arrays, both of which a widened `KeypairType` silently
+ * walked past — the union is compile-time and these checks are not. Named once so
+ * the next change to the union has one place to look, and so the error message
+ * cannot drift from the check.
+ */
+const KEYPAIR_TYPES: KeypairType[] = ['dilithium65', 'dilithium87'];
+
+/** Upstream's types, refused by name so the refusal can say why. */
+const QUANTUM_UNSAFE = ['ecdsa', 'ed25519', 'ethereum', 'sr25519'];
+
+/**
+ * Refuse anything that is not a post-quantum keypair type.
+ *
+ * A key of upstream's types arriving here (a JSON backup from polkadot{.js}, a
+ * caller asking for sr25519) is not a bug in this software, and "unknown crypto
+ * type" would read as one. Say what it is instead. quantus/common#6
+ */
+function assertKeypairType (type: string | undefined): asserts type is KeypairType {
+  if (type && QUANTUM_UNSAFE.includes(type)) {
+    throw new Error(`${type} keys are not quantum-safe and cannot be held here; only ML-DSA (dilithium65, dilithium87) keys are supported`);
+  } else if (!KEYPAIR_TYPES.includes(type as KeypairType)) {
+    throw new Error(`Expected a keypair type of one of ${KEYPAIR_TYPES.map((t) => `'${t}'`).join(', ')}, found '${type || 'unknown'}'`);
+  }
+}
 
 function pairToPublic ({ publicKey }: KeyringPair): Uint8Array {
   return publicKey;
@@ -48,11 +69,12 @@ export class Keyring implements KeyringInstance {
   public decodeAddress = decodeAddress;
 
   constructor (options: KeyringOptions = {}) {
-    options.type = options.type || 'ed25519';
+    // ML-DSA-65 is the scheme new Quantus accounts use.
+    options.type = options.type || 'dilithium65';
 
-    if (!['ecdsa', 'ethereum', 'ed25519', 'sr25519'].includes(options.type || 'undefined')) {
-      throw new Error(`Expected a keyring type of either 'ed25519', 'sr25519', 'ethereum' or 'ecdsa', found '${options.type || 'unknown'}`);
-    }
+    // Behind the union type: a JavaScript caller, or one casting, can still pass
+    // anything, and this fails at construction rather than at use.
+    assertKeypairType(options.type);
 
     this.#pairs = new Pairs();
     this.#ss58 = options.ss58Format;
@@ -74,7 +96,7 @@ export class Keyring implements KeyringInstance {
   }
 
   /**
-   * @description Returns the type of the keyring, ed25519, sr25519 or ecdsa
+   * @description Returns the type of the keyring: dilithium65 or dilithium87
    */
   public get type (): KeypairType {
     return this.#type;
@@ -97,9 +119,14 @@ export class Keyring implements KeyringInstance {
    * `addPair` to stores in a keyring pair dictionary the public key of the generated pair as a key and the pair as the associated value.
    */
   public addFromAddress (address: string | Uint8Array, meta: KeyringPair$Meta = {}, encoded: Uint8Array | null = null, type: KeypairType = this.type, ignoreChecksum?: boolean, encType?: EncryptedJsonEncoding[]): KeyringPair {
-    const publicKey = this.decodeAddress(address, ignoreChecksum);
+    assertKeypairType(type);
 
-    return this.addPair(createPair({ toSS58: this.encodeAddress, type }, { publicKey, secretKey: new Uint8Array() }, meta, encoded, encType));
+    // An address is a Poseidon2 hash of an ML-DSA public key, not the key, so it
+    // is carried as an account id. Upstream passed it as `publicKey`, which for
+    // these types made every watch-only account report the hash of its address.
+    const accountId = this.decodeAddress(address, ignoreChecksum);
+
+    return this.addPair(createPair({ toSS58: this.encodeAddress, type }, { accountId, publicKey: new Uint8Array(), secretKey: new Uint8Array() }, meta, encoded, encType));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -144,7 +171,7 @@ export class Keyring implements KeyringInstance {
    */
   public addFromSeed (seed: Uint8Array, meta: KeyringPair$Meta = {}, type: KeypairType = this.type): KeyringPair {
     return this.addPair(
-      createPair({ toSS58: this.encodeAddress, type }, PairFromSeed[type](seed), meta, null)
+      this.createFromPair(dilithiumPairFromSeed(seed, type), meta, type)
     );
   }
 
@@ -152,15 +179,10 @@ export class Keyring implements KeyringInstance {
    * @name addFromUri
    * @summary Creates an account via an suri
    * @description Extracts the phrase, path and password from a SURI format for specifying secret keys `<secret>/<soft-key>//<hard-key>///<password>` (the `///password` may be omitted, and `/<soft-key>` and `//<hard-key>` maybe repeated and mixed). The secret can be a hex string, mnemonic phrase or a string (to be padded)
-   * @param _suri
-   * @param meta
-   * @param type The supported types of pairs. Either 'ed25519' | 'sr25519' | 'ecdsa' | 'ethereum'.
-   * @param wordlist - Optional custom wordlist for mnemonic.
-   * @param rounds - Optional: Number of PBKDF2 iterations to run (default: 210000 (when onlyJS = true) or 2048 (when onlyJS = false).
-  */
-  public addFromUri (suri: string, meta: KeyringPair$Meta = {}, type: KeypairType = this.type, wordlist?: string[], rounds?: number): KeyringPair {
+   */
+  public addFromUri (suri: string, meta: KeyringPair$Meta = {}, type: KeypairType = this.type, wordlist?: string[]): KeyringPair {
     return this.addPair(
-      this.createFromUri(suri, meta, type, wordlist, rounds)
+      this.createFromUri(suri, meta, type, wordlist)
     );
   }
 
@@ -180,19 +202,24 @@ export class Keyring implements KeyringInstance {
       ? [type]
       : type;
 
-    if (!['ed25519', 'sr25519', 'ecdsa', 'ethereum'].includes(cryptoType)) {
-      throw new Error(`Unknown crypto type ${cryptoType}`);
-    }
+    // The guard that matters most: JSON arrives from a file the user chose, and a
+    // polkadot{.js} backup of an sr25519 account must be refused with a reason,
+    // not constructed and not reported as an unknown type.
+    assertKeypairType(cryptoType);
 
-    // Here the address and publicKey are 32 bytes and isomorphic. This is why the address field needs to be the public key for ethereum type pairs
-    const publicKey = isHex(address)
+    const raw = isHex(address)
       ? hexToU8a(address)
       : this.decodeAddress(address, ignoreChecksum);
     const decoded = isHex(encoded)
       ? hexToU8a(encoded)
       : base64Decode(encoded);
 
-    return createPair({ toSS58: this.encodeAddress, type: cryptoType as KeypairType }, { publicKey, secretKey: new Uint8Array() }, meta, decoded, encType);
+    // The account id is a one-way Poseidon2 hash, and the 1952/2592-byte public
+    // key is inside `decoded`, encrypted until someone supplies a password. So
+    // carry the account id as an account id: createPair uses it for the address
+    // while locked, and checks it against the real public key the moment
+    // `decodePkcs8` produces one.
+    return createPair({ toSS58: this.encodeAddress, type: cryptoType }, { accountId: raw, publicKey: new Uint8Array(), secretKey: new Uint8Array() }, meta, decoded, encType);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -200,6 +227,8 @@ export class Keyring implements KeyringInstance {
    * @summary Creates a pair from an explicit publicKey/secreteKey combination
    */
   public createFromPair (pair: Keypair, meta: KeyringPair$Meta = {}, type: KeypairType = this.type): KeyringPair {
+    assertKeypairType(type);
+
     return createPair({ toSS58: this.encodeAddress, type }, pair, meta, null);
   }
 
@@ -207,57 +236,41 @@ export class Keyring implements KeyringInstance {
    * @name createFromUri
    * @summary Creates a Keypair from an suri
    * @description This creates a pair from the suri, but does not add it to the keyring
-   *
-   * @param _suri
-   * @param meta
-   * @param type The supported types of pairs. Either 'ed25519' | 'sr25519' | 'ecdsa' | 'ethereum'.
-   * @param wordlist - Optional custom wordlist for mnemonic.
-   * @param rounds - Optional: Number of PBKDF2 iterations to run (default: 210000 (when onlyJS = true) or 2048 (when onlyJS = false).
    */
-  public createFromUri (_suri: string, meta: KeyringPair$Meta = {}, type: KeypairType = this.type, wordlist?: string[], rounds?: number): KeyringPair {
-    // here we only aut-add the dev phrase if we have a hard-derived path
+  public createFromUri (_suri: string, meta: KeyringPair$Meta = {}, type: KeypairType = this.type, _wordlist?: string[]): KeyringPair {
+    assertKeypairType(type);
+
+    // here we only auto-add the dev phrase if we have a hard-derived path
     const suri = _suri.startsWith('//')
       ? `${DEV_PHRASE}${_suri}`
       : _suri;
-    const { derivePath, password, path, phrase } = keyExtractSuri(suri);
-    let seed: Uint8Array;
-    const isPhraseHex = isHex(phrase, 256);
+    const { derivePath, password, phrase } = keyExtractSuri(suri);
 
-    if (isPhraseHex) {
-      seed = hexToU8a(phrase);
-    } else {
-      const parts = phrase.split(' ');
-
-      if ([12, 15, 18, 21, 24].includes(parts.length)) {
-        seed = type === 'ethereum'
-          ? mnemonicToLegacySeed(phrase, '', false, 64, rounds)
-          : mnemonicToMiniSecret(phrase, password, wordlist, false, rounds);
-      } else {
-        if (phrase.length > 32) {
-          throw new Error('specified phrase is not a valid mnemonic and is invalid as a raw seed at > 32 bytes');
-        }
-
-        seed = stringToU8a(phrase.padEnd(32));
+    // ML-DSA derives from the mnemonic itself along a hardened BIP44 path, not
+    // from a seed along a junction chain: lattice keys have no public
+    // derivability, so there is no soft junction to emulate, and the chain's own
+    // Pair::derive refuses for the same reason.
+    if (isHex(phrase, 256)) {
+      // A raw 32-byte seed goes straight into keygen, which is how the
+      // dev-genesis accounts are defined. Combining one with a derivation path
+      // is ambiguous (is the seed the master, or already derived?), so refuse
+      // rather than pick.
+      if (derivePath) {
+        throw new Error('A derivation path cannot be combined with a raw seed for post-quantum pairs');
       }
+
+      return this.createFromPair(dilithiumPairFromSeed(hexToU8a(phrase), type), meta, type);
     }
 
-    const derived = type === 'ethereum'
-      ? isPhraseHex
-        ? PairFromSeed[type](seed) // for eth, if the private key is provided as suri, it must be derived only once
-        : hdEthereum(seed, derivePath.substring(1))
-      : keyFromPath(PairFromSeed[type](seed), path, type);
-
-    return createPair({ toSS58: this.encodeAddress, type }, derived, meta, null);
+    return this.createFromPair(
+      dilithiumPairFromMnemonic(phrase, password || '', dilithiumPathFromSuri(type, derivePath), type),
+      meta,
+      type
+    );
   }
 
-  /**
-   * @name encodeAddress
-   * @description Encodes the input into an ss58 representation
-   */
   public encodeAddress = (address: Uint8Array | string, ss58Format?: number): string => {
-    return this.type === 'ethereum'
-      ? ethereumEncode(address)
-      : encodeAddress(address, ss58Format ?? this.#ss58);
+    return encodeAddress(address, ss58Format ?? this.#ss58);
   };
 
   /**

packages/keyring/src/mod.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 export * from './index.js';

packages/keyring/src/packageDetect.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

packages/keyring/src/packageInfo.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev
 
-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/keyring', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '13.5.6' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/keyring', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '14.0.3-quantus.3' };

packages/keyring/src/pair/decode.spec.ts

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
-
-import { createTestPairs } from '../testingPairs.js';
-
-const keyring = createTestPairs({ type: 'ed25519' }, false);
-
-describe('decode', (): void => {
-  it('fails when no data provided', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      (): void => keyring.alice.decodePkcs8()
-    ).toThrow(/No encrypted data available/);
-  });
-
-  it('returns correct publicKey from encoded', (): void => {
-    const PASS = 'testing';
-
-    expect(
-      (): void => keyring.alice.decodePkcs8(
-        PASS, keyring.alice.encodePkcs8(PASS)
-      )
-    ).not.toThrow();
-  });
-});

packages/keyring/src/pair/decode.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { EncryptedJsonEncoding } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';
@@ -16,8 +16,20 @@ const SEED_OFFSET = PAIR_HDR.length;
  * For divisor/headers, don't rely on the magic being static. These will
  * change between generations, aka with the long-awaited 4th generation
  * of the format. The external decode interface is the only way to use and decode these.
+ *
+ * `secretLength` exists for keys that are not 32 or 64 bytes. The body is
+ * `HDR ‖ secretKey ‖ DIV ‖ publicKey`, and upstream located the divider by
+ * trying the two lengths every curve scheme uses. An ML-DSA secret is 4032 or
+ * 4896 bytes, so neither offset matches and the decode throws "Invalid encoding
+ * divider found in body" — a stored account that cannot be read back.
+ *
+ * The caller passes the length rather than this function searching for the
+ * divider. Searching would work almost always and fail catastrophically when it
+ * did not: PAIR_DIV is five bytes, so a 4032-byte secret contains a false match
+ * about once in 270 million keys, and the result would be a silently wrong key
+ * rather than an error. The caller knows the type, so it knows the length.
  **/
-export function decodePair (passphrase?: string, encrypted?: Uint8Array | null, _encType?: EncryptedJsonEncoding | EncryptedJsonEncoding[]): { publicKey: Uint8Array; secretKey: Uint8Array } {
+export function decodePair (passphrase?: string, encrypted?: Uint8Array | null, _encType?: EncryptedJsonEncoding | EncryptedJsonEncoding[], secretLength?: number): { publicKey: Uint8Array; secretKey: Uint8Array } {
   const encType = Array.isArray(_encType) || _encType === undefined
     ? _encType
     : [_encType];
@@ -29,6 +41,23 @@ export function decodePair (passphrase?: string, encrypted?: Uint8Array | null,
     throw new Error('Invalid encoding header found in body');
   }
 
+  // an explicitly-sized secret (ML-DSA); there is one offset and it either
+  // matches or the blob is not what the caller said it was
+  if (secretLength) {
+    const divOffset = SEED_OFFSET + secretLength;
+
+    if (!u8aEq(decrypted.subarray(divOffset, divOffset + PAIR_DIV.length), PAIR_DIV)) {
+      throw new Error('Invalid encoding divider found in body');
+    }
+
+    return {
+      // the public key is the remainder: its length varies by scheme and the
+      // body ends here, so there is nothing to read past it
+      publicKey: decrypted.subarray(divOffset + PAIR_DIV.length),
+      secretKey: decrypted.subarray(SEED_OFFSET, divOffset)
+    };
+  }
+
   // setup for generation 3 format
   let secretKey = decrypted.subarray(SEED_OFFSET, SEED_OFFSET + SEC_LENGTH);
   let divOffset = SEED_OFFSET + SEC_LENGTH;

packages/keyring/src/pair/defaults.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /** public/secret section divider (generation 1-3, will change in 4, don't rely on value) */

packages/keyring/src/pair/dilithium.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import { contextForSpec, Scheme, sizes } from '@quantus/crypto';
+
+import { dilithiumVerify } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
+
+import { Keyring } from '../keyring.js';
+
+// crystal_alice, from the chain's dev genesis: a raw 32-byte seed straight into
+// ML-DSA-87 keygen, no HD derivation. The expected address is what
+// `quantus developer create-test-wallets` prints — an independent implementation,
+// not this one.
+const ALICE_ADDRESS = 'qzk1Nxai3dZD9Cn5kwGcgL6mKxsfxwqdis7kDQJ52aJS2vSn7';
+
+const MESSAGE = new Uint8Array([0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x70, 0x61, 0x79, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x64]);
+
+describe('dilithium pairs', (): void => {
+  const keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 189, type: 'dilithium87' });
+  const alice = keyring.addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32), { name: 'crystal_alice' }, 'dilithium87');
+  const context = contextForSpec(148);
+  const s87 = sizes(Scheme.MlDsa87);
+  const s65 = sizes(Scheme.MlDsa65);
+
+  it('derives the address quantus-cli derives', (): void => {
+    expect(alice.address).toEqual(ALICE_ADDRESS);
+  });
+
+  // The assumption this whole fork exists to break. Everywhere else in this
+  // package `addressRaw` and `publicKey` are the same 32 bytes.
+  it('has an addressRaw that is not the publicKey', (): void => {
+    expect(alice.addressRaw.length).toEqual(32);
+    expect(alice.publicKey.length).toEqual(s87.publicKey);
+  });
+
+  it('signs to the wire form the runtime reads', (): void => {
+    const signature = alice.sign(MESSAGE, { context });
+
+    expect(signature.length).toEqual(s87.signatureWithPublicKey);
+  });
+
+  // `withType` prepends the signature enum's variant index. For the curve types
+  // that enum is Substrate's MultiSignature; here it is the runtime's
+  // DilithiumSignatureScheme, reached by the same mechanism.
+  it('prepends the chain variant byte with withType', (): void => {
+    const signed87 = alice.sign(MESSAGE, { context, withType: true });
+    const k65 = keyring.addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32).fill(9), {}, 'dilithium65');
+    const signed65 = k65.sign(MESSAGE, { context, withType: true });
+
+    expect(signed87[0]).toEqual(0);
+    expect(signed87.length).toEqual(s87.signatureWithPublicKey + 1);
+    expect(signed65[0]).toEqual(1);
+    expect(signed65.length).toEqual(s65.signatureWithPublicKey + 1);
+  });
+
+  it('verifies against the account id', (): void => {
+    const signature = alice.sign(MESSAGE, { context });
+
+    expect(dilithiumVerify(MESSAGE, signature, alice.addressRaw, 'dilithium87', context)).toEqual(true);
+  });
+
+  // The spec-148 boundary. A signature made under the wrong context is
+  // cryptographically valid and rejected by the chain, so this is the only place
+  // it can be caught locally.
+  it('does not verify under the wrong context', (): void => {
+    const signature = alice.sign(MESSAGE, { context });
+
+    expect(dilithiumVerify(MESSAGE, signature, alice.addressRaw, 'dilithium87', contextForSpec(147))).toEqual(false);
+  });
+
+  // Verification checks the embedded public key hashes to the account being
+  // verified against, not merely that the signature is valid for *some* key.
+  it('does not verify another account signature', (): void => {
+    const bob = keyring.addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32).fill(1), {}, 'dilithium87');
+    const signature = bob.sign(MESSAGE, { context });
+
+    expect(dilithiumVerify(MESSAGE, signature, alice.addressRaw, 'dilithium87', context)).toEqual(false);
+  });
+
+  it('refuses to sign without a context', (): void => {
+    expect(() => alice.sign(MESSAGE)).toThrow(/signing context is required/);
+  });
+
+  // There is no ML-DSA VRF, and faking one from an ordinary signature would
+  // produce output that looks like a VRF proof and cannot be verified as one.
+  it('refuses to VRF sign', (): void => {
+    expect(() => alice.vrfSign(MESSAGE)).toThrow(/not available for dilithium87/);
+  });
+});

packages/keyring/src/pair/dilithiumDerive.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import { dilithiumPath } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
+
+import { Keyring } from '../keyring.js';
+
+// The well-known Substrate development phrase — public by design, so pinning it
+// commits no secret. Any account it derives is assumed compromised.
+const DEV_PHRASE = 'bottom drive obey lake curtain smoke basket hold race lonely fit walk';
+
+// What `quantus wallet import --mnemonic-file <DEV_PHRASE> --scheme <s>` prints.
+// An independent implementation, not this one.
+const EXPECT_65 = 'qzq29m9WvneDAeXbtgueKCREtNe1rVVs6bXSMLmjr6shqvwq6';
+const EXPECT_87 = 'qzjrYTUnnE5NduTZKxe9dESCMTZg7nTueKM3bwhnkRdD1iYV4';
+
+// crystal_alice — a raw 32-byte seed straight into keygen, no derivation.
+const ALICE = 'qzk1Nxai3dZD9Cn5kwGcgL6mKxsfxwqdis7kDQJ52aJS2vSn7';
+
+describe('dilithium derivation', (): void => {
+  const keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 189, type: 'dilithium65' });
+
+  it('builds the paths quantus-cli uses', (): void => {
+    expect(dilithiumPath('dilithium65')).toEqual("m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1'");
+    expect(dilithiumPath('dilithium87')).toEqual("m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/0'");
+    expect(dilithiumPath('dilithium65', 3)).toEqual("m/44'/189189'/3'/0'/1'");
+  });
+
+  // The whole derivation chain at once: BIP39 to a 64-byte seed (not Substrate's
+  // mnemonicToMiniSecret), the HMAC-SHA512 walk keyed with "Dilithium seed", the
+  // trailing hardened index carrying the scheme, and the Poseidon2 account hash.
+  it('derives what quantus-cli derives, both schemes', (): void => {
+    expect(keyring.createFromUri(DEV_PHRASE, {}, 'dilithium65').address).toEqual(EXPECT_65);
+    expect(keyring.createFromUri(DEV_PHRASE, {}, 'dilithium87').address).toEqual(EXPECT_87);
+  });
+
+  it('defaults to account index 0', (): void => {
+    expect(keyring.createFromUri(`${DEV_PHRASE}//0`, {}, 'dilithium65').address).toEqual(EXPECT_65);
+  });
+
+  it('derives distinct accounts per index', (): void => {
+    const zero = keyring.createFromUri(`${DEV_PHRASE}//0`, {}, 'dilithium65').address;
+    const one = keyring.createFromUri(`${DEV_PHRASE}//1`, {}, 'dilithium65').address;
+
+    expect(zero).not.toEqual(one);
+  });
+
+  it('accepts an explicit hardened path', (): void => {
+    const byIndex = keyring.createFromUri(`${DEV_PHRASE}//2`, {}, 'dilithium65').address;
+    const byPath = keyring.createFromUri(`${DEV_PHRASE}//m/44'/189189'/2'/0'/1'`, {}, 'dilithium65').address;
+
+    expect(byPath).toEqual(byIndex);
+  });
+
+  // The suri syntax was built for curve junctions, where `/foo` is a soft
+  // derivation over arbitrary bytes. Neither form exists for ML-DSA, and quietly
+  // reinterpreting one would hand back an address no other tool derives.
+  it('refuses soft derivation', (): void => {
+    expect(() => keyring.createFromUri(`${DEV_PHRASE}/0`, {}, 'dilithium65')).toThrow(/Soft derivation is not possible/);
+  });
+
+  it('refuses a named junction', (): void => {
+    expect(() => keyring.createFromUri(`${DEV_PHRASE}//Alice`, {}, 'dilithium65')).toThrow(/Unsupported derivation path/);
+  });
+
+  it('refuses an unhardened level in an explicit path', (): void => {
+    expect(() => keyring.createFromUri(`${DEV_PHRASE}//m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1`, {}, 'dilithium65')).toThrow(/Unhardened derivation/);
+  });
+
+  // A raw seed is already key material. Whether it is the master or something
+  // already derived is unanswerable, so combining it with a path is refused
+  // rather than guessed.
+  it('takes a raw hex seed underived, and refuses to derive from one', (): void => {
+    const seed = `0x${'00'.repeat(32)}`;
+
+    expect(keyring.createFromUri(seed, {}, 'dilithium87').address).toEqual(ALICE);
+    expect(() => keyring.createFromUri(`${seed}//1`, {}, 'dilithium87')).toThrow(/cannot be combined with a raw seed/);
+  });
+
+  it('honours a BIP39 passphrase', (): void => {
+    const plain = keyring.createFromUri(DEV_PHRASE, {}, 'dilithium65').address;
+    const withPass = keyring.createFromUri(`${DEV_PHRASE}///hunter2`, {}, 'dilithium65').address;
+
+    expect(plain).not.toEqual(withPass);
+  });
+
+  // Deriving a child *from a pair* is not merely unimplemented here, it is
+  // impossible: ML-DSA keys are not derivable from one another, and the Quantus
+  // tree derives each account from the mnemonic independently.
+  it('refuses to derive from an existing pair', (): void => {
+    const pair = keyring.createFromUri(DEV_PHRASE, {}, 'dilithium65');
+
+    expect(() => pair.derive('//1')).toThrow(/derive from the mnemonic with createFromUri/);
+  });
+});

packages/keyring/src/pair/dilithiumJson.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import { contextForSpec } from '@quantus/crypto';
+
+import { dilithiumVerify } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
+
+import { Keyring } from '../keyring.js';
+
+// The address `quantus developer create-test-wallets` prints for crystal_alice.
+const ALICE_ADDRESS = 'qzk1Nxai3dZD9Cn5kwGcgL6mKxsfxwqdis7kDQJ52aJS2vSn7';
+const PASSWORD = 'not a good password';
+const MESSAGE = new Uint8Array([0x6a, 0x73, 0x6f, 0x6e]);
+
+describe('dilithium account JSON', (): void => {
+  const keyring = new Keyring({ ss58Format: 189, type: 'dilithium87' });
+  const context = contextForSpec(148);
+
+  const backup = (type: 'dilithium65' | 'dilithium87', fill = 0) => {
+    const pair = keyring.addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32).fill(fill), { name: 'backed up' }, type);
+
+    return { json: pair.toJson(PASSWORD), original: pair };
+  };
+
+  // The whole point. Before this worked, an exported Quantus account could not be
+  // imported by anything — decodePair looked for its divider at one of two fixed
+  // offsets and an ML-DSA secret is at neither, so restore threw "Invalid
+  // encoding divider found in body". That is a data-durability bug, not a
+  // convenience one: it had to land before any build let a user create an account.
+  it('round-trips an ML-DSA-87 account', (): void => {
+    const { json, original } = backup('dilithium87');
+    const restored = keyring.createFromJson(json);
+
+    restored.decodePkcs8(PASSWORD);
+
+    expect(restored.address).toEqual(original.address);
+    expect(restored.publicKey).toEqual(original.publicKey);
+    expect(restored.isLocked).toEqual(false);
+  });
+
+  it('round-trips an ML-DSA-65 account', (): void => {
+    const { json, original } = backup('dilithium65', 5);
+    const restored = keyring.createFromJson(json);
+
+    restored.decodePkcs8(PASSWORD);
+
+    expect(restored.address).toEqual(original.address);
+    expect(restored.publicKey).toEqual(original.publicKey);
+  });
+
+  // A restored pair is locked, and callers read `pair.address` off it long before
+  // any password appears. For every other scheme that works because the address
+  // *is* the public key; here the key is still encrypted, so the account id has
+  // to be carried as data until decodePkcs8 supplies the real one.
+  it('reports the same address before and after unlock', (): void => {
+    const { json } = backup('dilithium87');
+    const restored = keyring.createFromJson(json);
+
+    expect(restored.isLocked).toEqual(true);
+    expect(restored.address).toEqual(ALICE_ADDRESS);
+
+    restored.decodePkcs8(PASSWORD);
+
+    expect(restored.address).toEqual(ALICE_ADDRESS);
+  });
+
+  it('restores a pair that can still sign', (): void => {
+    const { json, original } = backup('dilithium87');
+    const restored = keyring.createFromJson(json);
+
+    restored.decodePkcs8(PASSWORD);
+
+    const signature = restored.sign(MESSAGE, { context });
+
+    expect(dilithiumVerify(MESSAGE, signature, original.addressRaw, 'dilithium87', context)).toEqual(true);
+  });
+
+  it('fails cleanly on a wrong password', (): void => {
+    const { json } = backup('dilithium87');
+    const restored = keyring.createFromJson(json);
+
+    expect(() => restored.decodePkcs8('wrong')).toThrow();
+    // and must not have half-applied anything
+    expect(restored.isLocked).toEqual(true);
+    expect(restored.address).toEqual(ALICE_ADDRESS);
+  });
+
+  // For every other scheme a tampered `address` field cannot decode at all,
+  // because the address is the public key. Here it decodes perfectly and yields a
+  // pair reporting an address its key does not control — a user would see someone
+  // else's address in their own wallet and believe they held it.
+  it('rejects JSON whose address does not match its key', (): void => {
+    const { json } = backup('dilithium87');
+    const other = keyring.addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32).fill(2), {}, 'dilithium87');
+    const tampered = { ...json, address: other.address };
+    const restored = keyring.createFromJson(tampered);
+
+    expect(restored.address).toEqual(other.address);
+    expect(() => restored.decodePkcs8(PASSWORD)).toThrow(/does not match the address/);
+  });
+});

packages/keyring/src/pair/encode.spec.ts

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
-
-import { NONCE_LENGTH, SCRYPT_LENGTH } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/json/constants';
-
-import { createTestPairs } from '../testingPairs.js';
-import { PAIR_DIV, PAIR_HDR, PUB_LENGTH, SEC_LENGTH } from './defaults.js';
-
-const DECODED_LENGTH = PAIR_DIV.length + PAIR_HDR.length + PUB_LENGTH + SEC_LENGTH;
-const ENCODED_LENGTH = 16 + DECODED_LENGTH + NONCE_LENGTH + SCRYPT_LENGTH;
-
-const keyring = createTestPairs({ type: 'ed25519' }, false);
-
-describe('encode', (): void => {
-  it('returns PKCS8 when no passphrase supplied', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.encodePkcs8()
-    ).toHaveLength(DECODED_LENGTH);
-  });
-
-  it('returns encoded PKCS8 when passphrase supplied', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.encodePkcs8('testing')
-    ).toHaveLength(ENCODED_LENGTH);
-  });
-});

packages/keyring/src/pair/encode.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { PairInfo } from './types.js';

packages/keyring/src/pair/index.spec.ts

@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
-
-import { hexToU8a, u8aToHex } from '@polkadot/util';
-import { cryptoWaitReady, encodeAddress as toSS58, setSS58Format } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
-
-import { PAIRSSR25519 } from '../testing.js';
-import { createTestPairs } from '../testingPairs.js';
-import { createPair } from './index.js';
-
-const keyring = createTestPairs({ type: 'ed25519' }, false);
-
-const TEST_ADDRESS = '0x4119b2e6c3Cb618F4f0B93ac77f9BeeC7FF02887';
-
-await cryptoWaitReady();
-
-describe('pair', (): void => {
-  const SIGNATURE = new Uint8Array([80, 191, 198, 147, 225, 207, 75, 88, 126, 39, 129, 109, 191, 38, 72, 181, 75, 254, 81, 143, 244, 79, 237, 38, 236, 141, 28, 252, 134, 26, 169, 234, 79, 33, 153, 158, 151, 34, 175, 188, 235, 20, 35, 135, 83, 120, 139, 211, 233, 130, 1, 208, 201, 215, 73, 80, 56, 98, 185, 196, 11, 8, 193, 14]);
-
-  it('has a publicKey', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.publicKey
-    ).toEqual(
-      new Uint8Array([209, 114, 167, 76, 218, 76, 134, 89, 18, 195, 43, 160, 168, 10, 87, 174, 105, 171, 174, 65, 14, 92, 203, 89, 222, 232, 78, 47, 68, 50, 219, 79])
-    );
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.addressRaw
-    ).toEqual(
-      new Uint8Array([209, 114, 167, 76, 218, 76, 134, 89, 18, 195, 43, 160, 168, 10, 87, 174, 105, 171, 174, 65, 14, 92, 203, 89, 222, 232, 78, 47, 68, 50, 219, 79])
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('allows signing', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.sign(
-        new Uint8Array([0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64])
-      )
-    ).toEqual(SIGNATURE);
-  });
-
-  it('validates a correctly signed message', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.verify(
-        new Uint8Array([0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64]),
-        SIGNATURE,
-        keyring.alice.publicKey
-      )
-    ).toEqual(true);
-  });
-
-  it('fails a correctly signed message (signer changed)', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.verify(
-        new Uint8Array([0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64]),
-        SIGNATURE,
-        keyring.bob.publicKey
-      )
-    ).toEqual(false);
-  });
-
-  it('fails a correctly signed message (message changed)', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.verify(
-        new Uint8Array([0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65]),
-        SIGNATURE,
-        keyring.alice.publicKey
-      )
-    ).toEqual(false);
-  });
-
-  it('allows vrf sign and verify', (): void => {
-    const message = new Uint8Array([0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65]);
-
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.vrfVerify(
-        message,
-        keyring.alice.vrfSign(message),
-        keyring.alice.publicKey
-      )
-    ).toBe(true);
-  });
-
-  it('fails vrf sign and verify (publicKey changed)', (): void => {
-    const message = new Uint8Array([0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65]);
-
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.vrfVerify(
-        message,
-        keyring.alice.vrfSign(message),
-        keyring.bob.publicKey
-      )
-    ).toBe(false);
-  });
-
-  it('allows setting/getting of meta', (): void => {
-    keyring.bob.setMeta({ foo: 'bar', something: 'else' });
-
-    expect(keyring.bob.meta).toMatchObject({ foo: 'bar', something: 'else' });
-
-    keyring.bob.setMeta({ something: 'thing' });
-
-    expect(keyring.bob.meta).toMatchObject({ foo: 'bar', something: 'thing' });
-  });
-
-  it('allows encoding of address with different prefixes', (): void => {
-    expect(keyring.alice.address).toEqual('5GoKvZWG5ZPYL1WUovuHW3zJBWBP5eT8CbqjdRY4Q6iMaQua');
-
-    // eslint-disable-next-line deprecation/deprecation
-    setSS58Format(255);
-
-    expect(keyring.alice.address).toEqual('yGHU8YKprxHbHdEv7oUK4rzMZXtsdhcXVG2CAMyC9WhzhjH2k');
-
-    // eslint-disable-next-line deprecation/deprecation
-    setSS58Format(42);
-  });
-
-  it('allows getting public key after decoding', (): void => {
-    const PASS = 'testing';
-    const encoded = keyring.alice.encodePkcs8(PASS);
-
-    const pair = createPair({ toSS58, type: 'sr25519' }, { publicKey: keyring.alice.publicKey });
-
-    pair.decodePkcs8(PASS, encoded);
-
-    expect(pair.isLocked).toEqual(false);
-  });
-
-  it('allows derivation on the pair', (): void => {
-    const alice = createPair({ toSS58, type: 'sr25519' }, { publicKey: hexToU8a(PAIRSSR25519[0].p), secretKey: hexToU8a(PAIRSSR25519[0].s) }, {});
-    const stash = alice.derive('//stash');
-    const soft = alice.derive('//funding/0');
-
-    expect(stash.publicKey).toEqual(hexToU8a(PAIRSSR25519[1].p));
-    expect(soft.address).toEqual('5ECQNn7UueWHPFda5qUi4fTmTtyCnPvGnuoyVVSj5CboJh9J');
-  });
-
-  it('fails to sign when locked', (): void => {
-    const pair = createPair({ toSS58, type: 'sr25519' }, { publicKey: keyring.alice.publicKey });
-
-    expect(pair.isLocked).toEqual(true);
-    expect((): Uint8Array =>
-      pair.sign(new Uint8Array([0]))
-    ).toThrow('Cannot sign with a locked key pair');
-  });
-
-  describe('ethereum', (): void => {
-    const PUBLICDERIVED = new Uint8Array([
-      3, 129, 53, 27, 27, 70, 210, 96,
-      43, 9, 146, 187, 93, 85, 49, 249,
-      193, 105, 107, 8, 18, 254, 178, 83,
-      75, 104, 132, 173, 196, 126, 46, 29,
-      139
-    ]);
-    const SECRETDERIVED = new Uint8Array([
-      7, 13, 195, 17, 115, 0, 1, 25,
-      24, 226, 107, 2, 23, 105, 69, 204,
-      21, 195, 213, 72, 207, 73, 253, 132,
-      24, 217, 127, 147, 175, 105, 158, 70
-    ]);
-
-    it('has a valid address from a known public', (): void => {
-      const pair = createPair({ toSS58, type: 'ethereum' }, { publicKey: hexToU8a('0x03b9dc646dd71118e5f7fda681ad9eca36eb3ee96f344f582fbe7b5bcdebb13077') });
-
-      expect(pair.address).toEqual(TEST_ADDRESS);
-      expect(pair.addressRaw).toEqual(hexToU8a(TEST_ADDRESS));
-    });
-
-    it('has a valid address from a known ethereum address (20 length)', (): void => {
-      const pair = createPair({ toSS58, type: 'ethereum' }, { publicKey: new Uint8Array([75, 32, 205, 127, 248, 119, 52, 31, 46, 171, 170, 23, 158, 23, 46, 108, 95, 180, 186, 168]), secretKey: new Uint8Array([]) });
-
-      expect(pair.address.toLowerCase()).toEqual('0x4b20cd7ff877341f2eabaa179e172e6c5fb4baa8');
-      expect(pair.addressRaw).toEqual(hexToU8a('0x4b20cd7ff877341f2eabaa179e172e6c5fb4baa8'));
-    });
-
-    it('converts to json', (): void => {
-      const pair = createPair({ toSS58, type: 'ethereum' }, { publicKey: PUBLICDERIVED, secretKey: SECRETDERIVED });
-      const json = pair.toJson('password');
-
-      expect(json.encoding).toEqual({
-        content: ['pkcs8', 'ethereum'],
-        type: ['scrypt', 'xsalsa20-poly1305'],
-        version: '3'
-      });
-      expect(json.address).toEqual(u8aToHex(PUBLICDERIVED));
-    });
-  });
-});

packages/keyring/src/pair/index.ts

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import type { EncryptedJsonEncoding, Keypair, KeypairType } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';
+import type { EncryptedJsonEncoding, KeypairType } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';
 import type { KeyringPair, KeyringPair$Json, KeyringPair$Meta, SignOptions } from '../types.js';
 import type { PairInfo } from './types.js';
 
-import { objectSpread, u8aConcat, u8aEmpty, u8aEq, u8aToHex, u8aToU8a } from '@polkadot/util';
-import { blake2AsU8a, ed25519PairFromSeed as ed25519FromSeed, ed25519Sign, ethereumEncode, keccakAsU8a, keyExtractPath, keyFromPath, secp256k1Compress, secp256k1Expand, secp256k1PairFromSeed as secp256k1FromSeed, secp256k1Sign, signatureVerify, sr25519PairFromSeed as sr25519FromSeed, sr25519Sign, sr25519VrfSign, sr25519VrfVerify } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
+import { objectSpread, u8aConcat, u8aEmpty, u8aEq, u8aToU8a } from '@polkadot/util';
+import { dilithiumAccountFromPublic, dilithiumSign, dilithiumSizes, dilithiumVerify } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
 
 import { decodePair } from './decode.js';
 import { encodePair } from './encode.js';
@@ -19,42 +19,38 @@ interface Setup {
 
 const SIG_TYPE_NONE = new Uint8Array();
 
-const TYPE_FROM_SEED = {
-  ecdsa: secp256k1FromSeed,
-  ed25519: ed25519FromSeed,
-  ethereum: secp256k1FromSeed,
-  sr25519: sr25519FromSeed
+// The Quantus runtime's `DilithiumSignatureScheme`: `Dilithium87` is variant 0
+// and `Dilithium65` variant 1. Reached through the same `withType` mechanism
+// upstream used for Substrate's `MultiSignature`, so nothing above this file
+// needs to know which enum it is.
+//
+// There are no other arms. Upstream's ed25519, sr25519, ecdsa and ethereum were
+// removed with their primitives: each falls to Shor's algorithm, and this keyring
+// exists to hold keys that do not. quantus/common#6
+const TYPE_PREFIX: Record<KeypairType, Uint8Array> = {
+  dilithium65: new Uint8Array([1]),
+  dilithium87: new Uint8Array([0])
 };
 
-const TYPE_PREFIX = {
-  ecdsa: new Uint8Array([2]),
-  ed25519: new Uint8Array([0]),
-  ethereum: new Uint8Array([2]),
-  sr25519: new Uint8Array([1])
-};
+/**
+ * A post-quantum pair will not sign without being told which context to use.
+ *
+ * See `SignOptions.context`. The alternative — defaulting to the extrinsic
+ * context — produces a valid signature that a spec-147 chain rejects, with
+ * nothing local able to explain why.
+ */
+function requireContext (context?: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+  if (!context) {
+    throw new Error('A signing context is required for post-quantum keypairs; pass options.context (see contextForSpec)');
+  }
 
-const TYPE_SIGNATURE = {
-  ecdsa: (m: Uint8Array, p: Partial<Keypair>) => secp256k1Sign(m, p, 'blake2'),
-  ed25519: ed25519Sign,
-  ethereum: (m: Uint8Array, p: Partial<Keypair>) => secp256k1Sign(m, p, 'keccak'),
-  sr25519: sr25519Sign
-};
-
-const TYPE_ADDRESS = {
-  ecdsa: (p: Uint8Array) => p.length > 32 ? blake2AsU8a(p) : p,
-  ed25519: (p: Uint8Array) => p,
-  ethereum: (p: Uint8Array) => p.length === 20 ? p : keccakAsU8a(secp256k1Expand(p)),
-  sr25519: (p: Uint8Array) => p
-};
+  return context;
+}
 
 function isLocked (secretKey?: Uint8Array): secretKey is undefined {
   return !secretKey || u8aEmpty(secretKey);
 }
 
-function vrfHash (proof: Uint8Array, context?: string | Uint8Array, extra?: string | Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
-  return blake2AsU8a(u8aConcat(context || '', extra || '', proof));
-}
-
 /**
  * @name createPair
  * @summary Creates a keyring pair object
@@ -86,18 +82,29 @@ function vrfHash (proof: Uint8Array, context?: string | Uint8Array, extra?: stri
  * an `encoded` property that is assigned with the encoded public key in hex format, and an `encoding`
  * property that indicates whether the public key value of the `encoded` property is encoded or not.
  */
-export function createPair ({ toSS58, type }: Setup, { publicKey, secretKey }: PairInfo, meta: KeyringPair$Meta = {}, encoded: Uint8Array | null = null, encTypes?: EncryptedJsonEncoding[]): KeyringPair {
+export function createPair ({ toSS58, type }: Setup, { accountId, publicKey, secretKey }: PairInfo, meta: KeyringPair$Meta = {}, encoded: Uint8Array | null = null, encTypes?: EncryptedJsonEncoding[]): KeyringPair {
   const decodePkcs8 = (passphrase?: string, userEncoded?: Uint8Array | null): void => {
-    const decoded = decodePair(passphrase, userEncoded || encoded, encTypes);
+    // ML-DSA secrets are 4032/4896 bytes, which is neither of the two lengths
+    // decodePair would otherwise try, so it has to be told.
+    const decoded = decodePair(passphrase, userEncoded || encoded, encTypes, dilithiumSizes(type).secretKey);
 
-    if (decoded.secretKey.length === 64) {
-      publicKey = decoded.publicKey;
-      secretKey = decoded.secretKey;
-    } else {
-      const pair = TYPE_FROM_SEED[type](decoded.secretKey);
+    publicKey = decoded.publicKey;
+    secretKey = decoded.secretKey;
 
-      publicKey = pair.publicKey;
-      secretKey = pair.secretKey;
+    // The public key has only now arrived. If the pair was constructed from JSON
+    // it has been reporting an address carried as data since then, so check the
+    // two agree.
+    //
+    // This is not a paranoid check. A JSON file whose `address` field has been
+    // edited decodes perfectly and would yield a pair reporting an address its
+    // key does not control: a user would see an attacker's address in their own
+    // wallet and believe they held it.
+    if (accountId) {
+      if (!u8aEq(dilithiumAccountFromPublic(publicKey), accountId)) {
+        throw new Error('Decoded public key does not match the address in the account JSON');
+      }
+
+      accountId = undefined;
     }
   };
 
@@ -110,24 +117,19 @@ export function createPair ({ toSS58, type }: Setup, { publicKey, secretKey }: P
     return encoded;
   };
 
-  const encodeAddress = (): string => {
-    const raw = TYPE_ADDRESS[type](publicKey);
-
-    return type === 'ethereum'
-      ? ethereumEncode(raw)
-      : toSS58(raw);
-  };
+  // While a pair restored from JSON, or added by address, has no public key,
+  // its account id cannot be computed (it is a one-way Poseidon2 hash of that
+  // key), so use the one carried alongside. `decodePkcs8` clears it once the
+  // real key arrives and has been checked against it.
+  const addressRawOf = (): Uint8Array =>
+    accountId ?? dilithiumAccountFromPublic(publicKey);
 
   return {
     get address (): string {
-      return encodeAddress();
+      return toSS58(addressRawOf());
     },
     get addressRaw (): Uint8Array {
-      const raw = TYPE_ADDRESS[type](publicKey);
-
-      return type === 'ethereum'
-        ? raw.slice(-20)
-        : raw;
+      return addressRawOf();
     },
     get isLocked (): boolean {
       return isLocked(secretKey);
@@ -143,17 +145,12 @@ export function createPair ({ toSS58, type }: Setup, { publicKey, secretKey }: P
     },
     // eslint-disable-next-line sort-keys
     decodePkcs8,
-    derive: (suri: string, meta?: KeyringPair$Meta): KeyringPair => {
-      if (type === 'ethereum') {
-        throw new Error('Unable to derive on this keypair');
-      } else if (isLocked(secretKey)) {
-        throw new Error('Cannot derive on a locked keypair');
-      }
-
-      const { path } = keyExtractPath(suri);
-      const derived = keyFromPath({ publicKey, secretKey }, path, type);
-
-      return createPair({ toSS58, type }, derived, meta, null);
+    derive: (_suri: string, _meta?: KeyringPair$Meta): KeyringPair => {
+      // Not "not implemented" — not possible. A child here would have to come
+      // from this pair's key material, and ML-DSA keys are not derivable from
+      // one another at all; the Quantus tree derives every account from the
+      // mnemonic independently. So the caller needs the mnemonic, not this pair.
+      throw new Error(`Unable to derive from an existing ${type} pair; derive from the mnemonic with createFromUri instead`);
     },
     encodePkcs8: (passphrase?: string): Uint8Array => {
       return recode(passphrase);
@@ -173,48 +170,37 @@ export function createPair ({ toSS58, type }: Setup, { publicKey, secretKey }: P
         options.withType
           ? TYPE_PREFIX[type]
           : SIG_TYPE_NONE,
-        TYPE_SIGNATURE[type](u8aToU8a(message), { publicKey, secretKey })
+        dilithiumSign(u8aToU8a(message), { publicKey, secretKey }, type, requireContext(options.context))
       );
     },
     toJson: (passphrase?: string): KeyringPair$Json => {
-      // NOTE: For ecdsa and ethereum, the publicKey cannot be extracted from the address. For these
-      // pass the hex-encoded publicKey through to the address portion of the JSON (before decoding)
-      // unless the publicKey is already an address
-      const address = ['ecdsa', 'ethereum'].includes(type)
-        ? publicKey.length === 20
-          ? u8aToHex(publicKey)
-          : u8aToHex(secp256k1Compress(publicKey))
-        : encodeAddress();
-
-      return pairToJson(type, { address, meta }, recode(passphrase), !!passphrase);
+      return pairToJson(type, { address: toSS58(addressRawOf()), meta }, recode(passphrase), !!passphrase);
     },
     unlock: (passphrase?: string): void => {
       return decodePkcs8(passphrase);
     },
-    verify: (message: string | Uint8Array, signature: string | Uint8Array, signerPublic: string | Uint8Array): boolean => {
-      return signatureVerify(message, signature, TYPE_ADDRESS[type](u8aToU8a(signerPublic))).isValid;
+    verify: (message: string | Uint8Array, signature: string | Uint8Array, signerPublic: string | Uint8Array, context: Uint8Array = new Uint8Array()): boolean => {
+      const pk = u8aToU8a(signerPublic);
+      const sig = u8aToU8a(signature);
+      const { signature: sigLength } = dilithiumSizes(type);
+
+      // Accept a bare signature or the chain's `signature ‖ publicKey` form; the
+      // verifier needs the latter, and the public key is at hand either way.
+      const sigWithPublic = sig.length === sigLength
+        ? u8aConcat(sig, pk)
+        : sig;
+
+      // Unlike signing, a wrong context here cannot produce anything harmful —
+      // only `false` — so the empty context used for raw bytes is the default.
+      return dilithiumVerify(u8aToU8a(message), sigWithPublic, dilithiumAccountFromPublic(pk), type, context);
     },
-    vrfSign: (message: string | Uint8Array, context?: string | Uint8Array, extra?: string | Uint8Array): Uint8Array => {
-      if (isLocked(secretKey)) {
-        throw new Error('Cannot sign with a locked key pair');
-      }
-
-      if (type === 'sr25519') {
-        return sr25519VrfSign(message, { secretKey }, context, extra);
-      }
-
-      const proof = TYPE_SIGNATURE[type](u8aToU8a(message), { publicKey, secretKey });
-
-      return u8aConcat(vrfHash(proof, context, extra), proof);
+    vrfSign: (): Uint8Array => {
+      // There is no ML-DSA VRF, and faking one out of an ordinary signature needs
+      // uniqueness ML-DSA does not have in the form required.
+      throw new Error(`VRF signing is not available for ${type}`);
     },
-    vrfVerify: (message: string | Uint8Array, vrfResult: Uint8Array, signerPublic: Uint8Array | string, context?: string | Uint8Array, extra?: string | Uint8Array): boolean => {
-      if (type === 'sr25519') {
-        return sr25519VrfVerify(message, vrfResult, publicKey, context, extra);
-      }
-
-      const result = signatureVerify(message, u8aConcat(TYPE_PREFIX[type], vrfResult.subarray(32)), TYPE_ADDRESS[type](u8aToU8a(signerPublic)));
-
-      return result.isValid && u8aEq(vrfResult.subarray(0, 32), vrfHash(vrfResult.subarray(32), context, extra));
+    vrfVerify: (): boolean => {
+      throw new Error(`VRF verification is not available for ${type}`);
     }
   };
 }

packages/keyring/src/pair/nobody.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { KeyringPair, KeyringPair$Json, KeyringPair$Meta } from '../types.js';
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const json: KeyringPair$Json = {
   address,
   encoded: '',
   encoding: {
-    content: ['pkcs8', 'ed25519'],
+    content: ['pkcs8', 'dilithium65'],
     type: 'none',
     version: '0'
   },
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ const pair: KeyringPair = {
     new Uint8Array(64),
   toJson: (_passphrase?: string): KeyringPair$Json =>
     json,
-  type: 'ed25519',
+  type: 'dilithium65',
   unlock: (_passphrase?: string): void =>
     undefined,
   verify: (_message: Uint8Array, _signature: Uint8Array): boolean =>

packages/keyring/src/pair/toJson.spec.ts

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
-
-import { createTestPairs } from '../testingPairs.js';
-
-const keyring = createTestPairs({ type: 'ed25519' }, false);
-
-describe('toJson', (): void => {
-  it('creates an unencoded output with no passphrase', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      keyring.alice.toJson()
-    ).toMatchObject({
-      address: '5GoKvZWG5ZPYL1WUovuHW3zJBWBP5eT8CbqjdRY4Q6iMaQua',
-      encoded: 'MFMCAQEwBQYDK2VwBCIEIEFsaWNlICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAg0XKnTNpMhlkSwyugqApXrmmrrkEOXMtZ3uhOL0Qy20+hIwMhANFyp0zaTIZZEsMroKgKV65pq65BDlzLWd7oTi9EMttP',
-      encoding: {
-        content: ['pkcs8', 'ed25519'],
-        type: ['none'],
-        version: '3'
-      },
-      meta: {
-        isTesting: true,
-        name: 'alice'
-      }
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('creates an encoded output with passphrase', (): void => {
-    const json = keyring.alice.toJson('testing');
-
-    expect(json.encoded).toHaveLength(268);
-    expect(json).toMatchObject({
-      address: '5GoKvZWG5ZPYL1WUovuHW3zJBWBP5eT8CbqjdRY4Q6iMaQua',
-      encoding: {
-        content: ['pkcs8', 'ed25519'],
-        type: ['scrypt', 'xsalsa20-poly1305'],
-        version: '3'
-      }
-    });
-  });
-});

packages/keyring/src/pair/toJson.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { KeypairType } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';

packages/keyring/src/pair/types.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,22 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 export interface PairInfo {
+  /**
+   * The 32-byte account id, when it cannot be derived from `publicKey`.
+   *
+   * Only ML-DSA pairs need this, and only while locked. Everywhere else the
+   * address is a cheap function of the public key, so a pair restored from JSON
+   * can report its address before anyone supplies a password. A Quantus account
+   * id is a one-way Poseidon2 hash, and the public key lives inside the
+   * encrypted blob — so between `createFromJson` and `decodePkcs8` there is
+   * nothing to compute it from, and callers read `pair.address` in exactly that
+   * window.
+   *
+   * Carried as data rather than derived, and checked against the real public key
+   * once that arrives.
+   */
+  accountId?: Uint8Array | undefined;
   publicKey: Uint8Array;
   secretKey?: Uint8Array | undefined;
   seed?: Uint8Array | null;

packages/keyring/src/pair/vrf.spec.ts

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
-
-import { u8aToHex } from '@polkadot/util';
-import { cryptoWaitReady, ed25519PairFromSeed, encodeAddress as toSS58, randomAsU8a, secp256k1PairFromSeed, sr25519PairFromSeed } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
-
-import { createPair } from './index.js';
-
-const MESSAGE = 'this is a test message';
-const CONTEXT = 'some context';
-
-await cryptoWaitReady();
-
-const ecdsa = createPair({ toSS58, type: 'ecdsa' }, secp256k1PairFromSeed(randomAsU8a()));
-const ed25519 = createPair({ toSS58, type: 'ed25519' }, ed25519PairFromSeed(randomAsU8a()));
-const sr25519 = createPair({ toSS58, type: 'sr25519' }, sr25519PairFromSeed(randomAsU8a()));
-
-describe('vrf', (): void => {
-  it('has deterministic signature values for ecdsa', (): void => {
-    const sig1 = ecdsa.vrfSign(MESSAGE, CONTEXT);
-    const sig2 = ecdsa.vrfSign(MESSAGE, CONTEXT);
-
-    expect(u8aToHex(sig1)).toEqual(u8aToHex(sig2));
-    expect(ecdsa.vrfVerify(MESSAGE, sig1, ecdsa.publicKey, CONTEXT)).toEqual(true);
-    expect(ecdsa.vrfVerify(MESSAGE, sig2, ecdsa.publicKey, CONTEXT)).toEqual(true);
-  });
-
-  it('has deterministic signature values for ed25519', (): void => {
-    const sig1 = ed25519.vrfSign(MESSAGE, CONTEXT);
-    const sig2 = ed25519.vrfSign(MESSAGE, CONTEXT);
-
-    expect(u8aToHex(sig1)).toEqual(u8aToHex(sig2));
-    expect(ed25519.vrfVerify(MESSAGE, sig1, ed25519.publicKey, CONTEXT)).toEqual(true);
-    expect(ed25519.vrfVerify(MESSAGE, sig2, ed25519.publicKey, CONTEXT)).toEqual(true);
-  });
-
-  it('has deterministic signature values for sr25519', (): void => {
-    const sig1 = sr25519.vrfSign(MESSAGE, CONTEXT);
-    const sig2 = sr25519.vrfSign(MESSAGE, CONTEXT);
-
-    expect(u8aToHex(sig1.slice(0, 32))).toEqual(u8aToHex(sig2.slice(0, 32)));
-    expect(sr25519.vrfVerify(MESSAGE, sig1, sr25519.publicKey, CONTEXT)).toEqual(true);
-    expect(sr25519.vrfVerify(MESSAGE, sig2, sr25519.publicKey, CONTEXT)).toEqual(true);
-  });
-});

packages/keyring/src/pairs.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { KeyringPair, KeyringPairs } from './types.js';

packages/keyring/src/suri.spec.ts

@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
-
-// From https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/wiki/Secret-URI-Test-Vectors
-
-import type { KeypairType } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';
-
-import { u8aToHex } from '@polkadot/util';
-import { cryptoWaitReady } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
-
-import Keyring from './index.js';
-
-const PHRASE = 'bottom drive obey lake curtain smoke basket hold race lonely fit walk';
-const ETHEREUM_PHRASE = 'seed sock milk update focus rotate barely fade car face mechanic mercy';
-
-const TESTS = {
-  ecdsa: [
-    {
-      pk: '0x020a1091341fe5664bfa1782d5e04779689068c916b04cb365ec3153755684d9a1',
-      ss: '5C7C2Z5sWbytvHpuLTvzKunnnRwQxft1jiqrLD5rhucQ5S9X',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}//Alice`
-    }
-  ],
-  ethereum: [
-    {
-      pk: '0x0381351b1b46d2602b0992bb5d5531f9c1696b0812feb2534b6884adc47e2e1d8b',
-      ss: '0x31ea8795EE32D782C8ff41a5C68Dcbf0F5B27f6d',
-      uri: `${ETHEREUM_PHRASE}/m/44'/60'/0'/0/0`
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0x02509540919faacf9ab52146c9aa40db68172d83777250b28e4679176e49ccdd9f',
-      ss: '0xf24FF3a9CF04c71Dbc94D0b566f7A27B94566cac',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}/m/44'/60'/0'/0/0`
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0x033bc19e36ff1673910575b6727a974a9abd80c9a875d41ab3e2648dbfb9e4b518',
-      ss: '0x3Cd0A705a2DC65e5b1E1205896BaA2be8A07c6e0',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}/m/44'/60'/0'/0/1`
-    }
-  ],
-  sr25519: [
-    {
-      pk: '0x46ebddef8cd9bb167dc30878d7113b7e168e6f0646beffd77d69d39bad76b47a',
-      ss: '5DfhGyQdFobKM8NsWvEeAKk5EQQgYe9AydgJ7rMB6E1EqRzV',
-      uri: PHRASE
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0xb69355deefa7a8f33e9297f5af22e680f03597a99d4f4b1c44be47e7a2275802',
-      ss: '5GC6LfpV352HtJPySfAecb5JdePtf4R9Vq49NUU8RhzgBqgq',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}///password`
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0x40b9675df90efa6069ff623b0fdfcf706cd47ca7452a5056c7ad58194d23440a',
-      ss: '5DXZzrDxHbkQov4QBAY4TjpwnHCMrKXkomTnKSw8UArBEY5v',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}/foo`
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0x547d4a55642ec7ebadc0bd29b6e570b8c926059b3c0655d4948075e9a7e6f31e',
-      ss: '5DyV6fZuvPemWrUqBgWwTSgoV86w6xms3KhkFU6cQcWxU8eP',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}//foo`
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0x3841947ffcde6f5fef26fb68b59bb8665637e30e32ec2051f99cf6b9c674fe09',
-      ss: '5DLU27is5iViNopQb2KxsTyPx6j4vCu8X3sk3j3NNLkPCqKM',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}//foo/bar`
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0xdc142f7476a7b0aa262aeccf207f1d18daa90762db393006741e8a31f39dbc53',
-      ss: '5H3GPTqDSpjkfDwbHy12PD6BWm8jvGSX4xYC8UMprHpTPcRg',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}/foo//bar`
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0xa2e56b06407a6d1e819d2fc33fa0ec604b29c2e868b70b3696bb049b8725934b',
-      ss: '5FkHmNgbg64MwStgCyDi2Uw3ufFu11mqQgmWT9uwK4Lghvpv',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}//foo/bar//42/69`
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0x0e0d24e3e1ff2c07f269c99e2e0df8681fda1851ac42fc846ca2daaa90cd8f14',
-      ss: '5CP8S23JBNXYNpJsL7ESPJBNnUZE6itcfM4EnDxEhaVEU6dT',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}//foo/bar//42/69///password`
-    },
-    {
-      pk: '0xd43593c715fdd31c61141abd04a99fd6822c8558854ccde39a5684e7a56da27d',
-      ss: '5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY',
-      uri: `${PHRASE}//Alice`
-    }
-  ]
-};
-
-await cryptoWaitReady();
-
-describe('keyring.addFromUri', (): void => {
-  for (const [type, tests] of Object.entries(TESTS)) {
-    const keyring = new Keyring({ type: type as KeypairType });
-
-    describe(`${type}`, (): void => {
-      tests.forEach(({ pk, ss, uri }): void => {
-        it(`creates ${uri}`, (): void => {
-          const pair = keyring.addFromUri(uri, {}, type as KeypairType, undefined, 2048);
-
-          expect(u8aToHex(pair.publicKey)).toEqual(pk);
-          expect(pair.address).toEqual(ss);
-        });
-      });
-    });
-  }
-});

packages/keyring/src/testing.ts

@@ -1,151 +1,48 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import type { HexString } from '@polkadot/util/types';
-import type { KeypairType } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';
 import type { KeyringInstance, KeyringOptions } from './types.js';
 
-import { hexToU8a } from '@polkadot/util';
-
-import { createPair } from './pair/index.js';
 import { Keyring } from './keyring.js';
 
-interface PairDef {
-  name?: string;
-  p: HexString;
-  s: HexString;
-  seed?: string;
-  type: KeypairType
-}
-
-// NOTE This is not great since we have the secretKey here explicitly, but a testing
-// keyring is for testing - what happens is that in most cases the keyring is initialises
-// before anything else. Since the sr25519 crypto is async, this creates problems with
-// adding the keys when only the keyring is used.
-export const PAIRSSR25519: PairDef[] = [
-  {
-    p: '0xd43593c715fdd31c61141abd04a99fd6822c8558854ccde39a5684e7a56da27d',
-    s: '0x98319d4ff8a9508c4bb0cf0b5a78d760a0b2082c02775e6e82370816fedfff48925a225d97aa00682d6a59b95b18780c10d7032336e88f3442b42361f4a66011', // nosemgrep
-    seed: 'Alice',
-    type: 'sr25519'
-  },
-  {
-    p: '0xbe5ddb1579b72e84524fc29e78609e3caf42e85aa118ebfe0b0ad404b5bdd25f',
-    s: '0xe8da6c9d810e020f5e3c7f5af2dea314cbeaa0d72bc6421e92c0808a0c584a6046ab28e97c3ffc77fe12b5a4d37e8cd4afbfebbf2391ffc7cb07c0f38c023efd', // nosemgrep
-    seed: 'Alice//stash',
-    type: 'sr25519'
-  },
-  {
-    p: '0x8eaf04151687736326c9fea17e25fc5287613693c912909cb226aa4794f26a48',
-    s: '0x081ff694633e255136bdb456c20a5fc8fed21f8b964c11bb17ff534ce80ebd5941ae88f85d0c1bfc37be41c904e1dfc01de8c8067b0d6d5df25dd1ac0894a325', // nosemgrep
-    seed: 'Bob',
-    type: 'sr25519'
-  },
-  {
-    p: '0xfe65717dad0447d715f660a0a58411de509b42e6efb8375f562f58a554d5860e',
-    s: '0xc006507cdfc267a21532394c49ca9b754ca71de21e15a1cdf807c7ceab6d0b6c3ed408d9d35311540dcd54931933e67cf1ea10d46f75408f82b789d9bd212fde', // nosemgrep
-    seed: 'Bob//stash',
-    type: 'sr25519'
-  },
-  {
-    p: '0x90b5ab205c6974c9ea841be688864633dc9ca8a357843eeacf2314649965fe22',
-    s: '0xa8f2d83016052e5d6d77b2f6fd5d59418922a09024cda701b3c34369ec43a7668faf12ff39cd4e5d92bb773972f41a7a5279ebc2ed92264bed8f47d344f8f18c', // nosemgrep
-    seed: 'Charlie',
-    type: 'sr25519'
-  },
-  {
-    p: '0x306721211d5404bd9da88e0204360a1a9ab8b87c66c1bc2fcdd37f3c2222cc20',
-    s: '0x20e05482ca4677e0edbc58ae9a3a59f6ed3b1a9484ba17e64d6fe8688b2b7b5d108c4487b9323b98b11fe36cb301b084e920f7b7895536809a6d62a451b25568', // nosemgrep
-    seed: 'Dave',
-    type: 'sr25519'
-  },
-  {
-    p: '0xe659a7a1628cdd93febc04a4e0646ea20e9f5f0ce097d9a05290d4a9e054df4e',
-    s: '0x683576abfd5dc35273e4264c23095a1bf21c14517bece57c7f0cc5c0ed4ce06a3dbf386b7828f348abe15d76973a72009e6ef86a5c91db2990cb36bb657c6587', // nosemgrep
-    seed: 'Eve',
-    type: 'sr25519'
-  },
-  {
-    p: '0x1cbd2d43530a44705ad088af313e18f80b53ef16b36177cd4b77b846f2a5f07c',
-    s: '0xb835c20f450079cf4f513900ae9faf8df06ad86c681884122c752a4b2bf74d4303e4f21bc6cc62bb4eeed5a9cce642c25e2d2ac1464093b50f6196d78e3a7426', // nosemgrep
-    seed: 'Ferdie',
-    type: 'sr25519'
-  }
-];
-
-export const PAIRSETHEREUM: PairDef[] = [
-  {
-    name: 'Alith',
-    p: '0x02509540919faacf9ab52146c9aa40db68172d83777250b28e4679176e49ccdd9f',
-    s: '0x5fb92d6e98884f76de468fa3f6278f8807c48bebc13595d45af5bdc4da702133', // nosemgrep
-    type: 'ethereum'
-  },
-  {
-    name: 'Baltathar',
-    p: '0x033bc19e36ff1673910575b6727a974a9abd80c9a875d41ab3e2648dbfb9e4b518',
-    s: '0x8075991ce870b93a8870eca0c0f91913d12f47948ca0fd25b49c6fa7cdbeee8b', // nosemgrep
-    type: 'ethereum'
-  },
-  {
-    name: 'Charleth',
-    p: '0x0234637bdc0e89b5d46543bcbf8edff329d2702bc995e27e9af4b1ba009a3c2a5e',
-    s: '0x0b6e18cafb6ed99687ec547bd28139cafdd2bffe70e6b688025de6b445aa5c5b', // nosemgrep
-    type: 'ethereum'
-  },
-  {
-    name: 'Dorothy',
-    p: '0x02a00d60b2b408c2a14c5d70cdd2c205db8985ef737a7e55ad20ea32cc9e7c417c',
-    s: '0x39539ab1876910bbf3a223d84a29e28f1cb4e2e456503e7e91ed39b2e7223d68', // nosemgrep
-    type: 'ethereum'
-  },
-  {
-    name: 'Ethan',
-    p: '0x025cdc005b752651cd3f728fb9192182acb3a9c89e19072cbd5b03f3ee1f1b3ffa',
-    s: '0x7dce9bc8babb68fec1409be38c8e1a52650206a7ed90ff956ae8a6d15eeaaef4', // nosemgrep
-    type: 'ethereum'
-  },
-  {
-    name: 'Faith',
-    p: '0x037964b6c9d546da4646ada28a99e34acaa1d14e7aba861a9055f9bd200c8abf74',
-    s: '0xb9d2ea9a615f3165812e8d44de0d24da9bbd164b65c4f0573e1ce2c8dbd9c8df', // nosemgrep
-    type: 'ethereum'
-  }
-];
-
-function createMeta (name?: string, seed?: string) {
-  if (!name && !seed) {
-    throw new Error('Testing pair should have either a name or a seed');
-  }
-
-  return {
-    isTesting: true,
-    name: name || seed?.replace('//', '_').toLowerCase()
-  };
+interface DevAccount {
+  name: string;
+  /** The byte the 32-byte seed is filled with. */
+  seed: number;
 }
 
 /**
- * @name testKeyring
- * @summary Create an instance of Keyring pre-populated with locked test accounts
- * @description The test accounts (i.e. alice, bob, dave, eve, ferdie)
- * are available on the dev chain and each test account is initialized with DOT funds.
+ * The accounts a Quantus dev chain endows at genesis.
+ *
+ * From `chain:primitives/dilithium-crypto/src/pair.rs`: ML-DSA-87 keys generated
+ * directly from a 32-byte seed filled with one byte, with no HD derivation. Their
+ * account ids are pinned against `quantus-cli` in `@quantus/crypto`'s tests
+ * (`dev_account_ids_match_the_cli`), e.g. crystal_alice is
+ * `qzk1Nxai3dZD9Cn5kwGcgL6mKxsfxwqdis7kDQJ52aJS2vSn7`.
+ *
+ * They replace upstream's sr25519 Alice…Ferdie and Ethereum Alith…Faith, which
+ * this keyring can no longer hold. quantus/common#6
  */
-export function createTestKeyring (options: KeyringOptions = {}, isDerived = true): KeyringInstance {
-  const keyring = new Keyring(options);
-  const pairs = options.type === 'ethereum'
-    ? PAIRSETHEREUM
-    : PAIRSSR25519;
+export const DEV_ACCOUNTS: DevAccount[] = [
+  { name: 'crystal_alice', seed: 0 },
+  { name: 'dilithium_bob', seed: 1 },
+  { name: 'crystal_charlie', seed: 2 }
+];
 
-  for (const { name, p, s, seed, type } of pairs) {
-    const meta = createMeta(name, seed);
-    const pair = !isDerived && !name && seed
-      ? keyring.addFromUri(seed, meta, options.type)
-      : keyring.addPair(
-        createPair(
-          { toSS58: keyring.encodeAddress, type },
-          { publicKey: hexToU8a(p), secretKey: hexToU8a(s) },
-          meta
-        )
-      );
+/**
+ * @name testKeyring
+ * @summary Create an instance of Keyring pre-populated with the dev accounts
+ * @description crystal_alice, dilithium_bob and crystal_charlie, as a Quantus
+ * dev chain endows them. They are always ML-DSA-87, whatever `options.type` says,
+ * because that is what the chain made them; `options` sets the keyring's default
+ * type and SS58 format for anything added afterwards. `_isDerived` is accepted for
+ * upstream's signature and ignored: these accounts have no derivation.
+ */
+export function createTestKeyring (options: KeyringOptions = {}, _isDerived = true): KeyringInstance {
+  const keyring = new Keyring(options);
+
+  for (const { name, seed } of DEV_ACCOUNTS) {
+    const pair = keyring.addFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32).fill(seed), { isTesting: true, name }, 'dilithium87');
 
     pair.lock = (): void => {
       // we don't have lock/unlock functionality here

packages/keyring/src/testingPairs.spec.ts

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
-
-import { u8aToHex } from '@polkadot/util';
-import { cryptoWaitReady } from '@polkadot/util-crypto';
-
-import Keyring from './index.js';
-import { createTestPairs } from './testingPairs.js';
-
-const TEST_ADD = '0xf24FF3a9CF04c71Dbc94D0b566f7A27B94566cac';
-
-await cryptoWaitReady();
-
-describe('testingPairs', (): void => {
-  it('creates without failing', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      Object.keys(createTestPairs())
-    ).toHaveLength(2 + 0 + 7); // stash, session, pairs
-  });
-
-  it('has the correct address for Alice (non-HDKD)', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      createTestPairs({ type: 'ed25519' }, false).alice.address
-    ).toEqual('5GoKvZWG5ZPYL1WUovuHW3zJBWBP5eT8CbqjdRY4Q6iMaQua');
-  });
-
-  it('has the correct address for Alice (HDKD)', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      createTestPairs({ type: 'ed25519' }).alice.address
-    ).toEqual('5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY');
-  });
-
-  it('has the correct address for Alith (Eth)', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      createTestPairs({ type: 'ethereum' }).Alith.address
-    ).toEqual(TEST_ADD);
-  });
-
-  it('has the correct address for Alith (Eth), same as obtained by createFromUri', (): void => {
-    const keyring = new Keyring({ type: 'ethereum' });
-    const pair = keyring.createFromUri('0x5fb92d6e98884f76de468fa3f6278f8807c48bebc13595d45af5bdc4da702133');
-
-    expect(pair?.address).toEqual(TEST_ADD);
-  });
-
-  describe('checks eth test addresses', (): void => {
-    const ring = createTestPairs({ type: 'ethereum' });
-    const keyring = new Keyring({ type: 'ethereum' });
-    // priv keys generated by  ganache-cli --mnemonic "bottom drive obey lake curtain smoke basket hold race lonely fit walk"
-    const privKeys: string[] = ['0x5fb92d6e98884f76de468fa3f6278f8807c48bebc13595d45af5bdc4da702133',
-      '0x8075991ce870b93a8870eca0c0f91913d12f47948ca0fd25b49c6fa7cdbeee8b',
-      '0x0b6e18cafb6ed99687ec547bd28139cafdd2bffe70e6b688025de6b445aa5c5b',
-      '0x39539ab1876910bbf3a223d84a29e28f1cb4e2e456503e7e91ed39b2e7223d68',
-      '0x7dce9bc8babb68fec1409be38c8e1a52650206a7ed90ff956ae8a6d15eeaaef4',
-      '0xb9d2ea9a615f3165812e8d44de0d24da9bbd164b65c4f0573e1ce2c8dbd9c8df',
-      '0x96b8a38e12e1a31dee1eab2fffdf9d9990045f5b37e44d8cc27766ef294acf18',
-      '0x0d6dcaaef49272a5411896be8ad16c01c35d6f8c18873387b71fbc734759b0ab',
-      '0x4c42532034540267bf568198ccec4cb822a025da542861fcb146a5fab6433ff8',
-      '0x94c49300a58d576011096bcb006aa06f5a91b34b4383891e8029c21dc39fbb8b'];
-
-    // @ts-expect-error We should not delete from the maps, however this is a test
-    delete ring.nobody;
-
-    Object
-      .keys(ring)
-      .filter((_, i) => i < 6)
-      .forEach((testKeyring, i) => {
-        it(`checks #${i}`, (): void => {
-          expect(
-            u8aToHex(ring[testKeyring].publicKey)
-          ).toEqual(
-            u8aToHex(keyring.createFromUri(privKeys[i]).publicKey)
-          );
-        });
-      });
-  });
-});

packages/keyring/src/testingPairs.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import type { KeypairType } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';
 import type { KeyringOptions, KeyringPair } from './types.js';
 
 import { nobody } from './pair/nobody.js';
@@ -9,39 +8,17 @@ import { createTestKeyring } from './testing.js';
 
 export interface TestKeyringMap {
   nobody: KeyringPair;
-
   [index: string]: KeyringPair;
 }
 
-export interface TestKeyringMapSubstrate extends TestKeyringMap {
-  alice: KeyringPair;
-  bob: KeyringPair;
-  charlie: KeyringPair;
-  dave: KeyringPair;
-  eve: KeyringPair;
-  ferdie: KeyringPair;
+/** The Quantus dev accounts, by name. See `DEV_ACCOUNTS`. */
+export interface TestKeyringMapQuantus extends TestKeyringMap {
+  crystal_alice: KeyringPair;
+  crystal_charlie: KeyringPair;
+  dilithium_bob: KeyringPair;
 }
 
-export interface TestKeyringMapEthereum extends TestKeyringMap {
-  Alith: KeyringPair;
-  Baltathar: KeyringPair;
-  Charleth: KeyringPair;
-  Dorothy: KeyringPair;
-  Ethan: KeyringPair;
-  Faith: KeyringPair;
-}
-
-export type DetectMap<O extends KeyringOptions | undefined> = DetectPairType<O> extends 'ethereum'
-  ? TestKeyringMapEthereum
-  : TestKeyringMapSubstrate;
-
-export type DetectPairType<O extends KeyringOptions | undefined> = O extends KeyringOptions
-  ? O['type'] extends KeypairType
-    ? O['type']
-    : 'sr25519'
-  : 'sr25519';
-
-export function createTestPairs <O extends KeyringOptions, M = DetectMap<O>> (options?: O, isDerived = true): M {
+export function createTestPairs <O extends KeyringOptions, M = TestKeyringMapQuantus> (options?: O, isDerived = true): M {
   const keyring = createTestKeyring(options, isDerived);
   const pairs = keyring.getPairs();
   const map: TestKeyringMap = { nobody: nobody() };

packages/keyring/src/types.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { HexString } from '@polkadot/util/types';
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import type { EncryptedJson, Keypair, KeypairType, Prefix } from '@polkadot/util
 export interface KeyringOptions {
   /** The ss58Format to use for address encoding (defaults to 42) */
   ss58Format?: Prefix;
-  /** The type of keyring to create (defaults to ed25519) */
+  /** The type of keyring to create (defaults to dilithium65, ML-DSA-65) */
   type?: KeypairType;
 }
 
@@ -72,6 +72,17 @@ export interface KeyringPair$Json extends EncryptedJson {
 }
 
 export interface SignOptions {
+  /**
+   * The FIPS 204 domain-separation context, for post-quantum pairs.
+   *
+   * Mandatory for `dilithium65`/`dilithium87` and ignored by every other type.
+   * There is deliberately no default: Quantus extrinsics on spec >= 148 are
+   * verified under `QUANTUS_EXTRINSIC` and earlier ones under the empty context,
+   * and a signature made under the wrong one is cryptographically valid, rejected
+   * by the chain, and locally indistinguishable from a correct one. Only the
+   * caller knows the spec version, so only the caller can answer.
+   */
+  context?: Uint8Array;
   /** Create a MultiSignature-compatible output with an indicator type */
   withType?: boolean;
 }
@@ -92,7 +103,11 @@ export interface KeyringPair {
   sign (message: string | Uint8Array, options?: SignOptions): Uint8Array;
   toJson (passphrase?: string): KeyringPair$Json;
   unlock (passphrase?: string): void;
-  verify (message: string | Uint8Array, signature: Uint8Array, signerPublic: string | Uint8Array): boolean;
+  /**
+   * Verify an ML-DSA signature, bare or as the chain's `signature ‖ publicKey`,
+   * under `context` (default: the empty context used for raw bytes).
+   */
+  verify (message: string | Uint8Array, signature: Uint8Array, signerPublic: string | Uint8Array, context?: Uint8Array): boolean;
   vrfSign (message: string | Uint8Array, context?: string | Uint8Array, extra?: string | Uint8Array): Uint8Array;
   vrfVerify (message: string | Uint8Array, vrfResult: Uint8Array, signerPublic: string | Uint8Array, context?: string | Uint8Array, extra?: string | Uint8Array): boolean;
 }

packages/networks/package.json

@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@
   },
   "sideEffects": false,
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "13.5.6",
+  "version": "14.0.3-quantus.3",
   "main": "index.js",
   "dependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/util": "13.5.6",
+    "@polkadot/util": "14.0.3",
     "@substrate/ss58-registry": "^1.51.0",
     "tslib": "^2.8.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/hw-ledger": "13.5.6"
+    "@polkadot/hw-ledger": "14.0.3"
   }
 }

packages/networks/src/defaults.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
@@ -22,10 +22,15 @@ describe('defaults', (): void => {
       ).toEqual([]);
     });
 
-    it('has no entries for testnets', (): void => {
+    // Upstream asserted the opposite: that no testnet appears in knownGenesis.
+    // This fork carries Quantus testnets deliberately — a wallet for a chain
+    // under development has to reach its testnet — so the assertion becomes that
+    // any testnet listed here is one we meant to list. See defaults/genesis.ts.
+    it('has genesis entries only for testnets we deliberately support', (): void => {
       expect(
         genesisKeys.filter((network) =>
-          knownTestnet[network]
+          knownTestnet[network] &&
+          !network.startsWith('quantus')
         )
       ).toEqual([]);
     });

packages/networks/src/defaults/genesis.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { KnownGenesis } from '../types.js';
@@ -8,9 +8,20 @@ import type { KnownGenesis } from '../types.js';
 // oldest goes last. This make lookups for the current a simple genesisHash[0]
 // where the latest ios always the first entry (See Kusama as an example)
 //
-// IMPORTANT: Apart from the test relays, this list is limited to live parachains
-// and live production  networks. It does not and should not contain any testnets,
-// either stand-alone or connected to test relays such as Westend/Rococo
+// UPSTREAM SAID: "Apart from the test relays, this list is limited to live
+// parachains and live production networks. It does not and should not contain
+// any testnets, either stand-alone or connected to test relays such as
+// Westend/Rococo"
+//
+// THIS FORK DOES NOT. That rule keeps testnets out of polkadot-js/apps' chain
+// picker, which is a sensible product decision for a production explorer and the
+// wrong one for us. Quantus is a chain under active development, and a wallet
+// that cannot talk to its testnet is a wallet that cannot be tested against
+// anything but real funds. Testnets are first-class here.
+//
+// `isTestnet` is still set honestly, so a consumer that wants to hide them can;
+// what changed is that we no longer make that choice on the consumer's behalf.
+// See `toExpanded` in ../interfaces.ts.
 export const knownGenesis: KnownGenesis = {
   acala: [
     '0xfc41b9bd8ef8fe53d58c7ea67c794c7ec9a73daf05e6d54b14ff6342c99ba64c'
@@ -153,6 +164,18 @@ export const knownGenesis: KnownGenesis = {
   polymesh: [
     '0x6fbd74e5e1d0a61d52ccfe9d4adaed16dd3a7caa37c6bc4d0c2fa12e8b2f4063'
   ],
+  // Quantus mainnet, read from the node with `chain_getBlockHash(0)` on
+  // 2026-09-09, the day it launched. Not the staging chain, which is
+  // `0xb0e90ed9f291a9194f79…` and which telemetry confusingly calls
+  // "Quantus Staging Mainnet".
+  quantus: [
+    '0xfb5487c0be6ae4ade2d41d16e50465129861636c2b8d61fa94d7a19631626fba'
+  ],
+  // Heisenberg, the public Quantus testnet. A testnet carrying a genesis hash is
+  // a deliberate departure from upstream — see the note above.
+  'quantus-heisenberg': [
+    '0xa5aa9e5c84d4a3722c152295e7973c9af522f2fb1ef7db5afaa3d5f4dc8d3b4f'
+  ],
   quartz: [
     '0xcd4d732201ebe5d6b014edda071c4203e16867305332301dc8d092044b28e554'
   ],

packages/networks/src/defaults/icons.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { KnownIcon } from '../types.js';

packages/networks/src/defaults/index.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 export { knownGenesis } from './genesis.js';
 export { knownIcon } from './icons.js';
 export { knownLedger } from './ledger.js';
-export { knownTestnet } from './testnets.js';
+export { knownQuantus } from './quantus.js';
+export { exposedTestnet, knownTestnet } from './testnets.js';

packages/networks/src/defaults/ledger.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { KnownLedger } from '../types.js';

packages/networks/src/defaults/quantus.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import type { KnownSubstrate } from '../types.js';
+
+// Quantus networks, which `@substrate/ss58-registry` does not carry.
+//
+// Prefix 189 is unclaimed in that registry — nothing occupies 185..195 at all —
+// so this is an addition rather than an override. It lives in this fork because
+// the registry is Parity-curated and post-quantum support has not landed
+// upstream; see the standing convention in quantus/extension#1.
+//
+// `standardAccount: 'ml-dsa'` is a value upstream's type does not allow, which
+// is why `KnownSubstrate` is widened in ../types.ts. It is load-bearing: a null
+// or missing `standardAccount` makes `toExpanded` mark the network `isIgnored`
+// and it disappears from `availableNetworks`.
+export const knownQuantus: KnownSubstrate[] = [
+  {
+    decimals: [12],
+    displayName: 'Quantus',
+    network: 'quantus',
+    prefix: 189,
+    standardAccount: 'ml-dsa',
+    symbols: ['QTC'],
+    website: 'https://quantus.com'
+  },
+  {
+    decimals: [12],
+    displayName: 'Quantus Heisenberg',
+    network: 'quantus-heisenberg',
+    prefix: 189,
+    standardAccount: 'ml-dsa',
+    // HEI, not QTC — confirmed from the chain itself via system_properties on
+    // a1-heisenberg.quantus.cat. A testnet token that displayed as the mainnet
+    // symbol would be a good way to confuse play money for real.
+    symbols: ['HEI'],
+    website: 'https://quantus.com'
+  }
+];

packages/networks/src/defaults/testnets.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { KnownTestnet } from '../types.js';
 
-// testnets should not allow selection
+// Marks a network as a testnet. Purely descriptive — see `exposedTestnet` below
+// for which of them this fork actually offers.
 export const knownTestnet: KnownTestnet = {
   '': true, // this is the default non-network entry
   'cess-testnet': true,
@@ -11,6 +12,24 @@ export const knownTestnet: KnownTestnet = {
   jupiter: true,
   'mathchain-testnet': true,
   p3dt: true,
+  'quantus-heisenberg': true,
   subspace_testnet: true,
   'zero-alphaville': true
 };
+
+// Testnets this fork exposes anyway, despite upstream's rule that a testnet is
+// never offered.
+//
+// That rule keeps testnets out of polkadot-js/apps' chain picker, which is right
+// for a production explorer and wrong for us: Quantus is under active
+// development, and a wallet that cannot reach its testnet can only be tested
+// against real funds.
+//
+// An explicit allowlist rather than dropping the rule wholesale. Dropping it
+// exposed all fifteen of upstream's testnets too, which is a change we have no
+// reason to make and no way to have thought about — it moved the tail of the
+// sorted list from 'ZERO' to 'ZERO Alphaville' and would have surprised anyone
+// reading `availableNetworks`. Opting in one network at a time says what we mean.
+export const exposedTestnet: KnownTestnet = {
+  'quantus-heisenberg': true
+};

packages/networks/src/index.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import type { SubstrateNetwork } from './types.js';
 
 import { knownGenesis, knownIcon, knownLedger, knownTestnet } from './defaults/index.js';
-import { allNetworks, availableNetworks, selectableNetworks } from './index.js';
+import { allNetworks, availableNetworks, isQuantumSafe, selectableNetworks } from './index.js';
 
 describe('availableNetworks', (): void => {
   it('has the correct starting order', (): void => {
@@ -51,16 +51,40 @@ describe('availableNetworks', (): void => {
     ).toEqual([]);
   });
 
-  it('has no testnets exposed', (): void => {
+  // Upstream asserted that no testnet reaches availableNetworks at all. This
+  // fork exposes the Quantus ones deliberately — see exposedTestnet — so what is
+  // worth pinning is that an exposed testnet is still *labelled* one. Losing the
+  // label is the failure that matters: a user cannot tell play money from real
+  // money by looking at an address.
+  it('labels every exposed testnet as a testnet', (): void => {
     expect(
       Object.keys(knownTestnet).filter((network) =>
-        availableNetworks.some((a) =>
-          a.network === network
-        )
+        availableNetworks.some((a) => a.network === network && !a.isTestnet)
       )
     ).toEqual([]);
   });
 
+  it('exposes no testnets except the ones we opted into', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      availableNetworks
+        .filter((a) => a.isTestnet && !a.network.startsWith('quantus'))
+        .map((a) => a.network)
+    ).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  // These lists stay complete on purpose. An earlier version of this fork
+  // filtered them to post-quantum chains, which broke @polkadot/types-known — it
+  // looks up every chain it holds upgrade history for and throws when one is
+  // missing, so @polkadot/api failed at import. Gating what a wallet offers is
+  // the wallet's job; isQuantumSafe is exported for it and the extension applies
+  // it in its own chain list.
+  it('identifies which chains are post-quantum', (): void => {
+    expect(isQuantumSafe('ml-dsa')).toEqual(true);
+    expect(isQuantumSafe('Sr25519')).toEqual(false);
+    expect(isQuantumSafe(null)).toEqual(false);
+    expect(availableNetworks.filter((n) => isQuantumSafe(n.standardAccount)).map((n) => n.network)).toEqual(['quantus', 'quantus-heisenberg']);
+  });
+
   it('has allNetworks icons, except for overrides', (): void => {
     expect(
       availableNetworks.filter(({ icon, network }) =>
@@ -92,14 +116,20 @@ describe('availableNetworks', (): void => {
 });
 
 describe('allNetworks', (): void => {
-  it('has no ss58 duplicates', (): void => {
+  // Upstream asserted one network per SS58 prefix. That stops holding the moment
+  // a chain has a testnet: Quantus mainnet and Heisenberg are both 189, because
+  // they are the same chain at two deployments and an address is valid on
+  // either. Consumers key on genesisHash, so sharing a prefix costs nothing.
+  it('has no ss58 duplicates, except deployments of the same chain', (): void => {
     const dupes: SubstrateNetwork[] = [];
     const uniques: SubstrateNetwork[] = [];
 
     allNetworks.forEach((a): void => {
-      if (uniques.some((u) => u.prefix === a.prefix)) {
+      const clash = uniques.find((u) => u.prefix === a.prefix);
+
+      if (clash && clash.network.split('-')[0] !== a.network.split('-')[0]) {
         dupes.push(a);
-      } else {
+      } else if (!clash) {
         uniques.push(a);
       }
     });

packages/networks/src/index.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // TODO: This was removed, really cannot recall the reason...
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@
 
 export * from './interfaces.js';
 export { packageInfo } from './packageInfo.js';
+export { isQuantumSafe } from './quantumSafe.js';

packages/networks/src/interfaces.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { KnownSubstrate, Network, SubstrateNetwork } from './types.js';
 
 import knownSubstrate from '@substrate/ss58-registry';
 
-import { knownGenesis, knownIcon, knownLedger, knownTestnet } from './defaults/index.js';
+import { exposedTestnet, knownGenesis, knownIcon, knownLedger, knownQuantus, knownTestnet } from './defaults/index.js';
 
 // These are known prefixes that are not sorted
 const UNSORTED = [0, 2, 42];
@@ -26,7 +26,16 @@ function toExpanded (o: KnownSubstrate): SubstrateNetwork {
 
   // filtering
   n.isTestnet = !!knownTestnet[network] || TESTNETS.includes(nameParts[nameParts.length - 1]);
-  n.isIgnored = n.isTestnet || (
+
+  // Upstream had a bare `isTestnet ||` here, so a testnet was dropped no matter
+  // how complete its entry was. That suits a production chain picker and does
+  // not suit us — Quantus development happens on Heisenberg, and tools that
+  // cannot reach a testnet can only be tested against real funds.
+  //
+  // The exception is an allowlist rather than a blanket removal: see
+  // `exposedTestnet`. `isTestnet` is still reported honestly either way, so a
+  // consumer can label or filter — we simply no longer make that call for them.
+  n.isIgnored = (n.isTestnet && !exposedTestnet[network]) || (
     !(
       o.standardAccount &&
       o.decimals?.length &&
@@ -59,11 +68,31 @@ function sortNetworks (a: Network, b: Network): number {
       : 1;
 }
 
-// This is all the Substrate networks with our additional information
-export const allNetworks = knownSubstrate.map(toExpanded);
+// This is all the Substrate networks with our additional information.
+//
+// None of these three lists is filtered to post-quantum chains, and an earlier
+// version of this fork filtering `availableNetworks` was a mistake worth
+// recording. These are *library* lists, not a product's offer: other packages
+// consume them expecting the chains Substrate knows about to be present.
+// `@polkadot/types-known` looks up every chain it has upgrade history for and
+// **throws** when one is missing, so removing Polkadot and Kusama here made
+// `@polkadot/api` fail at import — nothing to do with Quantus, and impossible to
+// diagnose from the error.
+//
+// Gating what a wallet *offers* is the wallet's decision. `isQuantumSafe` is
+// exported for exactly that, and the extension applies it in its own chain list.
+// Keeping these complete also means a pasted Polkadot address still decodes and
+// renders as what it is — recognisable, and therefore refusable.
+//
+// Quantus is appended rather than merged: `@substrate/ss58-registry` does not
+// carry it and prefix 189 is unclaimed there, so there is nothing to override.
+// Appending also means a registry bump cannot silently drop it.
+export const allNetworks = knownSubstrate
+  .map((o) => toExpanded(o as KnownSubstrate))
+  .concat(knownQuantus.map(toExpanded));
 
 // The list of available/claimed prefixes
-//   - no testnets
+//   - testnets only where explicitly exposed (see exposedTestnet)
 //   - we only include those where we have a standardAccount
 //   - sort by name, however we keep 0, 2, 42 first in the list
 export const availableNetworks = allNetworks.filter(filterAvailable).sort(sortNetworks);

packages/networks/src/mod.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 export * from './index.js';

packages/networks/src/packageDetect.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

packages/networks/src/packageInfo.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev
 
-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/networks', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '13.5.6' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/networks', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '14.0.3-quantus.3' };

packages/networks/src/quantumSafe.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import type { KnownSubstrate } from './types.js';
+
+/**
+ * The `standardAccount` values that survive a cryptographically relevant quantum
+ * computer.
+ *
+ * Everything else in the registry — `*25519`, `Ed25519`, `Sr25519`, `secp256k1` —
+ * is a discrete-log scheme, and Shor's algorithm breaks all of them at once. A
+ * chain using one of those has no quantum-safe account type to offer, whatever
+ * else is true of it.
+ */
+const QUANTUM_SAFE_ACCOUNTS: KnownSubstrate['standardAccount'][] = ['ml-dsa'];
+
+/**
+ * Whether a network's accounts are post-quantum.
+ *
+ * This gates what the tooling built on this fork will *offer*. It deliberately
+ * does not gate address encoding or decoding: pasting a Polkadot address into a
+ * Quantus wallet should render as a Polkadot address so it can be recognised and
+ * refused, not fail to decode and look like a typo.
+ *
+ * A `null` standardAccount — which the registry uses for chains that never said —
+ * is treated as unsafe. Unknown is not the same as safe, and the cost of being
+ * wrong in that direction is a user holding funds under a key Shor's algorithm
+ * recovers.
+ */
+export function isQuantumSafe (standardAccount: KnownSubstrate['standardAccount']): boolean {
+  return QUANTUM_SAFE_ACCOUNTS.includes(standardAccount);
+}

packages/networks/src/ss58registry.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/networks/src/types.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/keyring authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { RegistryEntry } from '@substrate/ss58-registry';
@@ -12,7 +12,19 @@ export type KnownLedger = Record<string, number>;
 
 export type KnownGenesis = Record<string, HexString[]>;
 
-export type KnownSubstrate = RegistryEntry;
+/**
+ * A registry entry, widened for schemes the upstream registry does not know about.
+ *
+ * `@substrate/ss58-registry` types `standardAccount` as a closed union of the
+ * curves Substrate ships with. Quantus signs with ML-DSA, which is not one of
+ * them and — given the registry is a Parity-curated list and post-quantum
+ * support has not landed upstream — is not going to become one. Widening here
+ * keeps the Quantus entry in `defaults/quantus.ts` type-checked rather than
+ * cast, and leaves every upstream entry exactly as the registry declares it.
+ */
+export type KnownSubstrate = Omit<RegistryEntry, 'standardAccount'> & {
+  standardAccount: RegistryEntry['standardAccount'] | 'ml-dsa';
+};
 
 export type KnownTestnet = Record<string, true>;
 

packages/util-crypto/package.json

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     "./packageDetect.cjs"
   ],
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "13.5.6",
+  "version": "14.0.3-quantus.3",
   "browser": {
     "crypto": false,
     "stream": false
@@ -29,16 +29,18 @@
   "dependencies": {
     "@noble/curves": "^1.3.0",
     "@noble/hashes": "^1.3.3",
-    "@polkadot/networks": "13.5.6",
-    "@polkadot/util": "13.5.6",
-    "@polkadot/wasm-crypto": "^7.5.1",
-    "@polkadot/wasm-util": "^7.5.1",
-    "@polkadot/x-bigint": "13.5.6",
-    "@polkadot/x-randomvalues": "13.5.6",
+    "@polkadot/networks": "14.0.3-quantus.3",
+    "@polkadot/util": "14.0.3",
+    "@polkadot/wasm-crypto": "^7.5.3",
+    "@polkadot/wasm-util": "^7.5.3",
+    "@polkadot/x-bigint": "14.0.3",
+    "@polkadot/x-randomvalues": "14.0.3",
+    "@quantus/crypto": "^0.3.0",
     "@scure/base": "^1.1.7",
+    "@scure/sr25519": "^0.2.0",
     "tslib": "^2.8.0"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/util": "13.5.6"
+    "@polkadot/util": "14.0.3"
   }
 }

packages/util-crypto/src/address/addressToEvm.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/util-crypto/src/address/addressToEvm.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import { decodeAddress } from './decode.js';

packages/util-crypto/src/address/check.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/util-crypto/src/address/check.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { Prefix } from './types.js';

packages/util-crypto/src/address/checksum.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/util-crypto/src/address/checksum.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import { sshash } from './sshash.js';

packages/util-crypto/src/address/decode.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/util-crypto/src/address/decode.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { Prefix } from './types.js';

packages/util-crypto/src/address/defaults.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import { availableNetworks } from '../networks.js';

packages/util-crypto/src/address/derive.spec.ts

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
-
-import { waitReady } from '@polkadot/wasm-crypto';
-
-import { deriveAddress } from './index.js';
-
-describe('deriveAddress', (): void => {
-  beforeEach(async (): Promise<void> => {
-    await waitReady();
-  });
-
-  it('derives a known path', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      deriveAddress('5CZtJLXtVzrBJq1fMWfywDa6XuRwXekGdShPR4b8i9GWSbzB', '/joe/polkadot/0')
-    ).toEqual('5GZ4srnepXvdsuNVoxCGyVZd8ScDm4gkGLTKuaGARy9akjTa');
-  });
-
-  it('fails on hard paths', (): void => {
-    expect(
-      () => deriveAddress('5CZtJLXtVzrBJq1fMWfywDa6XuRwXekGdShPR4b8i9GWSbzB', '//bob')
-    ).toThrow(/Expected suri to contain a combination of non-hard paths/);
-  });
-});

packages/util-crypto/src/address/derive.ts

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-import type { DeriveJunction } from '../key/DeriveJunction.js';
-import type { Prefix } from './types.js';
-
-import { keyExtractPath } from '../key/index.js';
-import { sr25519DerivePublic } from '../sr25519/index.js';
-import { decodeAddress } from './decode.js';
-import { encodeAddress } from './encode.js';
-
-function filterHard ({ isHard }: DeriveJunction): boolean {
-  return isHard;
-}
-
-/**
- * @name deriveAddress
- * @summary Creates a sr25519 derived address from the supplied and path.
- * @description
- * Creates a sr25519 derived address based on the input address/publicKey and the uri supplied.
- */
-export function deriveAddress (who: string | Uint8Array, suri: string, ss58Format?: Prefix): string {
-  const { path } = keyExtractPath(suri);
-
-  if (!path.length || path.every(filterHard)) {
-    throw new Error('Expected suri to contain a combination of non-hard paths');
-  }
-
-  let publicKey = decodeAddress(who);
-
-  for (const { chainCode } of path) {
-    publicKey = sr25519DerivePublic(publicKey, chainCode);
-  }
-
-  return encodeAddress(publicKey, ss58Format);
-}

packages/util-crypto/src/address/encode.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/util-crypto/src/address/encode.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { Prefix } from './types.js';

packages/util-crypto/src/address/encodeDerived.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/util-crypto/src/address/encodeDerived.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { BN } from '@polkadot/util';

packages/util-crypto/src/address/encodeMulti.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/util-crypto/src/address/encodeMulti.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import type { BN } from '@polkadot/util';

packages/util-crypto/src/address/eq.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/util-crypto/src/address/eq.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import { u8aEq } from '@polkadot/util';

packages/util-crypto/src/address/evmToAddress.spec.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 /// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />

packages/util-crypto/src/address/evmToAddress.ts

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import type { HashType } from '../secp256k1/types.js';
+import type { HashType } from './hasher.js';
 import type { Prefix } from './types.js';
 
 import { u8aConcat } from '@polkadot/util';
 
-import { hasher } from '../secp256k1/hasher.js';
 import { encodeAddress } from './encode.js';
+import { hasher } from './hasher.js';
 
 /**
  * @name evmToAddress

packages/util-crypto/src/address/hasher.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import type { HashType } from './types.js';
-
+/** Which hash an EVM ↔ Substrate address conversion uses. */
 import { blake2AsU8a } from '../blake2/index.js';
 import { keccakAsU8a } from '../keccak/index.js';
 
+export type HashType = 'blake2' | 'keccak';
+
 export function hasher (hashType: HashType, data: Uint8Array | string, onlyJs?: boolean): Uint8Array {
   return hashType === 'keccak'
     ? keccakAsU8a(data, undefined, onlyJs)

packages/util-crypto/src/address/index.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 export { addressToEvm } from './addressToEvm.js';
 export { checkAddress } from './check.js';
 export { checkAddressChecksum } from './checksum.js';
 export { decodeAddress } from './decode.js';
-export { deriveAddress } from './derive.js';
 export { encodeAddress } from './encode.js';
 export { encodeDerivedAddress } from './encodeDerived.js';
 export { encodeMultiAddress } from './encodeMulti.js';