Merge branch 'quantus-crypto' into quantus-codec

A deposit to a wormhole address is spent when its nullifier,
poseidon2(poseidon2(salt || secret || transfer_count)), is in
Wormhole::UsedNullifiers. Working out a wormhole balance means computing one
for each deposit. That needs the address's secret, which never leaves WASM.

wormholeNullifiers(mnemonic, password, account, branch, start, addresses,
first, count) returns them for a run of addresses and a run of transfer
counts. The BIP39 seed is stretched once per call; 40 addresses x 256 counts
takes 194 ms in node. A call is capped at 100,000 nullifiers.

This is ported onto qp-poseidon-core, not qp-wormhole-circuit, which would
bring plonky2 into the WASM. The circuit crate is a dev-dependency only, as
the reference: a known-answer test compares the port with
Nullifier::from_preimage across secrets at and above the Goldilocks-prime
limb edge and transfer counts across both 32-bit limbs, and asserts that
enough cases were actually compared rather than skipped.

The doc comments say to check nullifiers against a local copy of the spent
set, never by key: exits publish nullifiers, so a lookup names the exit.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_012uDUodEcRbBwNRi3UCmw8f

.123trigger

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-4

.codeclimate.yml

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-exclude_patterns:
-- "**/*.spec.js"
-- "**/*.spec.ts"
-- "docs/**/*.js"
-- "**/test/**/*.js"

.eslintrc.js

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019-2021 @polkadot/wasm-crypto authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-const base = require('@polkadot/dev/config/eslint.cjs');
-
-module.exports = {
-  ...base,
-  ignorePatterns: [
-    '.eslintrc.js',
-    '.github/**',
-    '.vscode/**',
-    '.yarn/**',
-    '**/binaryen/*',
-    '**/build/*',
-    '**/coverage/*',
-    '**/node_modules/*',
-    '**/pkg/*',
-    '**/target/*'
-  ],
-  parserOptions: {
-    ...base.parserOptions,
-    project: [
-      './tsconfig.json'
-    ]
-  }
-};

.github/issue_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<!--
+
+For general support, howto, coding and bundling questions, please
+use the Substrate & Polkadot StackExchange at
+
+  https://substrate.stackexchange.com/
+
+and get other ecosystem developers involved. This issues in this
+repository are meant for the tracking of feature requests and bug
+reports.
+
+While all issues are looked at non-bug and non-features would take
+quite a bit longer to get to and may yield less than satisfactory
+responses in this format.
+
+Additionally, please ensure you have done a search on the existing
+and closed issues before logging a new request. This saves time on
+all sides.
+
+-->
+
+
+* **I'm submitting a ...**
+
+<!---
+
+REQUIRED:
+
+Classify the type of report your are submitting
+
+-->
+
+  - [ ] Bug report
+  - [ ] Feature request
+  - [ ] Support request
+  - [ ] Other
+
+
+* **What is the current behavior and expected behavior?**
+
+<!---
+
+REQUIRED:
+
+If you're describing a bug, tell us what should happen. If you're
+suggesting a change/improvement, tell us how it should work.
+
+-->
+
+
+* **What is the motivation for changing the behavior?**
+
+<!---
+
+OPTIONAL:
+
+Suggest a motivation for the request or ideas how to implement the
+addition or change
+
+-->
+
+
+* **Please tell us about your environment:**
+
+<!---
+
+REQUIRED:
+
+Include as many relevant details about the environment in which you
+experienced the issue. Also ensure that you have tested against the
+latest stable releases if you believe this to be a bug
+
+-->
+
+  - Version:
+  - Environment:
+
+    - [ ] Node.js
+    - [ ] Browser
+    - [ ] Other (limited support for other environments)
+
+  - Language:
+
+    - [ ] JavaScript
+    - [ ] TypeScript (include tsc --version)
+    - [ ] Other

.github/workflows/auto-approve.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+name: bot
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [labeled]
+
+jobs:
+  approve:
+    if: "! startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[CI Skip]') && (!github.event.pull_request || github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository)"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: jacogr/action-approve@795afd1dd096a2071d7ec98740661af4e853b7da
+        with:
+          authors: jacogr, TarikGul, valentinfernandez1
+          labels: -auto
+          token: ${{ secrets.GH_PAT_BOT }}

.github/workflows/auto-merge.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+name: bot
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [labeled]
+
+jobs:
+  merge:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: jacogr/action-merge@d2d64b4545acd93b0a9575177d3d215ae3f92029
+        with:
+          checks: pr (build),pr (lint),pr (test)
+          labels: -auto
+          strategy: squash
+          token: ${{ secrets.GH_PAT_BOT }}

.github/workflows/lock.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: 'Lock Threads'
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '20 1/3 * * *'
+
+jobs:
+  lock:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      YARN_ENABLE_SCRIPTS: false
+    steps:
+      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@c1b35aecc5cdb1a34539d14196df55838bb2f836
+        with:
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GH_PAT_BOT }}
+          issue-inactive-days: '7'
+          issue-comment: >
+            This thread has been automatically locked since there has not been
+            any recent activity after it was closed. Please open a new issue
+            if you think you have a related problem or query.
+          pr-inactive-days: '2'
+          pr-comment: >
+            This pull request has been automatically locked since there
+            has not been any recent activity after it was closed.
+            Please open a new issue for related bugs.

.github/workflows/pr-any.yml

@@ -3,15 +3,28 @@ on: [pull_request]
 
 jobs:
   pr:
+    continue-on-error: true
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        step: ['lint', 'test', 'build']
-    name: ${{ matrix.step }}
+        step: ['lint', 'test', 'build', 'deno']
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      YARN_ENABLE_SCRIPTS: false
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version: 'lts/*'
+    - uses: denoland/setup-deno@v1
+      with:
+        deno-version: v1.42.x
     - name: ${{ matrix.step }}
+      if: always()
+      continue-on-error: true
       run: |
-        yarn install --immutable | grep -v 'YN0013'
-        ./scripts/install-build-deps.sh
+        yarn install --immutable
+        if [ "${{ matrix.step }}" != "lint" ]; then
+          ./scripts/install-build-deps.sh
+        fi
+        yarn polkadot-dev-deno-map
         yarn ${{ matrix.step }}

.github/workflows/push-master.yml

@@ -6,30 +6,31 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   master:
+    if: "! startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[CI Skip]')"
     strategy:
       matrix:
         step: ['build:release']
-    name: ${{ matrix.step }}
-    if: "! startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[CI Skip]') && github.repository == 'polkadot-js/wasm'"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      YARN_ENABLE_SCRIPTS: false
+      CC_TEST_REPORTER_ID: ${{ secrets.CC_TEST_REPORTER_ID }}
+      GH_PAT: ${{ secrets.GH_PAT_BOT }}
+      GH_RELEASE_GITHUB_API_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GH_PAT_BOT }}
+      NPM_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       with:
-        token: ${{ secrets.GH_PAT }}
+        fetch-depth: 0
+        token: ${{ secrets.GH_PAT_BOT }}
+        ref: ${{ github.ref }}
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version: 'lts/*'
+    - name: Set Execute Permissions
+      run: chmod +x ./scripts/*
+    - name: Run Install Build Deps
+      run: bash ./scripts/install-build-deps.sh
     - name: build
-      env:
-        CC_TEST_REPORTER_ID: ${{ secrets.CC_TEST_REPORTER_ID }}
-        GH_PAT: ${{ secrets.GH_PAT }}
-        GH_RELEASE_GITHUB_API_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GH_PAT }}
-        NPM_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}
       run: |
-        yarn install --immutable | grep -v 'YN0013'
-        ./scripts/install-build-deps.sh
+        yarn install --immutable
         yarn ${{ matrix.step }}
-
-  dummy:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - name: dummy
-      run: |
-        echo "Dummy skip step"

.gitignore

@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 binaryen/
+binaryen-quantus/
 bindgen/
+bindgen-quantus/
 build/
-build-docs/
+build-*/
+build-test/
 bytes/
 coverage/
-docs/.vuepress/dist/
 node_modules/
 pkg/
 target/
 tmp/
 wabt/
+/import_map.json
+/mod.ts
 .DS_Store
 .env.local
 .env.development.local
@@ -26,5 +30,6 @@ lerna-debug.log*
 npm-debug.log*
 package-lock.json
 report.*.json
+tsconfig.*buildinfo
 yarn-debug.log*
 yarn-error.log*

.mailmap

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Jaco <jacogr@gmail.com>
+github-actions[bot] <41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> <action@github.com>
+github-actions[bot] <41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Github Actions <action@github.com>

.nvmrc

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-12

.prettierignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+build
+coverage
+packages
+scripts

.prettierrc.cjs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/wasm-crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+module.exports = require('@polkadot/dev/config/prettier.cjs');

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "eslint.enable": true,
+  "eslint.experimental.useFlatConfig": true
+}

.yarnrc.yml

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
+compressionLevel: mixed
+
+enableGlobalCache: false
+
 enableImmutableInstalls: false
 
 enableProgressBars: false
 
+logFilters:
+  - code: YN0013
+    level: discard
+
 nodeLinker: node-modules
 
-plugins:
-  - path: .yarn/plugins/@yarnpkg/plugin-interactive-tools.cjs
-    spec: "@yarnpkg/plugin-interactive-tools"
-  - path: .yarn/plugins/@yarnpkg/plugin-version.cjs
-    spec: "@yarnpkg/plugin-version"
-
-yarnPath: .yarn/releases/yarn-2.4.0.cjs
+yarnPath: .yarn/releases/yarn-4.6.0.cjs

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,345 @@
 # CHANGELOG
 
+## 7.5.4 Dec 9, 2025
+
+Changes:
+
+- Bump polkadot-js dependencies ([#605](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/605))
+
+
+## 7.5.3 Nov 24, 2025
+
+Changes:
+
+- Bump @polkadot dependencies ([#603](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/603))
+
+
+## 7.5.2 Nov 10, 2025
+
+Changes:
+
+- Fix/Revert asm build ([#599](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/599))
+- Bump @polkadot dependencies ([#601](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/601))
+
+
+## 7.5.1 aug 25, 2025
+
+Changes:
+
+- Bump yarn to 4.5.1 ([#573](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/573))
+- Update comments and labels from 2024 to 2025 ([#574](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/574))
+- Bump yarn to 4.6.0 ([#575](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/575))
+- Set execute for build script in CI ([#576](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/576))
+- Set permissions on all scripts ([#577](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/577))
+- Bump dev to 0.83.2 ([#578](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/578))
+- chore: added check in ext_secp_recover for signature normalization ([#579](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/579))
+- chore: Improve CI ([#580](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/580))
+- Revert CI improvements and wasm-bindgen version ([#583](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/583))
+- Added validation checks in PBKDF2 and Scrypt hashing functions ([#584](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/584))
+- Rollback wasm-bindgen version change ([#586](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/586))
+- Fix rust version to 1.84 ([#587](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/587))
+- Default to installed rust version ([#588](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/588))
+- Default to nightly rust version ([#589](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/589))
+- Ci Fix ([#590](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/590))
+- Read lock file ([#591](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/591))
+- Setup nightly as default ([#592](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/592))
+- Tweak install-build-deps.sh script ([#593](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/593))
+- Remove ASM build ([#594](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/594))
+- Bump @polkadot deps ([#595](https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/pull/595))
+
+
+## 7.4.1 Oct 20, 2024
+
+- Bump dev deps to 0.81.2
+    - Bump TS
+    - Ensure CJS is exported correctly
+- Bump yarn
+- Add missing sideEffect declarations
+- Set Deno build in CI to 1.42.x
+
+
+## 7.3.2 Dec 6, 2023
+
+Changes:
+
+- Apply fixes for OOB array access
+
+
+## 7.3.1 Nov 17, 2023
+
+Changes:
+
+- Drop support for Node 16 (EOL 11 Sep 2023)
+
+
+## 7.2.2 Aug 17, 2023
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust cjs exports for consistency
+- Adjust usage of `?.` as per (latest) linting rules
+
+
+## 7.2.1 May 13, 2023
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust `cjs/bytes.js` generation to follow `export.<var> = ...` form
+- Add `module` to `package.json` export map (ESM-only)
+
+
+## 7.1.2 Apr 28, 2023
+
+Changes:
+
+- Apply `readonly` specifiers to private class fields where applicable
+- Adjust compilation output for `__internal__` class fields
+
+
+## 7.1.1 Apr 22, 2023
+
+Changes:
+
+- Add `wasm-util` as dependency where `x-randomvalues` is a peer
+- Drop support for Node 14 (EOL 30 Apr 2023)
+
+
+## 7.0.3 Mar 11, 2023
+
+Changes:
+
+- Use consistent `.js` imports in source files (TS moduleResolution)
+
+
+## 7.0.2 Mar 4, 2023
+
+Changes:
+
+- Update to latest `@polkadot/dev` (w/ tsc jsx detection output changes)
+
+
+## 7.0.1 Mar 4, 2023
+
+Changes:
+
+- Swap TS -> JS compiler to use tsc (from babel)
+- Adjust all tests to use `node:test` runner (ESM & CJS variants)
+
+
+## 6.4.1 Dec 3, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Add `/*#__PURE__*/` annotations for specific `export const something = someFunction(...)`
+
+
+## 6.3.1 Jul 21, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Optimize packed WASM base64 decoding loop
+- Adjust test environment (no duplication)
+- Adjust CI check steps, align with other org repos
+- Remove unneeded `import_map.in.json` for Deno tests
+
+
+## 6.2.3 Jul 7, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Optimize WASM init with pre-allocated buffers
+- Additional platform-specific tests
+
+
+## 6.2.2 Jul 4, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Protect against potential low-level double-sign leak in dalek-ed25519 (Don't use provided input pubKey, see https://github.com/MystenLabs/ed25519-unsafe-libs)
+
+
+## 6.2.1 Jul 1, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Add missing `peerDependencies` to `wasm-crypto` (`bridge` requirement)
+- Adjust `WebAssembly.{Memory, ModuleImports}` usage to cater for non-dom TS
+
+
+## 6.1.5 Jun 23, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust build outputs for Deno targets
+
+
+## 6.1.4 Jun 22, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust build outputs for Deno targets
+
+
+## 6.1.3 Jun 21, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Fix bundle publish (from dev bump)
+
+
+## 6.1.2 Jun 21, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust assert usage in all internal non-test code
+- Additional comments where missing
+
+
+## 6.1.1 May 13, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust init, allow RN with default ASM.js-only fallback
+- Split `wasm-{bridge, util}` packages for internal re-use
+
+
+## 6.0.1 Apr 9, 2022
+
+- **Breaking change** In this major version the commonjs outputs are moved to a sub-folder. Since the `export` map and `main` field in `package.json` does reflect this change, there should be no usage changes. However the packages here will all need to be on the same version for internal linkage.
+
+Changes:
+
+- Update ed25519 secret key format return description
+- Output commonjs files under the `cjs/**` root
+
+
+## 5.1.1 Mar 27, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Swap from `libsecp256k1` to `secp256k1` (this aligns with the Substrate use)
+- Adjust `wasm-crypto/init*` to also export `initWasm(): Promise<void>` (optional manual init)
+- Allow for `wasm-crypto/initNone` with no defined Wasm or Asm interfaces
+- Fix initialization on React Native with only ASM
+
+
+## 5.0.1 Mar 19, 2022
+
+- **Breaking change** For users of React Native, you are now required to add `import '@polkadot/wasm-crypto/initOnlyAsm'` at your project top-level to ensure that asm.js is initialized. (Or alternatively `import '@polkadot/wasm-crypto/initWasmAsm'` to future-proof when WASM does become available)
+- **Breaking change** For users who used to map the `data` and `empty` of the internal `wasm-crypto-{wasm, asmjs}` packages in their bundlers, swap to one of the `@polkadot/wasm-crypto/init*` top-level imports to set the type of interfaces you would prefer. A full writeup of the rationale and other options can be found [in the FAQ](https://polkadot.js.org/docs/util-crypto/FAQ#i-dont-have-wasm-available-in-my-environment)
+
+Changes:
+
+- Add (optional) `@polkadot/wasm-crypto/init{OnlyAsm, OnlyWasm, WasmAsm}` to allow specific interface types
+- Add work-around for lazy secp256k1 init in asm.js environments
+- Optimize asm.js output size
+- Use latest `wasm-bindgen`, `binaryen` & `wabt` packages in build
+- Additional workaround for Vite bundling
+
+
+## 4.6.1 Mar 12, 2022
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust ed25519 internals, consistency in code
+- Ensure package path is available under ESM & CJS
+- JS wrapped bytes interoperability test
+- Adjust for bundlers where `import.meta.url` is undefined
+
+
+## 4.5.1 Dec 3, 2021
+
+Changes:
+
+- Add `secp256k1{Compress, Expand, Recover, Sign}` functions
+- Remove all occurences of `.unwrap()` (match everywhere)
+- Adjust and optimize WASM function JS interface construction
+- Simplify base64 bytes decoding on construction
+
+
+## 4.4.1 Nov 22, 2021
+
+Changes:
+
+- Add `hmacSha256` & `hmacSha512` functions
+
+
+## 4.3.1 Nov 19, 2021
+
+Contributed:
+
+- Updated package.json to include repo (Thanks to https://github.com/v-zhzhou)
+
+Changes:
+
+- Add `keccak512` function
+- Add `sha256` function
+
+
+## 4.2.1 Aug 28, 2021
+
+Contributed:
+
+- Add sr25519 agreement external (Thanks to https://github.com/shelvenzhou)
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust tests to align with JS coding standards
+- Allow for optional build with Rust stable bootstrap
+
+
+## 4.1.2 Jul 9, 2021
+
+Changes:
+
+- Bump `@polkadot/dev` to allow for bundles with new-format
+
+
+## 4.1.1 Jul 7, 2021
+
+Changes:
+
+- Add an explicit `engines` field to `package.json`
+- Allow building as a completely stand-alone browser bundle (experimental)
+
+
+## 4.0.2 Mar 5, 2021
+
+Changes:
+
+- Add import indirection for both CJS & ESM (where generated source file is commonjs)
+
+
+## 4.0.1 Mar 4, 2021
+
+**Important** In the 4.0 version the default package type has been changed to ESM modules by default. This should not affect usage, however since the output formats changed, a new major version is required.
+
+Changes:
+
+- Build to ESM by default (with cjs versions via export map)
+
+
+## 3.2.4 Feb 24, 2021
+
+Changes:
+
+- Cleanup implicit dependencies, perform base64 decoding using base64-js
+
+
+## 3.2.3 Feb 16, 2021
+
+Changes:
+
+- Change package detect import to use `.js` source, not `.json`
+
+
+## 3.2.2 Jan 24, 2021
+
+Changes:
+
+- Remove `module` field in `package.json`
+
+
 ## 3.2.1 Jan 22, 2021
 
 Contributed:

CONTRIBUTORS

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+     618	Jaco                          	2024 (#559)
+      19	Tarik Gul                     	Bump dev to 0.83.2 (#578)
+      12	Valentin Fernandez            	7.5.1 (#596)
+      10	rajk93                        	7.5.4 (#606)
+       1	Evgeny                        	Fixed type (#121)
+       1	Shunfan Zhou                  	Support sr25519 agreement (#209)
+       1	Steve Degosserie              	Expose Schnorrkel's VRF capabilities (#170)
+       1	Zhongpeng Zhou                	Update package.json to include the repository (#220)

README.md

@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-[![polkadotjs](https://img.shields.io/badge/polkadot-js-orange?style=flat-square)](https://polkadot.js.org)
-![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache%202.0-blue?logo=apache&style=flat-square)
-[![npm](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/@polkadot/wasm-crypto?logo=npm&style=flat-square)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@polkadot/wasm-crypto)
-[![beta](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/@polkadot/wasm-crypto/beta?label=beta&logo=npm&&style=flat-square)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@polkadot/wasm-crypto)
-[![maintainability](https://img.shields.io/codeclimate/maintainability-percentage/polkadot-js/wasm?logo=code-climate&style=flat-square)](https://codeclimate.com/github/polkadot-js/wasm/maintainability)
-
 # @polkadot/wasm
 
 Various WASM wrappers around Rust crates

babel.config.js

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019-2021 @polkadot/wasm-crypto authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-module.exports = require('@polkadot/dev/config/babel-config-cjs.cjs');

eslint.config.js

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/wasm-crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import baseConfig from '@polkadot/dev/config/eslint';
+
+export default [
+  ...baseConfig,
+  {
+    ignores: [
+      'mod.ts'
+    ]
+  }
+];

import_map.in.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "imports": {
+    "https://esm.sh/v90/@types/bn.js@~5.2/index.d.ts": "https://esm.sh/v90/@types/bn.js@5.1.0/index.d.ts"
+  }
+}

jest.config.js

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019-2021 @polkadot/wasm-crypto authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-const config = require('@polkadot/dev/config/jest.cjs');
-
-module.exports = Object.assign({}, config, {
-  moduleNameMapper: {
-    '@polkadot/wasm-crypto-asmjs(.*)$': '<rootDir>/packages/wasm-crypto-asmjs/build/$1',
-    '@polkadot/wasm-crypto-wasm(.*)$': '<rootDir>/packages/wasm-crypto-wasm/build/$1',
-    // eslint-disable-next-line sort-keys
-    '@polkadot/wasm-crypto(.*)$': '<rootDir>/packages/wasm-crypto/src/$1'
-  },
-  modulePathIgnorePatterns: [
-    '<rootDir>/packages/wasm-crypto-asmjs/build',
-    '<rootDir>/packages/wasm-crypto-wasm/build',
-    '<rootDir>/packages/wasm-crypto/build'
-  ],
-  resolver: '@polkadot/dev/config/jest-resolver.cjs'
-});

package.json

@@ -1,32 +1,58 @@
 {
-  "repository": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm",
   "author": "Jaco Greeff <jacogr@gmail.com>",
-  "license": "Apache-2",
+  "bugs": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/issues",
+  "engines": {
+    "node": ">=18.14"
+  },
+  "homepage": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm#readme",
+  "license": "Apache-2.0",
+  "packageManager": "yarn@4.6.0",
   "private": true,
+  "repository": {
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm.git"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
+  "type": "module",
+  "version": "7.5.4",
+  "versions": {
+    "git": "7.5.4",
+    "npm": "7.5.4"
+  },
   "workspaces": [
     "packages/*"
   ],
-  "resolutions": {
-    "typescript": "^4.1.3"
-  },
   "scripts": {
     "build": "yarn build:wasm",
+    "build:js": "./scripts/build-js.sh",
+    "build:quantus": "./scripts/build-quantus.sh",
+    "build:quantus:js": "./scripts/build-quantus-js.sh",
     "build:release": "polkadot-ci-ghact-build",
+    "build:rollup": "polkadot-exec-rollup --config",
     "build:wasm": "./scripts/build.sh",
-    "lint": "polkadot-dev-run-lint",
     "clean": "./scripts/clean.sh",
+    "deno": "yarn deno:build && yarn deno:check",
+    "deno:build": "WITH_DENO=1 yarn build",
+    "deno:check": "deno check --import-map=import_map.json mod.ts",
+    "lint": "polkadot-dev-run-lint",
     "postinstall": "polkadot-dev-yarn-only",
-    "test": "yarn test:wasm:rust",
-    "test:wasm:js": "yarn test:wasm:js:jest && yarn test:wasm:js:node",
-    "test:wasm:js:jest": "polkadot-dev-run-test ./test/jest.spec.js",
-    "test:wasm:js:node": "cd packages/wasm-crypto && node ./test/wasm.js && node ./test/asm.js",
-    "test:wasm:rust": "cd packages/wasm-crypto && RUST_BACKTRACE=full cargo test --release -- --nocapture"
+    "test": "yarn test:wasm-crypto:rust && yarn test:quantus-crypto:rust",
+    "test:js": "yarn test:wasm-crypto:js",
+    "test:quantus-crypto:js": "./scripts/test-quantus-js.sh",
+    "test:quantus-crypto:rust": "cd packages/quantus-crypto && RUST_BACKTRACE=full cargo test --release",
+    "test:wasm-crypto:deno": "deno test --allow-read --import-map=import_map.json packages/wasm-crypto/test/deno.ts",
+    "test:wasm-crypto:js": "yarn test:wasm-crypto:js:jest && yarn test:wasm-crypto:js:node",
+    "test:wasm-crypto:js:jest": "polkadot-dev-run-test --env node --loader ./packages/wasm-crypto/test/loader-build.js",
+    "test:wasm-crypto:js:node": "node --no-warnings --loader ./packages/wasm-crypto/test/loader-build.js ./packages/wasm-crypto/test/wasm.js && node --no-warnings --loader ./packages/wasm-crypto/test/loader-build.js ./packages/wasm-crypto/test/asm.js",
+    "test:wasm-crypto:rust": "cd packages/wasm-crypto && RUST_BACKTRACE=full cargo test --release -- --test-threads=1 --nocapture"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@babel/core": "^7.12.10",
-    "@polkadot/dev": "^0.61.24",
-    "fflate": "^0.6.0",
-    "override-require": "^1.1.1"
+    "@polkadot/dev": "^0.83.3",
+    "@polkadot/util": "^14.0.1",
+    "@types/node": "^20.16.1",
+    "fflate": "^0.8.2"
   },
-  "version": "3.2.1"
+  "resolutions": {
+    "typescript": "^5.5.4"
+  }
 }

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packages/quantus-codec/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Metadata-driven SCALE encode/decode for the Quantus chain, compiled to WASM.
+#
+# A separate crate from `quantus-crypto` for the same reason that one is separate
+# from `wasm-crypto`: different dependency graphs, built independently. They ship
+# as sibling packages and the extension uses both — this one decides *what bytes*
+# get signed, that one signs them.
+#
+# Why this exists at all rather than `@polkadot/api`: quantus/api#1. In short,
+# polkadot-js cannot decode a Quantus block (it reads the extrinsic preamble byte
+# as a version when the top two bits are a type tag), it refuses fixed arrays
+# longer than 2048 (ML-DSA signatures are 5261 and 7219 bytes), and — the part
+# that matters after those are patched — it *guesses* that signed extensions it
+# does not recognise contribute nothing to the signed payload. On a chain whose
+# encoding has already changed between runtimes, a guess like that produces a
+# valid signature over the wrong bytes, which arrives as `BadProof` and looks
+# exactly like a wrong key. See quantus/wasm#3.
+
+[package]
+authors = ["Quantus Network Developers <hello@quantus.com>"]
+description = "Metadata-driven SCALE codec for the Quantus chain, as WASM bindings."
+edition = "2021"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+name = "quantus_codec"
+publish = false
+repository = "https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm"
+resolver = "2"
+version = "0.0.0"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+# Versions match blackbeard.observer's, which is the other consumer decoding this
+# chain against its own metadata and the reference implementation for this crate.
+frame-metadata = { version = "23", default-features = false, features = ["current", "decode"] }
+parity-scale-codec = { version = "3", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+scale-info = { version = "2", default-features = false }
+scale-value = { version = "0.18", default-features = false }
+# Only for `IgnoreVisitor`. `scale_value` sizes a sequence's Vec from the length
+# prefix *before* decoding an item, so a blob that disagrees with the registry can
+# ask for an allocation of any size and abort the process — there is no Err to
+# catch. Pinned to the version `scale-value` itself resolves so both see one
+# registry. blackbeard.observer took a 76 GiB allocation to find this.
+scale-decode = { version = "0.16", default-features = false }
+serde_json = "1"
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
+# Storage keys. Substrate hashes a pallet prefix and an item name with twox128
+# and each map key with whatever hasher the metadata declares for it.
+blake2 = { version = "0.10", default-features = false }
+twox-hash = { version = "2", default-features = false, features = ["xxhash64"] }
+# SS58. An account id rendered as 32 bytes of hex is a correct description of the
+# value and unreadable to the person being asked to approve it.
+bs58 = { version = "0.5", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
+
+[profile.release]
+codegen-units = 1
+debug = false
+debug-assertions = false
+incremental = false
+lto = true
+opt-level = "z"
+panic = "abort"
+rpath = false

packages/quantus-codec/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# @quantus/codec
+
+Metadata-driven SCALE encode and decode for the [Quantus](https://quantus.com)
+chain, compiled to WASM.
+
+Nothing in this package names a pallet, a call, a signed extension or a signature
+scheme. Everything is read from the metadata the node produced by running
+`Metadata_metadata` against the runtime WASM in a given block's state, which
+makes the runtime the oracle rather than this package's author.
+
+## Why not `@polkadot/api`
+
+Three reasons, in increasing order of importance — the evidence is on
+[quantus/api#1](https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/api/issues/1).
+
+1. `@polkadot/types` refuses fixed arrays longer than 2048 bytes. ML-DSA
+   signatures are `[u8;5261]` and `[u8;7219]`, so every Quantus extrinsic trips
+   it.
+2. `api.rpc.chain.getBlock` throws on **every block of this chain**, at the
+   timestamp inherent. The extrinsic preamble byte's top two bits are a type tag
+   (`0b00` bare, `0b10` signed, `0b01` general) and the low six are the version;
+   Quantus emits `0x84` — signed, v4 — and `0x05` — bare, v5 — in the same block
+   while the metadata declares version 4. polkadot-js reads that byte as a
+   version.
+3. It **guesses** that signed extensions it does not recognise contribute nothing
+   to the signed payload, logging `Unknown signed extensions … treating them as
+   no-effect`.
+
+The third is why this package exists rather than a patch. The guess is correct
+only while every unrecognised extension happens to be zero-sized. This chain's
+encoding has already changed between runtimes — `transactionVersion` has gone
+2 → 3 → 6 across four upgrades, each an extrinsic-format change — and when the
+guess stops being correct the wallet keeps signing. Those signatures are
+cryptographically valid, over a payload missing bytes the runtime put there, and
+the chain reports them as `BadProof`, which is also what it reports for a wrong
+key. Silent, remote, and indistinguishable from the one thing it is not.
+
+Here the registry decides. An extension whose declared type encodes to nothing
+contributes nothing; anything else must be supplied by the caller or no payload
+is produced at all.
+
+## Use
+
+```ts
+import { Runtime } from '@quantus/codec';
+
+const runtime = Runtime.fromMetadata(await fetchMetadata()); // state_getMetadata
+
+const call = runtime.encodeCall('Balances', 'transfer_keep_alive', {
+  dest: { Id: '0x…' },
+  value: '1000000000'
+});
+
+const values = runtime.standardExtensions({
+  blockHash: genesisHash, // immortal era
+  genesisHash,
+  nonce,
+  specVersion,
+  transactionVersion
+});
+
+const payload = runtime.signerPayload(call, values);
+// sign `payload` with @quantus/crypto under the QUANTUS_EXTRINSIC context,
+// hashing it first with BLAKE2b-256 if it is longer than 256 bytes
+const extrinsic = runtime.encodeExtrinsic(
+  { Id: accountId },
+  signature,
+  runtime.encodeExtra(values),
+  call
+);
+```
+
+`standardExtensions` fills in the extensions Substrate itself defines. Anything
+else this runtime declares as non-empty is refused by name — see above for why
+that is the desired behaviour rather than a limitation.
+
+## Build
+
+```
+./scripts/build-quantus.sh quantus-codec
+```
+
+Same constraints as `@quantus/crypto`: a modern toolchain (separate from
+`wasm-crypto`'s 2022 nightly), `initSync` over base64+zlib for the MV3 CSP,
+wasm-bindgen's own glue rather than `@polkadot/wasm-bridge`, and **binaryen 123**
+— version 105 silently corrupts the output. See
+[quantus/wasm#1](https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm/issues/1) and
+[#3](https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm/issues/3).

packages/quantus-codec/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "author": "Quantus Network Developers <hello@quantus.com>",
+  "bugs": "https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm/issues",
+  "description": "Metadata-driven SCALE encode/decode for the Quantus chain",
+  "engines": {
+    "node": ">=18"
+  },
+  "homepage": "https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm/src/branch/main/packages/quantus-codec#readme",
+  "license": "Apache-2.0",
+  "name": "@quantus/codec",
+  "repository": {
+    "directory": "packages/quantus-codec",
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm.git"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
+  "type": "module",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
+  "main": "index.js",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "fflate": "^0.8.2",
+    "tslib": "^2.7.0"
+  }
+}

packages/quantus-codec/rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Matches the chain's toolchain (chain/rust-toolchain), so this crate is built by
+# the same compiler that builds the runtime it has to agree with. Upstream's
+# `wasm-crypto` keeps its own nightly-2022-06-24 pin; the two builds are separate
+# on purpose. See quantus/wasm#1.
+[toolchain]
+channel = "1.93.0"
+targets = ["wasm32-unknown-unknown"]
+profile = "minimal"

packages/quantus-codec/src/base64.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+const CHARS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+
+// An array indexer rather than a Map: the input is ASCII by construction, so it
+// cannot overflow, and array access is measurably faster on the hot loop.
+const MAP = new Array<number>(256);
+
+for (let i = 0; i < CHARS.length; i++) {
+  MAP[CHARS.charCodeAt(i)] = i;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode base64 into a caller-supplied buffer.
+ *
+ * Deliberately not `atob` or `Buffer.from`: the first is browser-only, the second
+ * node-only, and this runs in an MV3 service worker, a Worker, node tests and a
+ * bundled extension page. The output length is known at build time, so the
+ * caller provides the buffer and there is no growth or reallocation.
+ *
+ * This is a reimplementation of `@polkadot/wasm-util`'s base64Decode, which was
+ * the dependency it replaced. That package's index re-exports `packageDetect`,
+ * dragging in a `@polkadot/util` peer dependency for a side effect we do not
+ * want, and being a workspace package it resolved through its own repo's
+ * node_modules when consumed by symlink from another checkout. Fifteen lines is
+ * cheaper than either problem.
+ */
+export function base64Decode (data: string, out: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+  let byte = 0;
+  let bits = 0;
+  let pos = 0;
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < data.length && pos < out.length; i++) {
+    const value = MAP[data.charCodeAt(i)];
+
+    if (value === undefined) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    byte = (byte << 6) | value;
+    bits += 6;
+
+    if (bits >= 8) {
+      bits -= 8;
+      out[pos++] = (byte >>> bits) & 0xff;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}

packages/quantus-codec/src/bytes.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+export declare const lenIn: number;
+export declare const lenOut: number;
+export declare const bytes: string;

packages/quantus-codec/src/bytes.js

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Generated as part of the build, do not edit
+
+export const lenIn = 0;
+
+export const lenOut = 0;
+
+export const bytes = '';

packages/quantus-codec/src/codec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { initWasm } from './init.js';
+
+import { QuantusRuntime } from './generated/quantus_codec.js';
+
+/** What one signed extension needs from the caller, as the runtime declares it. */
+export interface ExtensionNeed {
+  identifier: string;
+  /** Whether its `ty` encodes to anything — i.e. whether it goes on the wire. */
+  needsExtra: boolean;
+  /** Whether its `additional_signed` encodes to anything. */
+  needsAdditional: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A value for one signed extension. Omit a half the runtime declares as empty.
+ *
+ * Each half is either interpreted against the type the runtime declares
+ * (`extra`, `additional`) or supplied already SCALE-encoded (`extraHex`,
+ * `additionalHex`). Pre-encoded bytes are **validated by round trip**, not
+ * trusted: they are decoded against the declared type and re-encoded, and
+ * anything that does not come back identical is refused rather than signed.
+ * Setting both halves of a pair is a contradiction and is also refused.
+ */
+export interface ExtensionValue {
+  extra?: unknown;
+  extraHex?: string;
+  additional?: unknown;
+  additionalHex?: string;
+}
+
+export type ExtensionValues = Record<string, ExtensionValue>;
+
+export interface StorageTarget {
+  /** The full key, ready for `state_getStorage`. */
+  key: string;
+  /** The registry type its value decodes as — pass to `decodeStorage`. */
+  valueTy: number;
+  /**
+   * What the chain means when `state_getStorage` returns nothing.
+   *
+   * Hex for a `Default` entry — an unfunded account reads as a zero balance —
+   * and `null` for an `Optional` one, where nothing means nothing. A wallet that
+   * conflated the two would report a failure for an account that simply has no
+   * money in it.
+   */
+  default: string | null;
+}
+
+export interface DecodedExtrinsic {
+  /** The preamble byte's low six bits — **not** the byte. See `decodeExtrinsic`. */
+  version: number;
+  signed: boolean;
+  address: unknown;
+  signature: unknown;
+  extra: unknown;
+  call: unknown;
+}
+
+/** Everything needed to fill in the signed extensions Substrate itself defines. */
+export interface PayloadOptions {
+  specVersion: number;
+  transactionVersion: number;
+  genesisHash: string;
+  /** The era's birth block. For an immortal era this is the genesis hash. */
+  blockHash: string;
+  nonce: number;
+  tip?: bigint | string;
+  /** `'Immortal'`, or `{ MortalN: phase }` as the registry spells it. */
+  era?: unknown;
+  /**
+   * The era already SCALE-encoded — what a dapp hands a wallet, since it did the
+   * encoding itself and the wallet has no way to render those two bytes as a
+   * variant without knowing the era algorithm. Takes precedence over `era`, and
+   * is round-tripped against the runtime's own `Era` type before it is used.
+   */
+  eraHex?: string;
+  /** `CheckMetadataHash`: `null` disables it, which is what a wallet wants. */
+  metadataHash?: string | null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A runtime, loaded from the metadata it produced about itself.
+ *
+ * Construct one per spec version and keep it: parsing metadata is the expensive
+ * part, and the blob does not change until the chain upgrades.
+ */
+export class Runtime {
+  readonly #inner: QuantusRuntime;
+
+  private constructor (inner: QuantusRuntime) {
+    this.#inner = inner;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse metadata exactly as `state_getMetadata` returns it.
+   *
+   * That RPC takes a block hash and makes the node run `Metadata_metadata`
+   * against the runtime code in *that block's* state — so this is the runtime
+   * describing itself, and it is the only description that cannot go stale.
+   */
+  static fromMetadata (metadata: Uint8Array): Runtime {
+    const failed = initWasm();
+
+    if (failed) {
+      throw new Error(`@quantus/codec: WASM unavailable: ${failed}`);
+    }
+
+    return new Runtime(new QuantusRuntime(metadata));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Render account ids as SS58 at this prefix when decoding.
+   *
+   * Off until set. The prefix belongs to the chain a caller is talking to, not
+   * to the metadata, so this is not something the package can infer — and a
+   * guessed one would put a plausible, wrong address in front of somebody about
+   * to approve a transfer. Account ids are found by their **registry path**, so
+   * a block hash, which is also 32 bytes, still renders as hex.
+   */
+  setSs58Format (prefix: number): void {
+    this.#inner.setSs58Format(prefix);
+  }
+
+  /** The extrinsic format version the metadata declares. */
+  get extrinsicVersion (): number {
+    return this.#inner.extrinsicVersion();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Every signed extension, in the order the runtime applies them — which is the
+   * order their bytes appear in the payload.
+   */
+  signedExtensions (): ExtensionNeed[] {
+    return JSON.parse(this.#inner.signedExtensions()) as ExtensionNeed[];
+  }
+
+  /** Encode a call by name. `args` is keyed by the runtime's own argument names. */
+  encodeCall (pallet: string, call: string, args: Record<string, unknown>): Uint8Array {
+    return this.#inner.encodeCall(pallet, call, JSON.stringify(args));
+  }
+
+  /** The `extra`: what the extensions contribute to the extrinsic itself. */
+  encodeExtra (values: ExtensionValues): Uint8Array {
+    return this.#inner.encodeExtra(JSON.stringify(values));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The bytes to sign: `call ‖ extra ‖ additional`.
+   *
+   * Substrate's rule that a payload over 256 bytes is signed as its BLAKE2b-256
+   * hash is **not** applied here — that belongs with the signing code, which also
+   * chooses the FIPS 204 context. Splitting one rule across two packages is how
+   * the halves drift apart.
+   */
+  signerPayload (call: Uint8Array, values: ExtensionValues): Uint8Array {
+    return this.#inner.signerPayload(call, JSON.stringify(values));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assemble a signed extrinsic, ready for `author_submitAndWatchExtrinsic`.
+   *
+   * `signature` is the encoded `Signature` type with its variant byte already in
+   * place: the signer knows which ML-DSA scheme its key is, and re-deriving that
+   * here from the byte length would be a second source of truth.
+   */
+  encodeExtrinsic (address: unknown, signature: Uint8Array, extra: Uint8Array, call: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+    return this.#inner.encodeExtrinsic(JSON.stringify(address), signature, extra, call);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Decode one extrinsic, length prefix and all.
+   *
+   * The returned `version` is the preamble byte's low six bits. The top two are a
+   * type tag — `0b00` bare, `0b10` signed, `0b01` general — so Quantus emits
+   * `0x84` (signed, v4) and `0x05` (bare, v5) in the same block while the
+   * metadata declares version 4. Three numbers, all correct. Reading that byte as
+   * a version is why `@polkadot/api` cannot decode a single block of this chain.
+   */
+  decodeExtrinsic (blob: Uint8Array): DecodedExtrinsic {
+    return JSON.parse(this.#inner.decodeExtrinsic(blob)) as DecodedExtrinsic;
+  }
+
+  /** Decode a bare call — what an approval screen shows the user. */
+  decodeCall (bytes: Uint8Array): unknown {
+    return JSON.parse(this.#inner.decodeCall(bytes)) as unknown;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Where a storage value lives, and what it decodes as.
+   *
+   * `keys` are interpreted against the key types the runtime declares, so an
+   * `AccountId32` is the hex string its inner array accepts. The hashers come
+   * from the metadata too — nothing here knows that `System::Account` is
+   * `Blake2_128Concat`.
+   */
+  storageTarget (pallet: string, item: string, keys: unknown[] = []): StorageTarget {
+    return JSON.parse(this.#inner.storageTarget(pallet, item, JSON.stringify(keys))) as StorageTarget;
+  }
+
+  /** Decode a storage value against the `valueTy` that `storageTarget` reported. */
+  decodeStorage (valueTy: number, bytes: Uint8Array): unknown {
+    return JSON.parse(this.#inner.decodeStorage(valueTy, bytes)) as unknown;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fill in the signed extensions that Substrate itself defines, from one
+   * options object.
+   *
+   * This covers the extensions whose meaning is fixed by Substrate. It
+   * deliberately does **not** try to cover every extension a runtime might
+   * declare: anything else that needs a value will be refused by
+   * `signerPayload` with the extension's name, which is the correct outcome —
+   * a wallet that cannot sign is a bug report, and one that signs a payload
+   * missing bytes the runtime put there is a `BadProof` nobody can diagnose.
+   *
+   * Pass the result, extended with whatever else this runtime asks for, to
+   * `signerPayload` and `encodeExtra`.
+   */
+  standardExtensions (options: PayloadOptions): ExtensionValues {
+    const values: ExtensionValues = {
+      ChargeTransactionPayment: { extra: (options.tip ?? 0n).toString() },
+      CheckGenesis: { additional: options.genesisHash },
+      CheckMetadataHash: {
+        // `Mode::Disabled`, and `None`. Enabling it would mean shipping a
+        // metadata hash this package has no way to compute.
+        additional: options.metadataHash ? { Some: options.metadataHash } : 'None',
+        extra: 'Disabled'
+      },
+      CheckMortality: options.eraHex
+        ? { additional: options.blockHash, extraHex: options.eraHex }
+        : { additional: options.blockHash, extra: options.era ?? 'Immortal' },
+      CheckNonce: { extra: options.nonce },
+      CheckSpecVersion: { additional: options.specVersion },
+      CheckTxVersion: { additional: options.transactionVersion }
+    };
+
+    return values;
+  }
+}

packages/quantus-codec/src/generated/quantus_codec.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+/* tslint:disable */
+/* eslint-disable */
+
+/**
+ * A loaded runtime description, held across calls so the metadata is parsed
+ * once per spec version rather than once per signature.
+ */
+export class QuantusRuntime {
+    free(): void;
+    [Symbol.dispose](): void;
+    /**
+     * Decode a bare call — what an approval screen shows the user.
+     */
+    decodeCall(bytes: Uint8Array): string;
+    /**
+     * Decode one extrinsic as this runtime describes it, as JSON.
+     */
+    decodeExtrinsic(blob: Uint8Array): string;
+    /**
+     * Decode a storage value against the type id `storageTarget` reported.
+     */
+    decodeStorage(value_ty: number, bytes: Uint8Array): string;
+    /**
+     * Encode a call by name. `args` is a JSON object keyed by argument name.
+     */
+    encodeCall(pallet: string, call: string, args: string): Uint8Array;
+    /**
+     * The `extra` alone, which the extrinsic carries and the payload repeats.
+     */
+    encodeExtra(extensions: string): Uint8Array;
+    /**
+     * Assemble a signed extrinsic, ready for `author_submitAndWatchExtrinsic`.
+     */
+    encodeExtrinsic(address: string, signature: Uint8Array, extra: Uint8Array, call: Uint8Array): Uint8Array;
+    /**
+     * The extrinsic format version this runtime declares.
+     */
+    extrinsicVersion(): number;
+    /**
+     * Parse metadata as `state_getMetadata` returns it.
+     */
+    constructor(metadata: Uint8Array);
+    /**
+     * Render account ids as SS58 at this prefix when decoding.
+     *
+     * Off until set. The prefix is a property of the chain a caller is talking
+     * to rather than of the metadata, and a guessed one would put a plausible,
+     * wrong address in front of somebody about to approve a transfer.
+     */
+    setSs58Format(prefix: number): void;
+    /**
+     * Every signed extension, in order, as
+     * `[{ identifier, needsExtra, needsAdditional }]`.
+     *
+     * The two booleans are what a caller has to satisfy, read from the
+     * registry. A caller that ignores them gets an error rather than a short
+     * payload.
+     */
+    signedExtensions(): string;
+    /**
+     * The bytes to sign, given an encoded call and the extension values.
+     *
+     * `extensions` is a JSON object keyed by extension identifier, each value
+     * `{ extra?, additional? }`. Omitting one the runtime declares as non-empty
+     * is an error — see [`Runtime::encode_extensions`].
+     */
+    signerPayload(call: Uint8Array, extensions: string): Uint8Array;
+    /**
+     * Where a storage value lives, and what it decodes as.
+     *
+     * Returns `{ key, valueTy, default }` — `key` ready for `state_getStorage`,
+     * and `default` the bytes the chain means when it returns nothing, or null
+     * for an entry where nothing means nothing. An unfunded account reads as a
+     * zero balance through the first and as an error through the second, so the
+     * distinction is not a detail.
+     */
+    storageTarget(pallet: string, item: string, keys: string): string;
+}
+
+export type InitInput = RequestInfo | URL | Response | BufferSource | WebAssembly.Module;
+
+export interface InitOutput {
+    readonly memory: WebAssembly.Memory;
+    readonly __wbg_quantusruntime_free: (a: number, b: number) => void;
+    readonly quantusruntime_decodeCall: (a: number, b: number, c: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly quantusruntime_decodeExtrinsic: (a: number, b: number, c: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly quantusruntime_decodeStorage: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly quantusruntime_encodeCall: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number, g: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly quantusruntime_encodeExtra: (a: number, b: number, c: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly quantusruntime_encodeExtrinsic: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number, g: number, h: number, i: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly quantusruntime_extrinsicVersion: (a: number) => number;
+    readonly quantusruntime_new: (a: number, b: number) => [number, number, number];
+    readonly quantusruntime_setSs58Format: (a: number, b: number) => void;
+    readonly quantusruntime_signedExtensions: (a: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly quantusruntime_signerPayload: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly quantusruntime_storageTarget: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number, g: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly __wbindgen_externrefs: WebAssembly.Table;
+    readonly __wbindgen_malloc: (a: number, b: number) => number;
+    readonly __externref_table_dealloc: (a: number) => void;
+    readonly __wbindgen_free: (a: number, b: number, c: number) => void;
+    readonly __wbindgen_realloc: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number) => number;
+    readonly __wbindgen_start: () => void;
+}
+
+export type SyncInitInput = BufferSource | WebAssembly.Module;
+
+/**
+ * Instantiates the given `module`, which can either be bytes or
+ * a precompiled `WebAssembly.Module`.
+ *
+ * @param {{ module: SyncInitInput }} module - Passing `SyncInitInput` directly is deprecated.
+ *
+ * @returns {InitOutput}
+ */
+export function initSync(module: { module: SyncInitInput } | SyncInitInput): InitOutput;
+
+/**
+ * If `module_or_path` is {RequestInfo} or {URL}, makes a request and
+ * for everything else, calls `WebAssembly.instantiate` directly.
+ *
+ * @param {{ module_or_path: InitInput | Promise<InitInput> }} module_or_path - Passing `InitInput` directly is deprecated.
+ *
+ * @returns {Promise<InitOutput>}
+ */
+export default function __wbg_init (module_or_path?: { module_or_path: InitInput | Promise<InitInput> } | InitInput | Promise<InitInput>): Promise<InitOutput>;

packages/quantus-codec/src/generated/quantus_codec.js

@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+/* @ts-self-types="./quantus_codec.d.ts" */
+
+/**
+ * A loaded runtime description, held across calls so the metadata is parsed
+ * once per spec version rather than once per signature.
+ */
+export class QuantusRuntime {
+    __destroy_into_raw() {
+        const ptr = this.__wbg_ptr;
+        this.__wbg_ptr = 0;
+        QuantusRuntimeFinalization.unregister(this);
+        return ptr;
+    }
+    free() {
+        const ptr = this.__destroy_into_raw();
+        wasm.__wbg_quantusruntime_free(ptr, 0);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Decode a bare call — what an approval screen shows the user.
+     * @param {Uint8Array} bytes
+     * @returns {string}
+     */
+    decodeCall(bytes) {
+        let deferred3_0;
+        let deferred3_1;
+        try {
+            const ptr0 = passArray8ToWasm0(bytes, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+            const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+            const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_decodeCall(this.__wbg_ptr, ptr0, len0);
+            var ptr2 = ret[0];
+            var len2 = ret[1];
+            if (ret[3]) {
+                ptr2 = 0; len2 = 0;
+                throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+            }
+            deferred3_0 = ptr2;
+            deferred3_1 = len2;
+            return getStringFromWasm0(ptr2, len2);
+        } finally {
+            wasm.__wbindgen_free(deferred3_0, deferred3_1, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Decode one extrinsic as this runtime describes it, as JSON.
+     * @param {Uint8Array} blob
+     * @returns {string}
+     */
+    decodeExtrinsic(blob) {
+        let deferred3_0;
+        let deferred3_1;
+        try {
+            const ptr0 = passArray8ToWasm0(blob, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+            const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+            const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_decodeExtrinsic(this.__wbg_ptr, ptr0, len0);
+            var ptr2 = ret[0];
+            var len2 = ret[1];
+            if (ret[3]) {
+                ptr2 = 0; len2 = 0;
+                throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+            }
+            deferred3_0 = ptr2;
+            deferred3_1 = len2;
+            return getStringFromWasm0(ptr2, len2);
+        } finally {
+            wasm.__wbindgen_free(deferred3_0, deferred3_1, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Decode a storage value against the type id `storageTarget` reported.
+     * @param {number} value_ty
+     * @param {Uint8Array} bytes
+     * @returns {string}
+     */
+    decodeStorage(value_ty, bytes) {
+        let deferred3_0;
+        let deferred3_1;
+        try {
+            const ptr0 = passArray8ToWasm0(bytes, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+            const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+            const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_decodeStorage(this.__wbg_ptr, value_ty, ptr0, len0);
+            var ptr2 = ret[0];
+            var len2 = ret[1];
+            if (ret[3]) {
+                ptr2 = 0; len2 = 0;
+                throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+            }
+            deferred3_0 = ptr2;
+            deferred3_1 = len2;
+            return getStringFromWasm0(ptr2, len2);
+        } finally {
+            wasm.__wbindgen_free(deferred3_0, deferred3_1, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Encode a call by name. `args` is a JSON object keyed by argument name.
+     * @param {string} pallet
+     * @param {string} call
+     * @param {string} args
+     * @returns {Uint8Array}
+     */
+    encodeCall(pallet, call, args) {
+        const ptr0 = passStringToWasm0(pallet, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+        const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ptr1 = passStringToWasm0(call, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+        const len1 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ptr2 = passStringToWasm0(args, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+        const len2 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_encodeCall(this.__wbg_ptr, ptr0, len0, ptr1, len1, ptr2, len2);
+        if (ret[3]) {
+            throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+        }
+        var v4 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+        wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+        return v4;
+    }
+    /**
+     * The `extra` alone, which the extrinsic carries and the payload repeats.
+     * @param {string} extensions
+     * @returns {Uint8Array}
+     */
+    encodeExtra(extensions) {
+        const ptr0 = passStringToWasm0(extensions, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+        const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_encodeExtra(this.__wbg_ptr, ptr0, len0);
+        if (ret[3]) {
+            throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+        }
+        var v2 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+        wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+        return v2;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Assemble a signed extrinsic, ready for `author_submitAndWatchExtrinsic`.
+     * @param {string} address
+     * @param {Uint8Array} signature
+     * @param {Uint8Array} extra
+     * @param {Uint8Array} call
+     * @returns {Uint8Array}
+     */
+    encodeExtrinsic(address, signature, extra, call) {
+        const ptr0 = passStringToWasm0(address, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+        const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ptr1 = passArray8ToWasm0(signature, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+        const len1 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ptr2 = passArray8ToWasm0(extra, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+        const len2 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ptr3 = passArray8ToWasm0(call, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+        const len3 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_encodeExtrinsic(this.__wbg_ptr, ptr0, len0, ptr1, len1, ptr2, len2, ptr3, len3);
+        if (ret[3]) {
+            throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+        }
+        var v5 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+        wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+        return v5;
+    }
+    /**
+     * The extrinsic format version this runtime declares.
+     * @returns {number}
+     */
+    extrinsicVersion() {
+        const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_extrinsicVersion(this.__wbg_ptr);
+        return ret;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Parse metadata as `state_getMetadata` returns it.
+     * @param {Uint8Array} metadata
+     */
+    constructor(metadata) {
+        const ptr0 = passArray8ToWasm0(metadata, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+        const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_new(ptr0, len0);
+        if (ret[2]) {
+            throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[1]);
+        }
+        this.__wbg_ptr = ret[0];
+        QuantusRuntimeFinalization.register(this, this.__wbg_ptr, this);
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Render account ids as SS58 at this prefix when decoding.
+     *
+     * Off until set. The prefix is a property of the chain a caller is talking
+     * to rather than of the metadata, and a guessed one would put a plausible,
+     * wrong address in front of somebody about to approve a transfer.
+     * @param {number} prefix
+     */
+    setSs58Format(prefix) {
+        wasm.quantusruntime_setSs58Format(this.__wbg_ptr, prefix);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Every signed extension, in order, as
+     * `[{ identifier, needsExtra, needsAdditional }]`.
+     *
+     * The two booleans are what a caller has to satisfy, read from the
+     * registry. A caller that ignores them gets an error rather than a short
+     * payload.
+     * @returns {string}
+     */
+    signedExtensions() {
+        let deferred2_0;
+        let deferred2_1;
+        try {
+            const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_signedExtensions(this.__wbg_ptr);
+            var ptr1 = ret[0];
+            var len1 = ret[1];
+            if (ret[3]) {
+                ptr1 = 0; len1 = 0;
+                throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+            }
+            deferred2_0 = ptr1;
+            deferred2_1 = len1;
+            return getStringFromWasm0(ptr1, len1);
+        } finally {
+            wasm.__wbindgen_free(deferred2_0, deferred2_1, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * The bytes to sign, given an encoded call and the extension values.
+     *
+     * `extensions` is a JSON object keyed by extension identifier, each value
+     * `{ extra?, additional? }`. Omitting one the runtime declares as non-empty
+     * is an error — see [`Runtime::encode_extensions`].
+     * @param {Uint8Array} call
+     * @param {string} extensions
+     * @returns {Uint8Array}
+     */
+    signerPayload(call, extensions) {
+        const ptr0 = passArray8ToWasm0(call, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+        const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ptr1 = passStringToWasm0(extensions, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+        const len1 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+        const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_signerPayload(this.__wbg_ptr, ptr0, len0, ptr1, len1);
+        if (ret[3]) {
+            throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+        }
+        var v3 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+        wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+        return v3;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Where a storage value lives, and what it decodes as.
+     *
+     * Returns `{ key, valueTy, default }` — `key` ready for `state_getStorage`,
+     * and `default` the bytes the chain means when it returns nothing, or null
+     * for an entry where nothing means nothing. An unfunded account reads as a
+     * zero balance through the first and as an error through the second, so the
+     * distinction is not a detail.
+     * @param {string} pallet
+     * @param {string} item
+     * @param {string} keys
+     * @returns {string}
+     */
+    storageTarget(pallet, item, keys) {
+        let deferred5_0;
+        let deferred5_1;
+        try {
+            const ptr0 = passStringToWasm0(pallet, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+            const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+            const ptr1 = passStringToWasm0(item, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+            const len1 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+            const ptr2 = passStringToWasm0(keys, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+            const len2 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+            const ret = wasm.quantusruntime_storageTarget(this.__wbg_ptr, ptr0, len0, ptr1, len1, ptr2, len2);
+            var ptr4 = ret[0];
+            var len4 = ret[1];
+            if (ret[3]) {
+                ptr4 = 0; len4 = 0;
+                throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+            }
+            deferred5_0 = ptr4;
+            deferred5_1 = len4;
+            return getStringFromWasm0(ptr4, len4);
+        } finally {
+            wasm.__wbindgen_free(deferred5_0, deferred5_1, 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+if (Symbol.dispose) QuantusRuntime.prototype[Symbol.dispose] = QuantusRuntime.prototype.free;
+function __wbg_get_imports() {
+    const import0 = {
+        __proto__: null,
+        __wbg_Error_67e7344beaa85059: function(arg0, arg1) {
+            const ret = Error(getStringFromWasm0(arg0, arg1));
+            return ret;
+        },
+        __wbg___wbindgen_throw_5d9e815e6fdf150f: function(arg0, arg1) {
+            throw new Error(getStringFromWasm0(arg0, arg1));
+        },
+        __wbindgen_init_externref_table: function() {
+            const table = wasm.__wbindgen_externrefs;
+            const offset = table.grow(4);
+            table.set(0, undefined);
+            table.set(offset + 0, undefined);
+            table.set(offset + 1, null);
+            table.set(offset + 2, true);
+            table.set(offset + 3, false);
+        },
+    };
+    return {
+        __proto__: null,
+        "./quantus_codec_bg.js": import0,
+    };
+}
+
+const QuantusRuntimeFinalization = (typeof FinalizationRegistry === 'undefined')
+    ? { register: () => {}, unregister: () => {} }
+    : new FinalizationRegistry(ptr => wasm.__wbg_quantusruntime_free(ptr, 1));
+
+function getArrayU8FromWasm0(ptr, len) {
+    ptr = ptr >>> 0;
+    return getUint8ArrayMemory0().subarray(ptr / 1, ptr / 1 + len);
+}
+
+function getStringFromWasm0(ptr, len) {
+    return decodeText(ptr >>> 0, len);
+}
+
+let cachedUint8ArrayMemory0 = null;
+function getUint8ArrayMemory0() {
+    if (cachedUint8ArrayMemory0 === null || cachedUint8ArrayMemory0.byteLength === 0) {
+        cachedUint8ArrayMemory0 = new Uint8Array(wasm.memory.buffer);
+    }
+    return cachedUint8ArrayMemory0;
+}
+
+function passArray8ToWasm0(arg, malloc) {
+    const ptr = malloc(arg.length * 1, 1) >>> 0;
+    getUint8ArrayMemory0().set(arg, ptr / 1);
+    WASM_VECTOR_LEN = arg.length;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+function passStringToWasm0(arg, malloc, realloc) {
+    if (realloc === undefined) {
+        const buf = cachedTextEncoder.encode(arg);
+        const ptr = malloc(buf.length, 1) >>> 0;
+        getUint8ArrayMemory0().subarray(ptr, ptr + buf.length).set(buf);
+        WASM_VECTOR_LEN = buf.length;
+        return ptr;
+    }
+
+    let len = arg.length;
+    let ptr = malloc(len, 1) >>> 0;
+
+    const mem = getUint8ArrayMemory0();
+
+    let offset = 0;
+
+    for (; offset < len; offset++) {
+        const code = arg.charCodeAt(offset);
+        if (code > 0x7F) break;
+        mem[ptr + offset] = code;
+    }
+    if (offset !== len) {
+        if (offset !== 0) {
+            arg = arg.slice(offset);
+        }
+        ptr = realloc(ptr, len, len = offset + arg.length * 3, 1) >>> 0;
+        const view = getUint8ArrayMemory0().subarray(ptr + offset, ptr + len);
+        const ret = cachedTextEncoder.encodeInto(arg, view);
+
+        offset += ret.written;
+        ptr = realloc(ptr, len, offset, 1) >>> 0;
+    }
+
+    WASM_VECTOR_LEN = offset;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+function takeFromExternrefTable0(idx) {
+    const value = wasm.__wbindgen_externrefs.get(idx);
+    wasm.__externref_table_dealloc(idx);
+    return value;
+}
+
+let cachedTextDecoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { ignoreBOM: true, fatal: true });
+cachedTextDecoder.decode();
+const MAX_SAFARI_DECODE_BYTES = 2146435072;
+let numBytesDecoded = 0;
+function decodeText(ptr, len) {
+    numBytesDecoded += len;
+    if (numBytesDecoded >= MAX_SAFARI_DECODE_BYTES) {
+        cachedTextDecoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { ignoreBOM: true, fatal: true });
+        cachedTextDecoder.decode();
+        numBytesDecoded = len;
+    }
+    return cachedTextDecoder.decode(getUint8ArrayMemory0().subarray(ptr, ptr + len));
+}
+
+const cachedTextEncoder = new TextEncoder();
+
+if (!('encodeInto' in cachedTextEncoder)) {
+    cachedTextEncoder.encodeInto = function (arg, view) {
+        const buf = cachedTextEncoder.encode(arg);
+        view.set(buf);
+        return {
+            read: arg.length,
+            written: buf.length
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+let WASM_VECTOR_LEN = 0;
+
+let wasmModule, wasmInstance, wasm;
+function __wbg_finalize_init(instance, module) {
+    wasmInstance = instance;
+    wasm = instance.exports;
+    wasmModule = module;
+    cachedUint8ArrayMemory0 = null;
+    wasm.__wbindgen_start();
+    return wasm;
+}
+
+async function __wbg_load(module, imports) {
+    if (typeof Response === 'function' && module instanceof Response) {
+        if (!module.ok) {
+            throw new Error(`failed to fetch Wasm: ${module.status} ${module.statusText} fetching '${module.url}'`);
+        }
+
+        if (typeof WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming === 'function') {
+            try {
+                return await WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(module, imports);
+            } catch (e) {
+                const validResponse = expectedResponseType(module.type);
+
+                if (validResponse && module.headers.get('Content-Type') !== 'application/wasm') {
+                    console.warn("`WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming` failed because your server does not serve Wasm with `application/wasm` MIME type. Falling back to `WebAssembly.instantiate` which is slower. Original error:\n", e);
+
+                } else { throw e; }
+            }
+        }
+
+        const bytes = await module.arrayBuffer();
+        return await WebAssembly.instantiate(bytes, imports);
+    } else {
+        const instance = await WebAssembly.instantiate(module, imports);
+
+        if (instance instanceof WebAssembly.Instance) {
+            return { instance, module };
+        } else {
+            return instance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function expectedResponseType(type) {
+        switch (type) {
+            case 'basic': case 'cors': case 'default': return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+function initSync(module) {
+    if (wasm !== undefined) return wasm;
+
+
+    if (module !== undefined) {
+        if (Object.getPrototypeOf(module) === Object.prototype) {
+            ({module} = module)
+        } else {
+            console.warn('using deprecated parameters for `initSync()`; pass a single object instead')
+        }
+    }
+
+    const imports = __wbg_get_imports();
+    if (!(module instanceof WebAssembly.Module)) {
+        module = new WebAssembly.Module(module);
+    }
+    const instance = new WebAssembly.Instance(module, imports);
+    return __wbg_finalize_init(instance, module);
+}
+
+export { initSync };

packages/quantus-codec/src/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+export { Runtime } from './codec.js';
+export type { DecodedExtrinsic, ExtensionNeed, ExtensionValue, ExtensionValues, PayloadOptions, StorageTarget } from './codec.js';
+export { initWasm, isReady } from './init.js';

packages/quantus-codec/src/init.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { unzlibSync } from 'fflate';
+
+import { base64Decode } from './base64.js';
+
+import { bytes, lenOut } from './bytes.js';
+import { initSync } from './generated/quantus_codec.js';
+
+/**
+ * Instantiate the WASM, synchronously, from bytes compiled into this file.
+ *
+ * Three constraints shape this, and all three rule out the obvious approach:
+ *
+ * - the background context is an **MV3 service worker**, so there is no DOM, no
+ *   reliable `fetch` of extension-relative URLs at arbitrary times, and the
+ *   worker can be killed and cold-started between any two messages
+ * - the extension CSP is `script-src 'self' 'wasm-unsafe-eval'`, which permits
+ *   compiling WASM but not fetching it from anywhere interesting
+ * - callers are synchronous — `pair.sign()` in the keyring has no `await` to give
+ *
+ * So the WASM is zlib-compressed, base64'd into `bytes.js` at build time, and
+ * instantiated here with wasm-bindgen's `initSync`. Nothing is fetched, and the
+ * whole module is ready before the first call returns.
+ *
+ * Deliberately *not* using `@polkadot/wasm-bridge`: its `Bridge` implements
+ * wasm-bindgen 0.2.79's JS-heap ABI, and this crate is built with 0.2.128, which
+ * uses externref tables. See quantus/wasm#1.
+ */
+
+let initialised = false;
+let initError: string | null = null;
+
+/**
+ * Ensure the WASM is instantiated. Idempotent and cheap after the first call.
+ *
+ * Returns `null` on success, or the failure reason. It does not throw: a caller
+ * deciding whether to offer a Quantus account at all wants to ask, and an
+ * exception thrown from module scope in a service worker is hard to attribute.
+ */
+export function initWasm (): string | null {
+  if (initialised) {
+    return initError;
+  }
+
+  initialised = true;
+
+  try {
+    initSync({ module: unzlibSync(base64Decode(bytes, new Uint8Array(lenOut))) });
+  } catch (error) {
+    initError = (error as Error).message;
+  }
+
+  return initError;
+}
+
+/** Whether the WASM is available. Callers that can fall back should ask first. */
+export function isReady (): boolean {
+  return initWasm() === null;
+}

packages/quantus-codec/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Metadata-driven SCALE encode and decode for the Quantus chain.
+//!
+//! Nothing here names a pallet, a call, a signed extension or a signature
+//! scheme. Everything is read from the metadata the node produced by running
+//! `Metadata_metadata` against the runtime WASM in a given block's state, which
+//! makes the runtime the oracle rather than this crate's author.
+//!
+//! That is not fastidiousness. This chain's encoding has changed between
+//! runtimes — `transactionVersion` has gone 2 → 3 → 6 across four upgrades, and
+//! each of those is an extrinsic-format change. A signer holding a hand-written
+//! idea of the format keeps producing signatures after such an upgrade; they are
+//! cryptographically valid, over the wrong bytes, and the chain reports them as
+//! `BadProof`, which is what it also reports for a wrong key. See quantus/wasm#3.
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+#[path = "rs/runtime.rs"]
+pub mod runtime;
+
+#[path = "rs/decode.rs"]
+pub mod decode;
+
+#[path = "rs/encode.rs"]
+pub mod encode;
+
+#[path = "rs/storage.rs"]
+pub mod storage;
+
+#[path = "rs/ss58.rs"]
+pub mod ss58;
+
+#[path = "rs/bindings.rs"]
+mod bindings;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "rs/tests.rs"]
+mod tests;

packages/quantus-codec/src/rs/bindings.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! The `wasm_bindgen` surface.
+//!
+//! Deliberately thin: every one of these is a parse of the JS argument, a call
+//! into a module that knows nothing about JS, and a serialisation back. The
+//! logic lives in [`crate::runtime`], [`crate::decode`] and [`crate::encode`]
+//! because `JsError` cannot be constructed outside a wasm target, so anything
+//! built on it is untestable by `cargo test` — a lesson from quantus/wasm#1,
+//! where the error paths were the ones that turned out to be wrong.
+
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::encode::{ExtensionValue, Supplied};
+use crate::runtime::Runtime;
+
+/// A loaded runtime description, held across calls so the metadata is parsed
+/// once per spec version rather than once per signature.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub struct QuantusRuntime {
+    inner: Runtime,
+}
+
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+impl QuantusRuntime {
+    /// Parse metadata as `state_getMetadata` returns it.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(constructor)]
+    pub fn new(metadata: &[u8]) -> Result<QuantusRuntime, JsError> {
+        Runtime::from_metadata(metadata)
+            .map(|inner| QuantusRuntime { inner })
+            .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    /// Render account ids as SS58 at this prefix when decoding.
+    ///
+    /// Off until set. The prefix is a property of the chain a caller is talking
+    /// to rather than of the metadata, and a guessed one would put a plausible,
+    /// wrong address in front of somebody about to approve a transfer.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = setSs58Format)]
+    pub fn set_ss58_format(&mut self, prefix: u16) {
+        self.inner.set_ss58_format(prefix);
+    }
+
+    /// The extrinsic format version this runtime declares.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = extrinsicVersion)]
+    pub fn extrinsic_version(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.inner.extrinsic_version()
+    }
+
+    /// Every signed extension, in order, as
+    /// `[{ identifier, needsExtra, needsAdditional }]`.
+    ///
+    /// The two booleans are what a caller has to satisfy, read from the
+    /// registry. A caller that ignores them gets an error rather than a short
+    /// payload.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = signedExtensions)]
+    pub fn signed_extensions(&self) -> Result<String, JsError> {
+        let described: Vec<serde_json::Value> = self
+            .inner
+            .extensions()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|e| {
+                serde_json::json!({
+                    "identifier": e.identifier,
+                    "needsExtra": !self.inner.is_empty_ty_pub(e.ty),
+                    "needsAdditional": !self.inner.is_empty_ty_pub(e.additional)
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        serde_json::to_string(&described).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    /// Encode a call by name. `args` is a JSON object keyed by argument name.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = encodeCall)]
+    pub fn encode_call(&self, pallet: &str, call: &str, args: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsError> {
+        let args: serde_json::Value =
+            serde_json::from_str(args).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))?;
+
+        self.inner
+            .encode_call(pallet, call, &args)
+            .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    /// The bytes to sign, given an encoded call and the extension values.
+    ///
+    /// `extensions` is a JSON object keyed by extension identifier, each value
+    /// `{ extra?, additional? }`. Omitting one the runtime declares as non-empty
+    /// is an error — see [`Runtime::encode_extensions`].
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = signerPayload)]
+    pub fn signer_payload(&self, call: &[u8], extensions: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsError> {
+        let encoded = self.encoded_extensions(extensions)?;
+
+        Ok(self.inner.signer_payload(call, &encoded))
+    }
+
+    /// The `extra` alone, which the extrinsic carries and the payload repeats.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = encodeExtra)]
+    pub fn encode_extra(&self, extensions: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsError> {
+        Ok(self.encoded_extensions(extensions)?.extra)
+    }
+
+    /// Assemble a signed extrinsic, ready for `author_submitAndWatchExtrinsic`.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = encodeExtrinsic)]
+    pub fn encode_extrinsic(
+        &self,
+        address: &str,
+        signature: &[u8],
+        extra: &[u8],
+        call: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsError> {
+        let address: serde_json::Value =
+            serde_json::from_str(address).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))?;
+
+        self.inner
+            .encode_extrinsic(&address, signature, extra, call)
+            .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    /// Decode one extrinsic as this runtime describes it, as JSON.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = decodeExtrinsic)]
+    pub fn decode_extrinsic(&self, blob: &[u8]) -> Result<String, JsError> {
+        let xt = self
+            .inner
+            .decode_extrinsic(blob)
+            .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))?;
+
+        serde_json::to_string(&serde_json::json!({
+            "version": xt.version,
+            "signed": xt.signed,
+            "address": xt.address,
+            "signature": xt.signature,
+            "extra": xt.extra,
+            "call": xt.call
+        }))
+        .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    /// Where a storage value lives, and what it decodes as.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `{ key, valueTy, default }` — `key` ready for `state_getStorage`,
+    /// and `default` the bytes the chain means when it returns nothing, or null
+    /// for an entry where nothing means nothing. An unfunded account reads as a
+    /// zero balance through the first and as an error through the second, so the
+    /// distinction is not a detail.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = storageTarget)]
+    pub fn storage_target(&self, pallet: &str, item: &str, keys: &str) -> Result<String, JsError> {
+        let keys: Vec<serde_json::Value> =
+            serde_json::from_str(keys).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))?;
+
+        let target = self
+            .inner
+            .storage_target(pallet, item, &keys)
+            .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))?;
+
+        serde_json::to_string(&serde_json::json!({
+            "default": target.default.as_deref().map(crate::storage::hex),
+            "key": crate::storage::hex(&target.key),
+            "valueTy": target.value_ty
+        }))
+        .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    /// Decode a storage value against the type id `storageTarget` reported.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = decodeStorage)]
+    pub fn decode_storage(&self, value_ty: u32, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<String, JsError> {
+        let value = self
+            .inner
+            .decode_storage_value(value_ty, bytes)
+            .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))?;
+
+        serde_json::to_string(&value).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    /// Decode a bare call — what an approval screen shows the user.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = decodeCall)]
+    pub fn decode_call(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<String, JsError> {
+        let call = self
+            .inner
+            .decode_call(bytes)
+            .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))?;
+
+        serde_json::to_string(&call).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    fn encoded_extensions(
+        &self,
+        extensions: &str,
+    ) -> Result<crate::encode::EncodedExtensions, JsError> {
+        let parsed: BTreeMap<String, serde_json::Value> =
+            serde_json::from_str(extensions).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))?;
+
+        let mut values: BTreeMap<String, ExtensionValue> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        for (identifier, v) in parsed {
+            values.insert(
+                identifier,
+                ExtensionValue {
+                    extra: half(&v, "extra")?,
+                    additional: half(&v, "additional")?,
+                },
+            );
+        }
+
+        self.inner
+            .encode_extensions(&values)
+            .map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// One half of an extension value, as JSON or as pre-encoded bytes.
+///
+/// `extra` / `additional` are interpreted against the runtime's declared type;
+/// `extraHex` / `additionalHex` are bytes the caller encoded itself, which are
+/// validated by round trip rather than taken on trust. Supplying both is a
+/// contradiction, not a preference, so it is refused.
+fn half(value: &serde_json::Value, name: &str) -> Result<Option<Supplied>, JsError> {
+    let json = value.get(name);
+    let hex = value.get(alloc::format!("{name}Hex"));
+
+    match (json, hex) {
+        (Some(_), Some(_)) => Err(JsError::new(&alloc::format!(
+            "{name} and {name}Hex are both set"
+        ))),
+        (Some(v), None) => Ok(Some(Supplied::Json(v.clone()))),
+        (None, Some(v)) => {
+            let s = v
+                .as_str()
+                .ok_or_else(|| JsError::new(&alloc::format!("{name}Hex is not a string")))?;
+            let s = s.strip_prefix("0x").unwrap_or(s);
+
+            if s.len() % 2 != 0 {
+                return Err(JsError::new(&alloc::format!("{name}Hex is not whole bytes")));
+            }
+
+            let bytes: Result<Vec<u8>, _> = (0..s.len() / 2)
+                .map(|i| u8::from_str_radix(&s[i * 2..i * 2 + 2], 16))
+                .collect();
+
+            Ok(Some(Supplied::Raw(bytes.map_err(|e| {
+                JsError::new(&alloc::format!("{name}Hex: {e}"))
+            })?)))
+        }
+        (None, None) => Ok(None),
+    }
+}

packages/quantus-codec/src/rs/decode.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Reading a chain's own data using the chain's own description of it.
+
+use alloc::format;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use parity_scale_codec::Decode;
+
+use crate::runtime::{CodecError, Runtime};
+
+/// One decoded extrinsic, named as the runtime names it.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct DecodedExtrinsic {
+    /// The **version** from the preamble byte — its low six bits, not the byte.
+    pub version: u8,
+    /// Whether the preamble's type tag says signed.
+    pub signed: bool,
+    /// The address as the runtime's `Address` type decodes, rendered as JSON.
+    pub address: serde_json::Value,
+    /// The signature, rendered as JSON. For Quantus this is a
+    /// `DilithiumSignatureScheme` variant carrying `sig ‖ pk`.
+    pub signature: serde_json::Value,
+    /// The signed extensions as submitted — mortality, nonce, tip, and whatever
+    /// else this runtime declares.
+    pub extra: serde_json::Value,
+    /// The `extra` exactly as it appeared on the wire. Kept because it is half
+    /// of the signed payload, and re-encoding it from `extra` would be a second
+    /// implementation that could disagree.
+    pub extra_bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The call, SCALE-encoded, as it appeared on the wire.
+    pub call_bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The call, decoded.
+    pub call: serde_json::Value,
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// Decode one extrinsic, exactly as this runtime describes it.
+    ///
+    /// ## The preamble byte is not the version
+    ///
+    /// The **top two bits are a type tag** and the low six are the version:
+    /// `0b00` bare, `0b10` signed, `0b01` general. Quantus emits `0x84` —
+    /// signed, v4 — and `0x05` — bare, v**5** — in the same block, while the
+    /// metadata declares extrinsic version 4. Three different numbers, all
+    /// correct.
+    ///
+    /// A decoder that reads the byte as a version and checks it against the
+    /// metadata rejects every timestamp inherent on the chain. `@polkadot/api`
+    /// does exactly that, which is why it cannot read a single Quantus block
+    /// (quantus/api#1), and it is the first thing to break when someone
+    /// "simplifies" this function.
+    ///
+    /// `blob` is the extrinsic as the node hands it over: its own length prefix
+    /// first. A partial read is refused — trailing bytes mean the metadata does
+    /// not match these bytes, and a decoder that shrugs at that is how a block
+    /// gets silently mis-read after an upgrade.
+    pub fn decode_extrinsic(&self, blob: &[u8]) -> Result<DecodedExtrinsic, CodecError> {
+        let mut cursor = blob;
+        let declared = <parity_scale_codec::Compact<u64>>::decode(&mut cursor)
+            .map_err(|e| CodecError::Decode(format!("no length prefix: {e}")))?
+            .0 as usize;
+
+        if cursor.len() != declared {
+            return Err(CodecError::Decode(format!(
+                "declared {declared} bytes, {} present",
+                cursor.len()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        let preamble = *cursor
+            .first()
+            .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::Decode("empty extrinsic".to_string()))?;
+        cursor = &cursor[1..];
+
+        let signed = preamble & 0b1100_0000 == 0b1000_0000;
+        let version = preamble & 0b0011_1111;
+        let tys = self.extrinsic;
+
+        let (address, signature, extra, extra_bytes) = if signed {
+            let address = self.decode_at(tys.address, &mut cursor, "address")?;
+            let signature = self.decode_at(tys.signature, &mut cursor, "signature")?;
+
+            let before = cursor;
+            let extra = self.decode_at(tys.extra, &mut cursor, "signed extensions")?;
+            let extra_bytes = before[..before.len() - cursor.len()].to_vec();
+
+            (address, signature, extra, extra_bytes)
+        } else {
+            (
+                serde_json::Value::Null,
+                serde_json::Value::Null,
+                serde_json::Value::Null,
+                Vec::new(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        let call_bytes = cursor.to_vec();
+        let call = self.decode_at(tys.call, &mut cursor, "call")?;
+
+        if !cursor.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CodecError::Decode(format!(
+                "{} trailing bytes; metadata does not match this extrinsic",
+                cursor.len()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        Ok(DecodedExtrinsic {
+            version,
+            signed,
+            address,
+            signature,
+            extra,
+            extra_bytes,
+            call_bytes: call_bytes[..call_bytes.len() - cursor.len()].to_vec(),
+            call,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Decode a bare call — what an approval screen needs to say what is about
+    /// to be authorised.
+    pub fn decode_call(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<serde_json::Value, CodecError> {
+        let mut cursor = bytes;
+        let call = self.decode_at(self.extrinsic.call, &mut cursor, "call")?;
+
+        if !cursor.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CodecError::Decode(format!(
+                "{} trailing bytes after call",
+                cursor.len()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        Ok(call)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_at(
+        &self,
+        ty: u32,
+        cursor: &mut &[u8],
+        what: &str,
+    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value, CodecError> {
+        let value = self
+            .decode_checked(ty, cursor)
+            .map_err(|e| CodecError::Decode(format!("{what}: {e}")))?;
+
+        Ok(self.render(&value))
+    }
+
+    /// Decode one registry type, walking the bytes first without building
+    /// anything from them.
+    ///
+    /// **`scale_value` sizes a sequence's `Vec` from the length prefix before it
+    /// decodes a single item.** A blob that disagrees with the registry can
+    /// therefore ask for an allocation of any size at all, and Rust aborts on a
+    /// failed one — so there is no `Err` for a caller to catch, and `.ok()` at
+    /// the call site cannot help. blackbeard.observer found this in production
+    /// as a 76 GiB request that took the daemon down every two minutes.
+    ///
+    /// `scale_decode`'s `IgnoreVisitor` walks the same bytes against the same
+    /// type and allocates nothing at all, so a length that cannot be satisfied
+    /// runs out of input on the first item and comes back as an error. The
+    /// second pass costs one more walk of a few kilobytes.
+    pub(crate) fn decode_checked(
+        &self,
+        ty: u32,
+        cursor: &mut &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<scale_value::Value<u32>, String> {
+        let mut probe: &[u8] = cursor;
+
+        scale_decode::visitor::decode_with_visitor(
+            &mut probe,
+            ty,
+            self.types(),
+            scale_decode::visitor::IgnoreVisitor::<scale_info::PortableRegistry>::new(),
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+        scale_value::scale::decode_as_type(cursor, ty, self.types()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// Render a decoded value as JSON, for the boundary to JavaScript.
+    ///
+    /// Byte sequences become `0x…` hex rather than arrays of numbers: an account
+    /// id as 32 JSON integers is technically the same information and useless to
+    /// every consumer, and a 7219-byte signature as an array is 30 KiB of JSON.
+    ///
+    /// Account ids become SS58 when a prefix has been set. `scale_value` carries
+    /// each value's registry type id as its context, so the check is on the type
+    /// the runtime declared and not on the shape of the bytes — a block hash is
+    /// also 32 bytes, and rendering one as an address would be a lie.
+    pub(crate) fn render(&self, value: &scale_value::Value<u32>) -> serde_json::Value {
+        use scale_value::{Composite, Primitive, ValueDef};
+
+        if let Some(prefix) = self.ss58_format {
+            if self.account_tys.contains(&value.context) {
+                if let Some(bytes) = account_bytes(value) {
+                    return serde_json::Value::String(crate::ss58::encode(prefix, &bytes));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        match &value.value {
+            ValueDef::Primitive(p) => match p {
+                Primitive::Bool(b) => serde_json::Value::Bool(*b),
+                Primitive::Char(c) => serde_json::Value::String(c.to_string()),
+                Primitive::String(s) => serde_json::Value::String(s.clone()),
+                // **Every** integer renders as a decimal string, whatever its width.
+                //
+                // A u128 balance does not survive a JSON number — this chain has 12
+                // decimal places, so ordinary amounts pass 2^53 — and `scale_value`
+                // widens every unsigned integer to u128 anyway, so the width is not
+                // available here to switch on. Emitting a number when it happens to
+                // fit and a string when it does not would make a consumer handle both
+                // shapes for the same field depending on the value, which is worse
+                // than either. Strings, always, and the caller parses what it knows.
+                Primitive::U128(n) => serde_json::Value::String(n.to_string()),
+                Primitive::I128(n) => serde_json::Value::String(n.to_string()),
+                Primitive::U256(b) | Primitive::I256(b) => serde_json::Value::String(hex(b)),
+            },
+            ValueDef::Composite(Composite::Named(fields)) => serde_json::Value::Object(
+                fields
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), self.render(v)))
+                    .collect(),
+            ),
+            ValueDef::Composite(Composite::Unnamed(values)) => {
+                if let Some(bytes) = as_bytes(values) {
+                    serde_json::Value::String(hex(&bytes))
+                } else if values.len() == 1 {
+                    // A newtype wrapper is noise; unwrap it so `Compact<u64>` reads
+                    // as a number rather than a one-element array.
+                    self.render(&values[0])
+                } else {
+                    serde_json::Value::Array(values.iter().map(|v| self.render(v)).collect())
+                }
+            }
+            ValueDef::Variant(v) => {
+                let inner = self.render(&scale_value::Value {
+                    value: ValueDef::Composite(v.values.clone()),
+                    context: value.context,
+                });
+
+                // `Era::Immortal` and friends carry nothing; render them as the name
+                // alone rather than `{"Immortal": []}`.
+                match &inner {
+                    serde_json::Value::Array(a) if a.is_empty() => {
+                        serde_json::Value::String(v.name.clone())
+                    }
+                    serde_json::Value::Object(o) if o.is_empty() => {
+                        serde_json::Value::String(v.name.clone())
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        let mut map = serde_json::Map::new();
+                        map.insert(v.name.clone(), inner);
+                        serde_json::Value::Object(map)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ValueDef::BitSequence(bits) => {
+                serde_json::Value::Array(bits.iter().map(serde_json::Value::Bool).collect())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A sequence of `u8` primitives, if that is what this is.
+fn as_bytes(values: &[scale_value::Value<u32>]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    use scale_value::{Primitive, ValueDef};
+
+    if values.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    values
+        .iter()
+        .map(|v| match &v.value {
+            ValueDef::Primitive(Primitive::U128(n)) if *n < 256 => Some(*n as u8),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut s = String::with_capacity(2 + bytes.len() * 2);
+    s.push_str("0x");
+
+    for b in bytes {
+        s.push(char::from_digit((b >> 4) as u32, 16).unwrap());
+        s.push(char::from_digit((b & 0x0f) as u32, 16).unwrap());
+    }
+
+    s
+}
+
+/// The 32 bytes behind an account id, whatever wrapper the registry put round it.
+///
+/// `AccountId32` is a newtype over `[u8; 32]`, so the decoded value is a
+/// composite of a composite of primitives; a registry could also describe it
+/// flat. Anything that is not exactly 32 bytes is not an account id and is left
+/// to render as itself.
+fn account_bytes(value: &scale_value::Value<u32>) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    use scale_value::{Composite, ValueDef};
+
+    match &value.value {
+        ValueDef::Composite(Composite::Unnamed(values)) => {
+            if values.len() == 1 {
+                return account_bytes(&values[0]);
+            }
+
+            as_bytes(values).filter(|b| b.len() == 32)
+        }
+        ValueDef::Composite(Composite::Named(fields)) if fields.len() == 1 => {
+            account_bytes(&fields[0].1)
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}

packages/quantus-codec/src/rs/encode.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Building the bytes that get signed, and the extrinsic that carries them.
+
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::format;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use parity_scale_codec::Encode;
+use scale_value::{Composite, Primitive, Value, ValueDef};
+
+use crate::runtime::{CodecError, Runtime};
+
+/// A value for one half of one signed extension.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Supplied {
+    /// Interpreted against the type the runtime declares — see
+    /// [`Runtime::json_to_value`].
+    Json(serde_json::Value),
+    /// Already SCALE-encoded by whoever is asking for the signature.
+    ///
+    /// A dapp hands the wallet an `era` as opaque bytes, having encoded it
+    /// itself, and there is no way to render those as JSON without knowing the
+    /// era algorithm — which is exactly the kind of knowledge this crate refuses
+    /// to hold. So they are accepted, but **not on trust**: [`Runtime::encode_half`]
+    /// decodes them against the declared type and re-encodes them, and anything
+    /// that does not round-trip is rejected rather than signed.
+    Raw(Vec<u8>),
+}
+
+/// What the caller knows about one signed extension.
+///
+/// Both halves are optional because most extensions need neither: a zero-sized
+/// `ty` contributes nothing to the extrinsic, and a zero-sized `additional`
+/// contributes nothing to the payload. Supplying a value for a zero-sized type
+/// is not an error; *omitting* one for a non-zero-sized type is.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct ExtensionValue {
+    pub extra: Option<Supplied>,
+    pub additional: Option<Supplied>,
+}
+
+/// The two byte strings a signed extrinsic needs from its extensions.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct EncodedExtensions {
+    /// Goes into the extrinsic, after the signature.
+    pub extra: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Goes into the signed payload only — never on the wire.
+    pub additional: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// Encode a call by name, against this runtime's own call type.
+    pub fn encode_call(
+        &self,
+        pallet: &str,
+        call: &str,
+        args: &serde_json::Value,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, CodecError> {
+        // The outer `Call` enum is a variant per pallet, and each of those
+        // carries that pallet's own call enum. So a call is two nested variants
+        // by name, and the indices — which are what actually go on the wire —
+        // come from the registry rather than from a table in this crate.
+        let pallet_ty = self.extrinsic.call;
+        let inner = Value::variant(
+            call.to_string(),
+            self.composite_for_call(pallet, call, args)?,
+        );
+        let outer = Value::variant(
+            pallet.to_string(),
+            Composite::Unnamed(alloc::vec![inner]),
+        );
+
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+        scale_value::scale::encode_as_type(&outer, pallet_ty, self.types(), &mut out)
+            .map_err(|e| CodecError::Encode(format!("{pallet}.{call}: {e}")))?;
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    /// Build the argument composite for one call, interpreting `args` against
+    /// the types the runtime declares for it.
+    fn composite_for_call(
+        &self,
+        pallet: &str,
+        call: &str,
+        args: &serde_json::Value,
+    ) -> Result<Composite<()>, CodecError> {
+        let calls_ty = self
+            .calls
+            .get(pallet)
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::NoSuchCall(pallet.to_string()))?;
+
+        let variant = match self.types().resolve(calls_ty).map(|t| &t.type_def) {
+            Some(scale_info::TypeDef::Variant(v)) => v
+                .variants
+                .iter()
+                .find(|v| v.name == call)
+                .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::NoSuchCall(format!("{pallet}.{call}")))?,
+            _ => return Err(CodecError::NoSuchCall(format!("{pallet}.{call}"))),
+        };
+
+        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+
+        for field in &variant.fields {
+            let name = field.name.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+            let supplied = args.get(&name).ok_or_else(|| {
+                CodecError::Encode(format!("{pallet}.{call}: no value for argument {name}"))
+            })?;
+
+            fields.push((name, self.json_to_value(supplied, field.ty.id)?));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Composite::Named(fields))
+    }
+
+    /// Encode every signed extension this runtime declares, in order.
+    ///
+    /// ## Why an unsupplied extension is fatal
+    ///
+    /// `@polkadot/api` logs `Unknown signed extensions … treating them as
+    /// no-effect` and writes zero bytes for anything it does not recognise. That
+    /// guess is correct only while every unrecognised extension happens to be
+    /// zero-sized, and when it stops being correct the wallet keeps signing —
+    /// valid signatures over a payload that is missing bytes the runtime put
+    /// there. The chain calls that `BadProof`, which is also what it calls a
+    /// wrong key, so the failure is silent, remote and indistinguishable from
+    /// the one thing it is not.
+    ///
+    /// Here the registry decides. An extension whose declared type encodes to
+    /// nothing contributes nothing and needs no value; anything else must be
+    /// supplied by the caller or this refuses to build a payload at all. A
+    /// wallet that cannot sign is a bug report; a wallet that signs the wrong
+    /// bytes is a support case that never gets diagnosed.
+    pub fn encode_extensions(
+        &self,
+        values: &BTreeMap<String, ExtensionValue>,
+    ) -> Result<EncodedExtensions, CodecError> {
+        let mut extra = Vec::new();
+        let mut additional = Vec::new();
+
+        for def in &self.extensions {
+            let supplied = values.get(&def.identifier);
+
+            self.encode_half(
+                def.ty,
+                supplied.and_then(|v| v.extra.as_ref()),
+                &def.identifier,
+                &mut extra,
+            )?;
+
+            self.encode_half(
+                def.additional,
+                supplied.and_then(|v| v.additional.as_ref()),
+                &def.identifier,
+                &mut additional,
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(EncodedExtensions { extra, additional })
+    }
+
+    fn encode_half(
+        &self,
+        ty: u32,
+        supplied: Option<&Supplied>,
+        identifier: &str,
+        out: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
+        if self.is_empty_ty(ty) {
+            // Encodes to nothing whether or not a value was supplied. Writing
+            // nothing here is a reading of the registry, not an assumption.
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let converted = match supplied.ok_or_else(|| {
+            CodecError::MissingExtension(identifier.to_string())
+        })? {
+            Supplied::Json(value) => self.json_to_value(value, ty)?,
+            // Round-tripped rather than appended. Bytes that decode against the
+            // declared type and re-encode to themselves are the *only* bytes the
+            // runtime could have meant; anything else — a short read, trailing
+            // bytes, a non-canonical compact — is a disagreement about the format
+            // that would otherwise be signed and only surface as `BadProof`.
+            Supplied::Raw(bytes) => {
+                let mut cursor = &bytes[..];
+                let value = self
+                    .decode_checked(ty, &mut cursor)
+                    .map_err(|e| CodecError::Encode(format!("{identifier}: {e}")))?;
+
+                if !cursor.is_empty() {
+                    return Err(CodecError::Encode(format!(
+                        "{identifier}: {} trailing bytes",
+                        cursor.len()
+                    )));
+                }
+
+                let mut check = Vec::new();
+
+                scale_value::scale::encode_as_type(&value, ty, self.types(), &mut check)
+                    .map_err(|e| CodecError::Encode(format!("{identifier}: {e}")))?;
+
+                if check != *bytes {
+                    return Err(CodecError::Encode(format!(
+                        "{identifier}: supplied bytes do not round-trip against the runtime's type"
+                    )));
+                }
+
+                out.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        scale_value::scale::encode_as_type(&converted, ty, self.types(), out)
+            .map_err(|e| CodecError::Encode(format!("{identifier}: {e}")))
+    }
+
+    /// The bytes a signer signs: `call ‖ extra ‖ additional`.
+    ///
+    /// Substrate's own rule from `unchecked_extrinsic.rs` — a payload longer than
+    /// 256 bytes is signed as its BLAKE2b-256 hash — is **not** applied here.
+    /// That is the caller's, because the hash belongs with the signing code that
+    /// also chooses the FIPS 204 context, and splitting one rule across two
+    /// packages is how the halves drift apart.
+    pub fn signer_payload(
+        &self,
+        call: &[u8],
+        extensions: &EncodedExtensions,
+    ) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(call.len() + extensions.extra.len() + extensions.additional.len());
+
+        out.extend_from_slice(call);
+        out.extend_from_slice(&extensions.extra);
+        out.extend_from_slice(&extensions.additional);
+
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Assemble a signed extrinsic.
+    ///
+    /// The preamble is `0b10 << 6 | version`: the type tag says signed and the
+    /// low six bits carry the version the metadata declares. Not a hard-coded
+    /// `0x84` — if this runtime ever declares a different extrinsic version, the
+    /// byte follows it.
+    ///
+    /// `signature` is the already-encoded `Signature` type, variant byte
+    /// included: the signing side knows which ML-DSA scheme the key is, and
+    /// re-deriving it here from the byte length would be a second source of
+    /// truth. It is written raw — a fixed-size array takes **no compact length
+    /// prefix**, which is the detail that a `Vec<u8>`-shaped assumption gets
+    /// wrong by exactly two bytes.
+    pub fn encode_extrinsic(
+        &self,
+        address: &serde_json::Value,
+        signature: &[u8],
+        extra: &[u8],
+        call: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, CodecError> {
+        let mut body = Vec::new();
+
+        body.push(0b1000_0000 | (self.extrinsic_version() & 0b0011_1111));
+
+        let addr = self.json_to_value(address, self.extrinsic.address)?;
+
+        scale_value::scale::encode_as_type(&addr, self.extrinsic.address, self.types(), &mut body)
+            .map_err(|e| CodecError::Encode(format!("address: {e}")))?;
+
+        body.extend_from_slice(signature);
+        body.extend_from_slice(extra);
+        body.extend_from_slice(call);
+
+        // The node expects the extrinsic length-prefixed.
+        let mut out = parity_scale_codec::Compact(body.len() as u64).encode();
+
+        out.extend_from_slice(&body);
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    /// Interpret a JSON value as a particular registry type.
+    ///
+    /// Type-directed on purpose. The same JSON string `"0xa5aa…"` is an
+    /// `AccountId32`, an `H256` or a `Vec<u8>` depending only on what the runtime
+    /// says goes there, and JSON carries no way to tell them apart. Asking the
+    /// registry is the only way that stays right across an upgrade.
+    pub(crate) fn json_to_value(
+        &self,
+        json: &serde_json::Value,
+        ty: u32,
+    ) -> Result<Value<()>, CodecError> {
+        use scale_info::TypeDef;
+
+        let def = self
+            .types()
+            .resolve(ty)
+            .map(|t| &t.type_def)
+            .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::Encode(format!("no registry type {ty}")))?;
+
+        match def {
+            TypeDef::Compact(c) => self.json_to_value(json, c.type_param.id),
+
+            TypeDef::Primitive(p) => primitive(json, p),
+
+            TypeDef::Array(a) => {
+                let inner = a.type_param.id;
+                let want = a.len as usize;
+
+                if let Some(bytes) = hex_bytes(json) {
+                    if bytes.len() != want {
+                        return Err(CodecError::Encode(format!(
+                            "expected {want} bytes, got {}",
+                            bytes.len()
+                        )));
+                    }
+
+                    return Ok(byte_composite(&bytes));
+                }
+
+                self.unnamed(json, |_| inner)
+            }
+
+            TypeDef::Sequence(s) => {
+                if let Some(bytes) = hex_bytes(json) {
+                    return Ok(byte_composite(&bytes));
+                }
+
+                self.unnamed(json, |_| s.type_param.id)
+            }
+
+            TypeDef::Tuple(t) => {
+                // An empty tuple is the unit type; JSON `null` and an empty
+                // array both mean it, and so does anything else, since it
+                // encodes to no bytes either way.
+                if t.fields.is_empty() {
+                    return Ok(Value::unnamed_composite([]));
+                }
+
+                let ids: Vec<u32> = t.fields.iter().map(|f| f.id).collect();
+
+                self.unnamed(json, move |i| ids[i.min(ids.len() - 1)])
+            }
+
+            TypeDef::Composite(c) => {
+                // A single-field struct is transparent, named or not, unless the
+                // caller actually spelled the field out. `AccountId32(pub [u8;
+                // 32])` should take the hex string its inner array takes, and
+                // `CheckMetadataHash { mode }` should take `"Disabled"` — neither
+                // wrapper is something a caller should have to know about, and
+                // both are wrappers the *runtime* chose, so the registry is what
+                // tells us they are there.
+                if c.fields.len() == 1 {
+                    let name = c.fields[0].name.clone();
+                    let spelled_out = name
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .zip(json.as_object())
+                        .is_some_and(|(n, map)| map.contains_key(n.as_str()));
+
+                    if !spelled_out {
+                        let inner = self.json_to_value(json, c.fields[0].ty.id)?;
+
+                        return Ok(match name {
+                            Some(n) => Value {
+                                value: ValueDef::Composite(Composite::Named(alloc::vec![(n, inner)])),
+                                context: (),
+                            },
+                            None => Value::unnamed_composite([inner]),
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+
+                match json {
+                    serde_json::Value::Object(map) => {
+                        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+
+                        for f in &c.fields {
+                            let name = f.name.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+                            let v = map.get(&name).ok_or_else(|| {
+                                CodecError::Encode(format!("no value for field {name}"))
+                            })?;
+
+                            fields.push((name, self.json_to_value(v, f.ty.id)?));
+                        }
+
+                        Ok(Value {
+                            value: ValueDef::Composite(Composite::Named(fields)),
+                            context: (),
+                        })
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        let ids: Vec<u32> = c.fields.iter().map(|f| f.ty.id).collect();
+
+                        self.unnamed(json, move |i| ids[i.min(ids.len().saturating_sub(1))])
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            TypeDef::Variant(v) => {
+                // Two spellings, both unambiguous: `"Immortal"` for a variant
+                // that carries nothing, `{"Id": "0x…"}` for one that does.
+                let (name, payload) = match json {
+                    serde_json::Value::String(s) => (s.clone(), None),
+                    serde_json::Value::Null => ("None".to_string(), None),
+                    serde_json::Value::Object(map) if map.len() == 1 => {
+                        let (k, v) = map.iter().next().expect("len == 1");
+
+                        (k.clone(), Some(v))
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        return Err(CodecError::Encode(format!(
+                            "cannot read {json} as a variant"
+                        )))
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let variant = v
+                    .variants
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|x| x.name == name)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::Encode(format!("no variant {name}")))?;
+
+                let named = variant.fields.iter().all(|f| f.name.is_some());
+
+                let composite = match (payload, variant.fields.len()) {
+                    (_, 0) => Composite::Unnamed(Vec::new()),
+                    // A call's arguments arrive as an object keyed by the names
+                    // the runtime gives them, at any depth — a `Utility.batch_all`
+                    // carries whole calls in a `Vec<RuntimeCall>`, and each of
+                    // those is this same shape again. Before this, only the
+                    // outermost call could be spelled that way and anything
+                    // nested had to be a positional array.
+                    (Some(serde_json::Value::Object(map)), _) if named => {
+                        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+
+                        for f in &variant.fields {
+                            let field = f.name.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+                            let v = map.get(&field).ok_or_else(|| {
+                                CodecError::Encode(format!("{name}: no value for {field}"))
+                            })?;
+
+                            fields.push((field, self.json_to_value(v, f.ty.id)?));
+                        }
+
+                        Composite::Named(fields)
+                    }
+                    (Some(p), 1) => {
+                        Composite::Unnamed(alloc::vec![self.json_to_value(p, variant.fields[0].ty.id)?])
+                    }
+                    (Some(p), _) => {
+                        let ids: Vec<u32> = variant.fields.iter().map(|f| f.ty.id).collect();
+
+                        match self.unnamed(p, move |i| ids[i.min(ids.len() - 1)])?.value {
+                            ValueDef::Composite(c) => c,
+                            _ => unreachable!("unnamed always returns a composite"),
+                        }
+                    }
+                    (None, _) => {
+                        return Err(CodecError::Encode(format!(
+                            "variant {name} needs a payload"
+                        )))
+                    }
+                };
+
+                Ok(Value::variant(name, composite))
+            }
+
+            TypeDef::BitSequence(_) => Err(CodecError::Encode(
+                "encoding a bit sequence is not supported".to_string(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unnamed(
+        &self,
+        json: &serde_json::Value,
+        ty_at: impl Fn(usize) -> u32,
+    ) -> Result<Value<()>, CodecError> {
+        let items = match json {
+            serde_json::Value::Array(a) => a,
+            _ => {
+                return Err(CodecError::Encode(format!(
+                    "expected an array, got {json}"
+                )))
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(items.len());
+
+        for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate() {
+            out.push(self.json_to_value(item, ty_at(i))?);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Value::unnamed_composite(out))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Read a JSON value as a SCALE primitive.
+///
+/// Numbers arrive as JSON numbers when they fit and as **decimal strings** when
+/// they do not: a `u128` balance loses precision above 2^53 in JSON, and this
+/// chain's balances are 12 decimal places, so that boundary is reached by
+/// ordinary amounts rather than exotic ones.
+fn primitive(
+    json: &serde_json::Value,
+    p: &scale_info::TypeDefPrimitive,
+) -> Result<Value<()>, CodecError> {
+    use scale_info::TypeDefPrimitive as P;
+
+    let as_u128 = || -> Result<u128, CodecError> {
+        match json {
+            serde_json::Value::Number(n) => n
+                .as_u64()
+                .map(u128::from)
+                .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::Encode(format!("{n} is not a whole number"))),
+            serde_json::Value::String(s) => {
+                let s = s.trim();
+
+                if let Some(h) = s.strip_prefix("0x") {
+                    u128::from_str_radix(h, 16)
+                } else {
+                    s.parse::<u128>()
+                }
+                .map_err(|e| CodecError::Encode(format!("{s} is not a number: {e}")))
+            }
+            _ => Err(CodecError::Encode(format!("{json} is not a number"))),
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(match p {
+        P::Bool => Value {
+            value: ValueDef::Primitive(Primitive::Bool(json.as_bool().ok_or_else(|| {
+                CodecError::Encode(format!("{json} is not a boolean"))
+            })?)),
+            context: (),
+        },
+        P::Str => Value {
+            value: ValueDef::Primitive(Primitive::String(
+                json.as_str()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::Encode(format!("{json} is not a string")))?
+                    .to_string(),
+            )),
+            context: (),
+        },
+        P::U8 | P::U16 | P::U32 | P::U64 | P::U128 | P::U256 => Value {
+            value: ValueDef::Primitive(Primitive::U128(as_u128()?)),
+            context: (),
+        },
+        P::I8 | P::I16 | P::I32 | P::I64 | P::I128 | P::I256 => Value {
+            value: ValueDef::Primitive(Primitive::I128(as_u128()? as i128)),
+            context: (),
+        },
+        P::Char => Err(CodecError::Encode("char is not encodable".to_string()))?,
+    })
+}
+
+/// `0x…` as bytes, if this is a hex string.
+fn hex_bytes(json: &serde_json::Value) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    let s = json.as_str()?.strip_prefix("0x")?;
+
+    if s.len() % 2 != 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    (0..s.len() / 2)
+        .map(|i| u8::from_str_radix(&s[i * 2..i * 2 + 2], 16).ok())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn byte_composite(bytes: &[u8]) -> Value<()> {
+    Value::unnamed_composite(bytes.iter().map(|b| Value {
+        value: ValueDef::Primitive(Primitive::U128(u128::from(*b))),
+        context: (),
+    }))
+}

packages/quantus-codec/src/rs/runtime.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! The runtime's description of itself, and the handful of things this crate
+//! needs to look up in it.
+//!
+//! Every type id here is *read* from the metadata. Nothing in this file names a
+//! pallet, a call, a signed extension or a signature scheme, which is what lets
+//! it keep working across a runtime upgrade that changes any of them.
+
+use alloc::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use frame_metadata::v14::RuntimeMetadataV14;
+use frame_metadata::{RuntimeMetadata, RuntimeMetadataPrefixed};
+use parity_scale_codec::Decode;
+
+/// Failures reading a runtime's description, or its data.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum CodecError {
+    /// The blob is not SCALE-encoded prefixed metadata.
+    Malformed,
+    /// Metadata this crate does not read. v14 is what every Quantus runtime
+    /// observed so far emits; a chain that moves to v15/v16 needs this widened
+    /// deliberately rather than silently mis-read.
+    UnsupportedVersion(u8),
+    /// The runtime does not describe its extrinsic in the usual shape.
+    NoExtrinsicTypes,
+    /// No such pallet, or no such call in it.
+    NoSuchCall(String),
+    /// A value did not match the type the registry said it would.
+    Decode(String),
+    /// A value could not be encoded as the type the registry declares.
+    Encode(String),
+    /// A signed extension declares a non-empty type and the caller supplied no
+    /// value for it. Deliberately fatal — see [`crate::encode`].
+    MissingExtension(String),
+    /// The runtime declares no such storage entry, or not in that shape.
+    NoStorageEntry(String),
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for CodecError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Malformed => write!(f, "metadata did not decode"),
+            Self::UnsupportedVersion(v) => write!(f, "unsupported metadata version {v}"),
+            Self::NoExtrinsicTypes => write!(f, "runtime describes no extrinsic type"),
+            Self::NoSuchCall(s) => write!(f, "no such call: {s}"),
+            Self::Decode(s) => write!(f, "decoding against the registry failed: {s}"),
+            Self::Encode(s) => write!(f, "encoding against the registry failed: {s}"),
+            Self::NoStorageEntry(s) => write!(f, "no such storage entry: {s}"),
+            Self::MissingExtension(s) => write!(
+                f,
+                "signed extension {s} declares a non-empty type and no value was supplied"
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The four type parameters of the extrinsic envelope.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ExtrinsicTypes {
+    pub address: u32,
+    pub signature: u32,
+    pub extra: u32,
+    pub call: u32,
+}
+
+/// One signed extension, as the runtime declares it.
+///
+/// `ty` is what it contributes to the extrinsic; `additional` is what it
+/// contributes to the signed payload but *not* to the extrinsic. Both are read
+/// from the metadata, in the order the runtime applies them, because that order
+/// is the payload's byte order.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ExtensionDef {
+    pub identifier: String,
+    pub ty: u32,
+    pub additional: u32,
+}
+
+/// A runtime, as described by its own metadata.
+pub struct Runtime {
+    pub(crate) metadata: RuntimeMetadataV14,
+    pub(crate) extrinsic: ExtrinsicTypes,
+    pub(crate) extensions: Vec<ExtensionDef>,
+    /// Call type id per pallet name, so `encode_call` need not walk the pallet
+    /// list for every argument.
+    pub(crate) calls: BTreeMap<String, u32>,
+    /// Registry types that are account ids.
+    ///
+    /// Found by their **path**, not their length: a block hash is also 32 bytes,
+    /// and rendering one as an address would be a lie. Held so that decoding can
+    /// turn them into something a person can check against what they expected to
+    /// see, rather than 32 bytes of hex nobody reads.
+    pub(crate) account_tys: BTreeSet<u32>,
+    /// The SS58 prefix to render account ids at, when one has been set.
+    pub(crate) ss58_format: Option<u16>,
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// Parse metadata exactly as `state_getMetadata` returns it.
+    ///
+    /// That RPC takes a block hash and makes the node run `Metadata_metadata`
+    /// against the runtime code in *that block's* state, so what arrives here is
+    /// the runtime WASM describing itself, executed by the node. It is the only
+    /// oracle on this chain that cannot go stale.
+    pub fn from_metadata(raw: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, CodecError> {
+        let prefixed =
+            RuntimeMetadataPrefixed::decode(&mut &raw[..]).map_err(|_| CodecError::Malformed)?;
+        let metadata = match prefixed.1 {
+            RuntimeMetadata::V14(v) => v,
+            other => return Err(CodecError::UnsupportedVersion(version_of(&other))),
+        };
+
+        // The envelope's four parameters, by the names `UncheckedExtrinsic`
+        // gives them. Read from the registry rather than assumed, which is the
+        // whole point: `Signature` here is
+        // `qp_dilithium_crypto::types::DilithiumSignatureScheme`, and no decoder
+        // written against vanilla Substrate would guess that.
+        let extrinsic = metadata
+            .types
+            .resolve(metadata.extrinsic.ty.id)
+            .and_then(|e| {
+                let param = |name: &str| {
+                    e.type_params
+                        .iter()
+                        .find(|p| p.name == name)
+                        .and_then(|p| p.ty)
+                        .map(|t| t.id)
+                };
+                Some(ExtrinsicTypes {
+                    address: param("Address")?,
+                    signature: param("Signature")?,
+                    extra: param("Extra")?,
+                    call: param("Call")?,
+                })
+            })
+            .ok_or(CodecError::NoExtrinsicTypes)?;
+
+        let extensions = metadata
+            .extrinsic
+            .signed_extensions
+            .iter()
+            .map(|e| ExtensionDef {
+                identifier: e.identifier.to_string(),
+                ty: e.ty.id,
+                additional: e.additional_signed.id,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let calls = metadata
+            .pallets
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|p| p.calls.as_ref().map(|c| (p.name.to_string(), c.ty.id)))
+            .collect();
+
+        let account_tys = metadata
+            .types
+            .types
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|t| {
+                t.ty.path
+                    .segments
+                    .last()
+                    .is_some_and(|s| s == "AccountId32")
+            })
+            .map(|t| t.id)
+            .collect();
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            account_tys,
+            calls,
+            extensions,
+            extrinsic,
+            metadata,
+            ss58_format: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Render account ids as SS58 at this prefix when decoding.
+    ///
+    /// Off until set, because the prefix is a property of the chain a caller is
+    /// talking to rather than of the metadata, and guessing it would put a
+    /// plausible, wrong address in front of somebody about to approve a transfer.
+    pub fn set_ss58_format(&mut self, prefix: u16) {
+        self.ss58_format = Some(prefix);
+    }
+
+    /// The extrinsic format version the metadata declares.
+    ///
+    /// Not to be confused with the preamble byte of any particular extrinsic —
+    /// see [`crate::decode::decode_extrinsic`], which is where that distinction
+    /// has teeth.
+    pub fn extrinsic_version(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.metadata.extrinsic.version
+    }
+
+    /// The signed extensions, in the order the runtime applies them.
+    pub fn extensions(&self) -> &[ExtensionDef] {
+        &self.extensions
+    }
+
+    pub fn extrinsic_types(&self) -> ExtrinsicTypes {
+        self.extrinsic
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn types(&self) -> &scale_info::PortableRegistry {
+        &self.metadata.types
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a registry type encodes to nothing at all.
+    ///
+    /// The question [`crate::encode`] asks of every signed extension: a
+    /// zero-sized one contributes no bytes and needs no value from the caller,
+    /// and anything else does. Answering it from the registry rather than from a
+    /// list of known extension names is the difference between this crate and
+    /// the thing it replaces.
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty_ty(&self, id: u32) -> bool {
+        match self.metadata.types.resolve(id).map(|t| &t.type_def) {
+            // The unit type, and a tuple of nothing, are the same thing here.
+            Some(scale_info::TypeDef::Tuple(t)) => {
+                t.fields.iter().all(|f| self.is_empty_ty(f.id))
+            }
+            Some(scale_info::TypeDef::Composite(c)) => {
+                c.fields.iter().all(|f| self.is_empty_ty(f.ty.id))
+            }
+            Some(scale_info::TypeDef::Array(a)) => {
+                a.len == 0 || self.is_empty_ty(a.type_param.id)
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn version_of(md: &RuntimeMetadata) -> u8 {
+    match md {
+        RuntimeMetadata::V14(_) => 14,
+        RuntimeMetadata::V15(_) => 15,
+        _ => 0,
+    }
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// [`Runtime::is_empty_ty`], for the bindings module.
+    pub fn is_empty_ty_pub(&self, id: u32) -> bool {
+        self.is_empty_ty(id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// [`Runtime::types`], for tests.
+    pub fn types_pub(&self) -> &scale_info::PortableRegistry {
+        self.types()
+    }
+
+    /// [`Runtime::json_to_value`], for tests.
+    pub fn json_to_value_pub(
+        &self,
+        json: &serde_json::Value,
+        ty: u32,
+    ) -> Result<scale_value::Value<()>, CodecError> {
+        self.json_to_value(json, ty)
+    }
+}

packages/quantus-codec/src/rs/ss58.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! SS58, so a decoded call names an address a person can recognise.
+//!
+//! An account id is 32 bytes. Printed as hex it is a correct description of the
+//! value and useless to somebody being asked to check who they are paying —
+//! which is the only moment in a wallet where reading the recipient matters.
+
+use alloc::string::String;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use blake2::digest::consts::U64;
+use blake2::{Blake2b, Digest};
+
+/// The domain separator Substrate hashes into every SS58 checksum.
+const PREFIX: &[u8] = b"SS58PRE";
+
+/// Encode an account id at a network prefix.
+///
+/// Prefixes below 64 are one byte; the rest are two, with the low six bits of
+/// the first byte and the high two bits arranged as Substrate specifies. Quantus
+/// is 189, so it takes the two-byte form — getting that wrong yields an address
+/// that looks right and belongs to nobody.
+pub fn encode(prefix: u16, account: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut body = match prefix {
+        0..=63 => alloc::vec![prefix as u8],
+        64..=16_383 => {
+            let low = ((prefix & 0b0000_0000_1111_1100) as u8) >> 2;
+            let high = (((prefix >> 8) as u8) | ((prefix & 0b0000_0000_0000_0011) as u8) << 6) as u8;
+
+            alloc::vec![low | 0b0100_0000, high]
+        }
+        // Reserved by the specification; nothing should ask for one.
+        _ => alloc::vec![0b0100_0000, 0],
+    };
+
+    body.extend_from_slice(account);
+
+    let mut hasher = Blake2b::<U64>::new();
+
+    hasher.update(PREFIX);
+    hasher.update(&body);
+
+    let checksum = hasher.finalize();
+    let mut out: Vec<u8> = body;
+
+    out.extend_from_slice(&checksum[..2]);
+
+    bs58::encode(out).into_string()
+}

packages/quantus-codec/src/rs/storage.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Addressing chain state, using the runtime's own description of where it lives.
+//!
+//! A storage key is `twox128(pallet) ‖ twox128(item)`, then each map key hashed
+//! by the hasher the entry declares. None of those choices are known here:
+//! the pallet prefix, the item name, the hashers, the key type and the value
+//! type all come out of the metadata, so a runtime upgrade that re-hashes a map
+//! or changes a value's shape is followed rather than mis-read.
+
+use alloc::format;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use frame_metadata::v14::{StorageEntryType, StorageHasher};
+
+use crate::runtime::{CodecError, Runtime};
+
+/// Where a storage value lives and what it decodes as.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct StorageTarget {
+    /// The full key, ready for `state_getStorage`.
+    pub key: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The registry type its value decodes as.
+    pub value_ty: u32,
+    /// What the chain means when it returns nothing.
+    ///
+    /// `Some(bytes)` for a `Default` entry — an unfunded account reads as a zero
+    /// balance, not as an error. `None` for an `Optional` entry, where nothing
+    /// means nothing. Conflating the two is how a wallet reports "failed to load"
+    /// for an account that simply has no money in it.
+    pub default: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// Resolve a storage entry, hashing any map keys as the runtime declares.
+    ///
+    /// `keys` are JSON, interpreted against the key types the metadata gives —
+    /// so an `AccountId32` is the hex string its inner array accepts, and a
+    /// double map takes two values in the order the entry lists its hashers.
+    pub fn storage_target(
+        &self,
+        pallet: &str,
+        item: &str,
+        keys: &[serde_json::Value],
+    ) -> Result<StorageTarget, CodecError> {
+        let entry = self
+            .metadata
+            .pallets
+            .iter()
+            .find(|p| p.name == pallet)
+            .and_then(|p| p.storage.as_ref())
+            .and_then(|s| s.entries.iter().find(|e| e.name == item))
+            .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::NoStorageEntry(format!("{pallet}::{item}")))?;
+
+        let prefix = self
+            .metadata
+            .pallets
+            .iter()
+            .find(|p| p.name == pallet)
+            .and_then(|p| p.storage.as_ref())
+            .map(|s| s.prefix.clone())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| pallet.to_string());
+
+        let mut key = twox_128(prefix.as_bytes()).to_vec();
+
+        key.extend_from_slice(&twox_128(item.as_bytes()));
+
+        let value_ty = match &entry.ty {
+            StorageEntryType::Plain(ty) => {
+                if !keys.is_empty() {
+                    return Err(CodecError::NoStorageEntry(format!(
+                        "{pallet}::{item} takes no keys"
+                    )));
+                }
+
+                ty.id
+            }
+            StorageEntryType::Map {
+                hashers,
+                key: key_ty,
+                value,
+            } => {
+                if hashers.len() != keys.len() {
+                    return Err(CodecError::NoStorageEntry(format!(
+                        "{pallet}::{item} takes {} key(s), {} given",
+                        hashers.len(),
+                        keys.len()
+                    )));
+                }
+
+                // One hasher means the declared key type *is* the key. More than
+                // one means it is a tuple, one element per hasher, and the
+                // elements are hashed separately rather than as a unit.
+                let key_tys: Vec<u32> = if hashers.len() == 1 {
+                    alloc::vec![key_ty.id]
+                } else {
+                    match self.types().resolve(key_ty.id).map(|t| &t.type_def) {
+                        Some(scale_info::TypeDef::Tuple(t)) => {
+                            t.fields.iter().map(|f| f.id).collect()
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            return Err(CodecError::NoStorageEntry(format!(
+                                "{pallet}::{item} has {} hashers and a non-tuple key",
+                                hashers.len()
+                            )))
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                for ((supplied, ty), hasher) in keys.iter().zip(key_tys).zip(hashers.iter()) {
+                    let value = self.json_to_value(supplied, ty)?;
+                    let mut encoded = Vec::new();
+
+                    scale_value::scale::encode_as_type(&value, ty, self.types(), &mut encoded)
+                        .map_err(|e| CodecError::Encode(format!("{pallet}::{item} key: {e}")))?;
+
+                    key.extend_from_slice(&hash_key(hasher, &encoded));
+                }
+
+                value.id
+            }
+        };
+
+        let default = match &entry.modifier {
+            frame_metadata::v14::StorageEntryModifier::Default => Some(entry.default.clone()),
+            frame_metadata::v14::StorageEntryModifier::Optional => None,
+        };
+
+        Ok(StorageTarget {
+            default,
+            key,
+            value_ty,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Decode a storage value against the type its entry declares.
+    ///
+    /// `bytes` is what `state_getStorage` returned, or the entry's default when
+    /// it returned nothing.
+    pub fn decode_storage_value(
+        &self,
+        value_ty: u32,
+        bytes: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value, CodecError> {
+        let mut cursor = bytes;
+        let value = self
+            .decode_checked(value_ty, &mut cursor)
+            .map_err(|e| CodecError::Decode(e))?;
+
+        if !cursor.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CodecError::Decode(format!(
+                "{} trailing bytes after storage value",
+                cursor.len()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        Ok(self.render(&value))
+    }
+}
+
+/// `twox128`, as Substrate uses it for pallet and item prefixes.
+fn twox_128(input: &[u8]) -> [u8; 16] {
+    use twox_hash::XxHash64;
+
+    let mut out = [0u8; 16];
+
+    out[..8].copy_from_slice(&XxHash64::oneshot(0, input).to_le_bytes());
+    out[8..].copy_from_slice(&XxHash64::oneshot(1, input).to_le_bytes());
+
+    out
+}
+
+/// Hash one map key the way its entry declares.
+///
+/// The `Concat` variants keep the key after its hash, which is what makes a map
+/// enumerable. The plain variants do not.
+fn hash_key(hasher: &StorageHasher, encoded: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    use blake2::digest::consts::{U16, U32};
+    use blake2::{Blake2b, Digest};
+    use twox_hash::XxHash64;
+
+    match hasher {
+        StorageHasher::Blake2_128 => Blake2b::<U16>::digest(encoded).to_vec(),
+        StorageHasher::Blake2_256 => Blake2b::<U32>::digest(encoded).to_vec(),
+        StorageHasher::Blake2_128Concat => {
+            let mut v = Blake2b::<U16>::digest(encoded).to_vec();
+
+            v.extend_from_slice(encoded);
+            v
+        }
+        StorageHasher::Twox128 => twox_128(encoded).to_vec(),
+        StorageHasher::Twox256 => {
+            let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(32);
+
+            for seed in 0..4u64 {
+                v.extend_from_slice(&XxHash64::oneshot(seed, encoded).to_le_bytes());
+            }
+
+            v
+        }
+        StorageHasher::Twox64Concat => {
+            let mut v = XxHash64::oneshot(0, encoded).to_le_bytes().to_vec();
+
+            v.extend_from_slice(encoded);
+            v
+        }
+        StorageHasher::Identity => encoded.to_vec(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Hex, for the JSON boundary.
+pub(crate) fn hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut s = String::with_capacity(2 + bytes.len() * 2);
+
+    s.push_str("0x");
+
+    for b in bytes {
+        s.push(char::from_digit((b >> 4) as u32, 16).expect("nibble"));
+        s.push(char::from_digit((b & 0x0f) as u32, 16).expect("nibble"));
+    }
+
+    s
+}

packages/quantus-codec/src/rs/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/codec authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Tested against metadata captured from the chain, not against a fixture this
+//! crate wrote. The point of the package is agreeing with a runtime; a test that
+//! agrees with itself proves nothing.
+
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use crate::encode::{ExtensionValue, Supplied};
+use crate::runtime::Runtime;
+
+/// Heisenberg at spec 148, `transactionVersion` 6 — the runtime quantus/extension#7
+/// tier 1 submits to.
+const HEISENBERG_V148: &str = include_str!("../../tests/heisenberg-v148.metadata.hex");
+
+fn unhex(s: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    let s = s.strip_prefix("0x").unwrap_or(s);
+
+    (0..s.len() / 2)
+        .map(|i| u8::from_str_radix(&s[i * 2..i * 2 + 2], 16).expect("fixture is hex"))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn heisenberg() -> Runtime {
+    Runtime::from_metadata(&unhex(HEISENBERG_V148)).expect("fixture is v14 metadata")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn metadata_loads_and_describes_its_extrinsic() {
+    let rt = heisenberg();
+
+    assert_eq!(rt.extrinsic_version(), 4);
+}
+
+/// The listing that `@polkadot/api` cannot produce, and the reason this crate
+/// exists. Two of these extensions are Quantus-only and polkadot-js writes zero
+/// bytes for both halves of them by assumption; here the answer comes from the
+/// registry.
+#[test]
+fn every_signed_extension_is_read_from_the_registry() {
+    let rt = heisenberg();
+    let names: Vec<&str> = rt
+        .extensions()
+        .iter()
+        .map(|e| e.identifier.as_str())
+        .collect();
+
+    for e in rt.extensions() {
+        println!(
+            "{:<40} extra={:<5} additional={}",
+            e.identifier,
+            !rt.is_empty_ty_pub(e.ty),
+            !rt.is_empty_ty_pub(e.additional)
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Not an exhaustive list on purpose — asserting the whole tuple would make
+    // this test a second copy of the runtime, which is the mistake the crate is
+    // here to avoid. These two are asserted because they are the ones no
+    // Substrate-shaped decoder knows about.
+    assert!(names.contains(&"ReversibleTransactionExtension"));
+    assert!(names.contains(&"WormholeProofRecorderExtension"));
+}
+
+/// The guarantee in [`Runtime::encode_extensions`]: a declared, non-empty
+/// extension with no supplied value refuses to produce a payload.
+#[test]
+fn a_missing_extension_value_is_an_error_not_a_short_payload() {
+    let rt = heisenberg();
+    let empty: BTreeMap<String, ExtensionValue> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    let err = rt
+        .encode_extensions(&empty)
+        .expect_err("CheckSpecVersion declares a u32 additional; nothing supplied it");
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("no value was supplied"),
+        "unexpected error: {err}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// A `MultiAddress::Id` is a variant carrying a newtype around `[u8; 32]`, and
+/// the caller should be able to say so with a hex string and a variant name
+/// without knowing about either wrapper.
+#[test]
+fn an_account_id_encodes_from_its_hex() {
+    let rt = heisenberg();
+    let tys = rt.extrinsic_types();
+    let id = "0x".to_string() + &"11".repeat(32);
+    let json = serde_json::json!({ "Id": id });
+
+    let value = rt
+        .json_to_value_pub(&json, tys.address)
+        .expect("MultiAddress::Id from hex");
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+    scale_value::scale::encode_as_type(&value, tys.address, rt.types_pub(), &mut out)
+        .expect("encodes");
+
+    // Variant index 0 for `Id`, then 32 raw bytes with no length prefix.
+    assert_eq!(out.len(), 33);
+    assert_eq!(out[0], 0);
+    assert_eq!(&out[1..], &[0x11u8; 32]);
+}
+
+/// Pre-encoded bytes are accepted — a dapp encodes its own `era`, and nothing
+/// here knows the era algorithm — but they are round-tripped against the
+/// runtime's declared type rather than trusted.
+#[test]
+fn raw_extension_bytes_are_validated_not_trusted() {
+    let rt = heisenberg();
+    let mut values: BTreeMap<String, ExtensionValue> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    let fill = |values: &mut BTreeMap<String, ExtensionValue>, era: Supplied| {
+        values.insert(
+            "CheckMortality".to_string(),
+            ExtensionValue {
+                additional: Some(Supplied::Json(serde_json::json!(
+                    "0x".to_string() + &"aa".repeat(32)
+                ))),
+                extra: Some(era),
+            },
+        );
+        values.insert(
+            "CheckNonce".to_string(),
+            ExtensionValue {
+                additional: None,
+                extra: Some(Supplied::Json(serde_json::json!(1))),
+            },
+        );
+        values.insert(
+            "ChargeTransactionPayment".to_string(),
+            ExtensionValue {
+                additional: None,
+                extra: Some(Supplied::Json(serde_json::json!(0))),
+            },
+        );
+        values.insert(
+            "CheckMetadataHash".to_string(),
+            ExtensionValue {
+                additional: Some(Supplied::Json(serde_json::json!("None"))),
+                extra: Some(Supplied::Json(serde_json::json!("Disabled"))),
+            },
+        );
+        for (id, v) in [
+            ("CheckSpecVersion", 148),
+            ("CheckTxVersion", 6),
+        ] {
+            values.insert(
+                id.to_string(),
+                ExtensionValue {
+                    additional: Some(Supplied::Json(serde_json::json!(v))),
+                    extra: None,
+                },
+            );
+        }
+        values.insert(
+            "CheckGenesis".to_string(),
+            ExtensionValue {
+                additional: Some(Supplied::Json(serde_json::json!(
+                    "0x".to_string() + &"bb".repeat(32)
+                ))),
+                extra: None,
+            },
+        );
+    };
+
+    // `0x00` is Era::Immortal, and it round-trips.
+    fill(&mut values, Supplied::Raw(alloc::vec![0x00]));
+
+    let encoded = rt.encode_extensions(&values).expect("immortal era encodes");
+
+    assert_eq!(encoded.extra[0], 0x00);
+
+    // Two bytes where the type says one is a disagreement about the format. A
+    // signer that appended them would produce a signature the chain rejects as
+    // BadProof, with nothing locally to say why.
+    fill(&mut values, Supplied::Raw(alloc::vec![0x00, 0x00]));
+
+    let err = rt
+        .encode_extensions(&values)
+        .expect_err("trailing byte is refused");
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("trailing"),
+        "unexpected error: {err}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// A call nested inside another call — `Utility.batch_all` carries a
+/// `Vec<RuntimeCall>`, so each element is a call spelled exactly as a top-level
+/// one. Anything less than that and batching has to be written positionally,
+/// which is unreadable and silently order-dependent.
+#[test]
+fn a_call_nests_inside_another_call() {
+    let rt = heisenberg();
+    let dest = "0x".to_string() + &"22".repeat(32);
+    let one = serde_json::json!({
+        "Balances": { "transfer_keep_alive": { "dest": { "Id": dest }, "value": "1000000000" } }
+    });
+
+    let encoded = rt
+        .encode_call(
+            "Utility",
+            "batch_all",
+            &serde_json::json!({ "calls": [one.clone(), one] }),
+        )
+        .expect("batch_all of two transfers encodes");
+
+    // Over 256 bytes, which is where Substrate's signing rule switches to
+    // BLAKE2b — the branch quantus/extension#7 wants exercised.
+    assert!(encoded.len() > 80, "unexpectedly short: {}", encoded.len());
+
+    let decoded = rt.decode_call(&encoded).expect("and decodes again");
+    let calls = decoded["Utility"]["batch_all"]["calls"]
+        .as_array()
+        .expect("calls is a list");
+
+    assert_eq!(calls.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        calls[0]["Balances"]["transfer_keep_alive"]["value"],
+        serde_json::json!("1000000000")
+    );
+}
+
+/// `System::Account` is the entry every wallet needs first, and it is a map with
+/// a `Blake2_128Concat` hasher over an `AccountId32`. Nothing here says so — the
+/// hasher and both types come out of the metadata.
+#[test]
+fn a_storage_key_is_built_from_the_declared_hasher() {
+    let rt = heisenberg();
+    let who = "0x".to_string() + &"11".repeat(32);
+
+    let target = rt
+        .storage_target("System", "Account", &[serde_json::json!(who)])
+        .expect("System::Account is a map over AccountId32");
+
+    // twox128(prefix) ++ twox128(item) ++ blake2_128(key) ++ key
+    assert_eq!(target.key.len(), 16 + 16 + 16 + 32);
+    assert_eq!(&target.key[48..], &[0x11u8; 32]);
+
+    // AccountInfo is a `Default` entry: an account nobody has ever funded reads
+    // as a zero balance, not as a missing value. A wallet that treated the two
+    // alike would report a failure for an empty account.
+    let default = target.default.expect("AccountInfo is a Default entry");
+    let decoded = rt
+        .decode_storage_value(target.value_ty, &default)
+        .expect("the declared default decodes as the declared type");
+
+    // Every integer renders as a decimal string, whatever its width — see
+    // `decode::render` for why the width is not available to switch on.
+    assert_eq!(decoded["nonce"], serde_json::json!("0"));
+    assert_eq!(decoded["data"]["free"], serde_json::json!("0"));
+}
+
+/// The number of keys is the runtime's to state, not the caller's to assume.
+#[test]
+fn a_storage_entry_refuses_the_wrong_number_of_keys() {
+    let rt = heisenberg();
+
+    assert!(rt.storage_target("System", "Account", &[]).is_err());
+    assert!(rt.storage_target("System", "Number", &[serde_json::json!(1)]).is_err());
+    assert!(rt.storage_target("System", "NoSuchThing", &[]).is_err());
+}
+
+/// The recipient of a transfer must render as an address somebody can check
+/// against what they meant to type. 32 bytes of hex is a correct description of
+/// the value and the one thing nobody reads.
+///
+/// The vector is crystal_bob on Heisenberg, taken from the chain rather than
+/// computed here.
+#[test]
+fn an_account_id_in_a_call_renders_as_ss58() {
+    let mut rt = heisenberg();
+    let bob_id = "0x300bb607ba60e89461d2f9005668231ceb30237b33db53a614164b8590965519";
+    const BOB: &str = "qzkYEQv8tQsmniZYdame3Cku18RL5g9bGK9Pdydq5TMPdpE3y";
+
+    let call = rt
+        .encode_call(
+            "Balances",
+            "transfer_keep_alive",
+            &serde_json::json!({ "dest": { "Id": bob_id }, "value": "1000000000" }),
+        )
+        .expect("a transfer to bob");
+
+    // Until a prefix is set, hex. The prefix belongs to the chain a caller is
+    // talking to, not to the metadata, and a guessed one puts a plausible wrong
+    // address in front of somebody about to approve a transfer.
+    let raw = rt.decode_call(&call).expect("decodes");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        raw["Balances"]["transfer_keep_alive"]["dest"]["Id"],
+        serde_json::json!(bob_id)
+    );
+
+    rt.set_ss58_format(189);
+
+    let decoded = rt.decode_call(&call).expect("decodes again");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        decoded["Balances"]["transfer_keep_alive"]["dest"]["Id"],
+        serde_json::json!(BOB)
+    );
+}
+
+/// Found by registry path, not by length. A block hash is 32 bytes too, and
+/// rendering one as an address would be a lie a reader cannot catch.
+#[test]
+fn a_32_byte_value_that_is_not_an_account_stays_hex() {
+    let mut rt = heisenberg();
+
+    rt.set_ss58_format(189);
+
+    let target = rt
+        .storage_target("System", "BlockHash", &[serde_json::json!(0)])
+        .expect("System::BlockHash is a map over block number");
+    let hash = [0x11u8; 32];
+    let decoded = rt
+        .decode_storage_value(target.value_ty, &hash)
+        .expect("a block hash decodes");
+
+    assert_eq!(decoded, serde_json::json!("0x".to_string() + &"11".repeat(32)));
+}

packages/quantus-codec/tsconfig.build.json

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "baseUrl": "..",
+    "composite": false,
+    "declaration": true,
+    "outDir": "./build",
+    "rootDir": "./src",
+    "emitDeclarationOnly": false
+  },
+  "exclude": [
+    "**/*.spec.ts"
+  ],
+  "include": [
+    "src/**/*.ts"
+  ],
+  "references": []
+}

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+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
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+ "zeroize_derive",
+]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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packages/quantus-crypto/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Quantus post-quantum crypto, compiled to WASM for the browser.
+#
+# Deliberately a separate crate from `wasm-crypto` rather than more files inside
+# it: that package is built with `nightly-2022-06-24` (see scripts/rust-version.sh)
+# against a 2019-era dependency set, and the ML-DSA crates use inline `const {}`
+# blocks that need Rust >= 1.79. The two cannot share a Cargo graph, and bumping
+# the older one would mean rewriting upstream's sr25519/ed25519 build — which is
+# the thing we most want to leave alone so rebases stay boring. See quantus/wasm#1.
+
+[package]
+authors = ["Quantus Network Developers <hello@quantus.com>"]
+description = "WASM bindings to the Quantus chain's post-quantum crypto crates."
+edition = "2021"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+name = "quantus_crypto"
+publish = false
+repository = "https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm"
+resolver = "2"
+version = "0.0.0"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+# The crates the runtime itself uses. Versions match quantus-apps/quantus_sdk's
+# rust bridge, which is the other non-Rust consumer of exactly this surface.
+qp-poseidon-core = "3.1.0"
+qp-rusty-crystals-dilithium = { version = "4.1.1", default-features = false, features = ["ml-dsa-65", "ml-dsa-87"] }
+qp-rusty-crystals-hdwallet = { version = "4.1.1", default-features = false, features = ["ml-dsa-65", "ml-dsa-87"] }
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+# The chain's own nullifier, for known-answer tests only. It pulls in plonky2,
+# which has no place in the shipped WASM: the port in rs/hdwallet.rs has to
+# agree with it, and these tests are how that is shown rather than asserted.
+qp-wormhole-circuit = { version = "=4.3.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+qp-zk-circuits-common = { version = "=4.3.0" }
+
+[profile.release]
+codegen-units = 1
+debug = false
+debug-assertions = false
+incremental = false
+lto = true
+opt-level = "z"
+panic = "abort"
+rpath = false

packages/quantus-crypto/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# @quantus/crypto
+
+Quantus post-quantum crypto for the browser: ML-DSA-65 and ML-DSA-87 signatures,
+Poseidon2-over-Goldilocks account-id hashing, and hardened BIP44 key derivation.
+
+Every function delegates to the crates the Quantus runtime itself uses —
+`qp-rusty-crystals-dilithium`, `qp-poseidon-core`, `qp-rusty-crystals-hdwallet` —
+rather than reimplementing them. A browser wallet that disagreed with the chain
+about a key or a signature would produce perfectly well-formed output that the
+chain rejects, and nothing on this side could tell.
+
+## Why a separate package from `@polkadot/wasm-crypto`
+
+They cannot share a Cargo build. `wasm-crypto` is compiled with
+`nightly-2022-06-24` against a 2019-era dependency set; the ML-DSA crates use
+inline `const {}` blocks that require Rust >= 1.79. Modernising the older build
+would mean rewriting upstream's sr25519/ed25519 crypto, which is the thing most
+worth leaving untouched so rebases onto upstream stay boring.
+
+What *is* shared is the packaging: the WASM is zlib-compressed and base64'd into
+the JS at build time, so nothing is fetched at runtime. That matters because the
+consumer is an MV3 service worker under `script-src 'self' 'wasm-unsafe-eval'`,
+which can compile WASM but cannot usefully fetch it, and because callers like
+`pair.sign()` are synchronous and have no `await` to give.
+
+`@polkadot/wasm-bridge` is deliberately not used: its `Bridge` implements
+wasm-bindgen 0.2.79's JS-heap ABI, while this crate builds with 0.2.128, which
+uses externref tables. wasm-bindgen's own generated glue plus `initSync` is both
+smaller and correct.
+
+The only runtime dependency is `fflate`, for zlib inflate. Base64 decoding is
+fifteen lines here rather than a dependency. Both were originally taken from
+`@polkadot/wasm-util`, which turned out to cost more than it saved: its index
+re-exports `packageDetect`, dragging in a `@polkadot/util` peer dependency for a
+side effect we do not want, and being a workspace package it resolved through its
+*own* repo's node_modules when this package was consumed by symlink from another
+checkout — which is exactly how `quantus/common` consumes it during development.
+
+## Scheme selector
+
+`Scheme.MlDsa87 = 0`, `Scheme.MlDsa65 = 1` — these are the chain's own
+`DilithiumSignatureScheme` variant indices, so the number threaded through this
+API is the byte that ends up on the wire. New accounts use ML-DSA-65; ML-DSA-87
+is legacy and must be supported but never chosen.
+
+## Signing context
+
+ML-DSA hashes a context into the signature. Quantus extrinsics on spec >= 148 are
+verified under `QUANTUS_EXTRINSIC`, earlier specs under the empty context. A
+signature made under the wrong one is cryptographically valid, rejected by the
+chain, and indistinguishable locally — so use `contextForSpec(specVersion)`
+rather than picking one by hand. Nothing here guesses on your behalf.
+
+## Sizes come from the crate
+
+`sizes(scheme)` returns the public/secret/signature lengths rather than exposing
+constants to copy. They are consensus-critical — the runtime decodes a fixed-size
+array with no compact length prefix — and a JS constant that drifted would
+re-frame every byte after the signature while looking entirely healthy.
+
+## Building
+
+```sh
+yarn install-build-deps    # downloads wasm-bindgen 0.2.128 and binaryen
+./scripts/build-quantus.sh
+```
+
+The Rust toolchain is pinned in `rust-toolchain.toml` to the same channel the
+chain builds its runtime with.
+
+## Tests
+
+`cargo test` runs conformance tests whose expected values come from the `quantus`
+CLI, not from this crate — the dev-genesis account ids, HD derivation at both
+schemes' default paths, and context separation. A test that pinned our own output
+would keep passing through exactly the drift they exist to catch.

packages/quantus-crypto/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "author": "Quantus Network Developers <hello@quantus.com>",
+  "bugs": "https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm/issues",
+  "description": "Quantus post-quantum crypto (ML-DSA, Poseidon2, HD derivation) for the browser",
+  "engines": {
+    "node": ">=18"
+  },
+  "homepage": "https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm/src/branch/main/packages/quantus-crypto#readme",
+  "license": "Apache-2.0",
+  "name": "@quantus/crypto",
+  "repository": {
+    "directory": "packages/quantus-crypto",
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "https://git.lair.cafe/quantus/wasm.git"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
+  "type": "module",
+  "version": "0.3.0",
+  "main": "index.js",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "fflate": "^0.8.2",
+    "tslib": "^2.7.0"
+  }
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Matches the chain's toolchain (chain/rust-toolchain), so this crate is built by
+# the same compiler that builds the runtime it has to agree with. Upstream's
+# `wasm-crypto` keeps its own nightly-2022-06-24 pin; the two builds are separate
+# on purpose. See quantus/wasm#1.
+[toolchain]
+channel = "1.93.0"
+targets = ["wasm32-unknown-unknown"]
+profile = "minimal"

packages/quantus-crypto/src/base64.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+const CHARS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+
+// An array indexer rather than a Map: the input is ASCII by construction, so it
+// cannot overflow, and array access is measurably faster on the hot loop.
+const MAP = new Array<number>(256);
+
+for (let i = 0; i < CHARS.length; i++) {
+  MAP[CHARS.charCodeAt(i)] = i;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode base64 into a caller-supplied buffer.
+ *
+ * Deliberately not `atob` or `Buffer.from`: the first is browser-only, the second
+ * node-only, and this runs in an MV3 service worker, a Worker, node tests and a
+ * bundled extension page. The output length is known at build time, so the
+ * caller provides the buffer and there is no growth or reallocation.
+ *
+ * This is a reimplementation of `@polkadot/wasm-util`'s base64Decode, which was
+ * the dependency it replaced. That package's index re-exports `packageDetect`,
+ * dragging in a `@polkadot/util` peer dependency for a side effect we do not
+ * want, and being a workspace package it resolved through its own repo's
+ * node_modules when consumed by symlink from another checkout. Fifteen lines is
+ * cheaper than either problem.
+ */
+export function base64Decode (data: string, out: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+  let byte = 0;
+  let bits = 0;
+  let pos = 0;
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < data.length && pos < out.length; i++) {
+    const value = MAP[data.charCodeAt(i)];
+
+    if (value === undefined) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    byte = (byte << 6) | value;
+    bits += 6;
+
+    if (bits >= 8) {
+      bits -= 8;
+      out[pos++] = (byte >>> bits) & 0xff;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/src/bytes.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+export declare const lenIn: number;
+export declare const lenOut: number;
+export declare const bytes: string;

packages/quantus-crypto/src/bytes.js

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Generated as part of the build, do not edit
+
+export const lenIn = 0;
+
+export const lenOut = 0;
+
+export const bytes = '';

packages/quantus-crypto/src/crypto.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { ext_mldsa_derive, ext_mldsa_from_seed, ext_mldsa_is_scheme, ext_mldsa_sign, ext_mldsa_sizes, ext_mldsa_verify, ext_poseidon_hash, ext_wormhole_addresses, ext_wormhole_nullifiers } from './generated/quantus_crypto.js';
+import { initWasm } from './init.js';
+import { Scheme } from './scheme.js';
+
+export interface Keypair {
+  publicKey: Uint8Array;
+  secretKey: Uint8Array;
+}
+
+export interface Sizes {
+  /** Public key length: 1952 for ML-DSA-65, 2592 for ML-DSA-87. */
+  publicKey: number;
+  /** Secret key length: 4032 / 4896. */
+  secretKey: number;
+  /** Signature length: 3309 / 4627. */
+  signature: number;
+  /** `signature ‖ publicKey`, the runtime's wire form: 5261 / 7219. */
+  signatureWithPublicKey: number;
+}
+
+function ready (): void {
+  const error = initWasm();
+
+  if (error) {
+    throw new Error(`@quantus/crypto: WASM unavailable: ${error}`);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Key and signature sizes for a scheme, read from the crate rather than
+ * hardcoded here.
+ *
+ * These are consensus-critical — the runtime decodes a fixed-size array off the
+ * wire — so a constant that drifted from the crate would re-frame every byte
+ * after the signature while looking entirely healthy. Ask, don't assume.
+ */
+export function sizes (scheme: Scheme): Sizes {
+  ready();
+
+  const raw = new DataView(ext_mldsa_sizes(scheme).buffer);
+
+  return {
+    publicKey: raw.getUint32(0, true),
+    secretKey: raw.getUint32(4, true),
+    signature: raw.getUint32(8, true),
+    signatureWithPublicKey: raw.getUint32(12, true)
+  };
+}
+
+/** Whether this build supports `scheme`. */
+export function isScheme (scheme: number): scheme is Scheme {
+  ready();
+
+  return ext_mldsa_is_scheme(scheme);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The account id for a public key — Poseidon2 over Goldilocks, 32 bytes out.
+ *
+ * This is the step that has no Substrate equivalent. There, an `AccountId32`
+ * *is* the public key; here it is a one-way hash of it, which is why a Quantus
+ * signature has to carry its public key inside itself and why nothing can
+ * recover a key from an address.
+ */
+export function accountFromPublicKey (publicKey: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+  ready();
+
+  return ext_poseidon_hash(publicKey);
+}
+
+/** A keypair from 32 bytes of entropy — FIPS 204 `ML-DSA.KeyGen_internal`. */
+export function keypairFromSeed (seed: Uint8Array, scheme: Scheme): Keypair {
+  ready();
+
+  return split(ext_mldsa_from_seed(seed, scheme), scheme);
+}
+
+/**
+ * A keypair from a BIP39 mnemonic at a hardened Quantus derivation path.
+ *
+ * `path` must be hardened at every level — lattice keys have no public
+ * derivability, so there is no soft-junction equivalent and one is rejected
+ * rather than reinterpreted.
+ */
+export function keypairFromMnemonic (mnemonic: string, password: string, path: string, scheme: Scheme): Keypair {
+  ready();
+
+  return split(ext_mldsa_derive(mnemonic, password, path, scheme), scheme);
+}
+
+/** Which wormhole branch: where deposits arrive, or where a send returns its change. */
+export enum WormholeBranch {
+  Receive = 0,
+  Change = 1
+}
+
+/**
+ * Consecutive wormhole addresses for one account and branch, as 32-byte account
+ * ids.
+ *
+ * Paths are `m/44'/189189189'/<account>'/<branch>'/<index>'`, the mobile
+ * wallet's. A wormhole address has no key: it is a double Poseidon hash of a
+ * secret the path yields, and funds leave it only through a ZK proof of that
+ * secret. Only the addresses cross into JavaScript; the secrets are derived and
+ * wiped inside WASM.
+ *
+ * The recovery phrase is stretched once per call, so ask for a window of
+ * addresses at once rather than looping over single ones. At most 1000 per call.
+ */
+export function wormholeAddresses (mnemonic: string, password: string, account: number, branch: WormholeBranch, start: number, count: number): Uint8Array[] {
+  ready();
+
+  const flat = ext_wormhole_addresses(mnemonic, password, account, branch, start, count);
+  const out: Uint8Array[] = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    out.push(flat.slice(i * 32, (i + 1) * 32));
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Nullifiers for a run of wormhole addresses, one per deposit transfer count.
+ *
+ * A deposit to a wormhole address is spent when its nullifier is in
+ * `Wormhole::UsedNullifiers`. For each address `start..start + addresses` on
+ * `branch` of `account`, this returns the nullifiers for transfer counts
+ * `first..first + count`: `result[a][c]` belongs to address `start + a` and
+ * transfer count `first + c`.
+ *
+ * Check them locally, against a copy of the whole spent set. Never look one up
+ * by key or send it to a service: exits publish their nullifiers, so whoever
+ * sees yours can name your exits. At most 100,000 per call; the recovery phrase
+ * is stretched once per call.
+ */
+export function wormholeNullifiers (mnemonic: string, password: string, account: number, branch: WormholeBranch, start: number, addresses: number, first: number, count: number): Uint8Array[][] {
+  ready();
+
+  const flat = ext_wormhole_nullifiers(mnemonic, password, account, branch, start, addresses, BigInt(first), count);
+  const out: Uint8Array[][] = [];
+
+  for (let a = 0; a < addresses; a++) {
+    const row: Uint8Array[] = [];
+
+    for (let c = 0; c < count; c++) {
+      const at = (a * count + c) * 32;
+
+      row.push(flat.slice(at, at + 32));
+    }
+
+    out.push(row);
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sign under a FIPS 204 context.
+ *
+ * `context` is not optional in spirit: extrinsics on spec >= 148 verify under
+ * `QUANTUS_EXTRINSIC` and earlier ones under the empty context, and the wrong
+ * choice yields a valid signature that the chain rejects with nothing locally
+ * able to tell. Use `contextForSpec` rather than picking one by hand.
+ *
+ * Returns the bare signature. The runtime's wire form is `signature ‖ publicKey`
+ * — see {@link signatureWithPublicKey} — but only the caller knows which it
+ * wants.
+ */
+export function sign (message: Uint8Array, { publicKey, secretKey }: Keypair, context: Uint8Array, scheme: Scheme): Uint8Array {
+  ready();
+
+  return ext_mldsa_sign(secretKey, publicKey, message, context, scheme);
+}
+
+/** Verify a bare signature under a context. */
+export function verify (message: Uint8Array, signature: Uint8Array, publicKey: Uint8Array, context: Uint8Array, scheme: Scheme): boolean {
+  ready();
+
+  return ext_mldsa_verify(publicKey, message, signature, context, scheme);
+}
+
+/**
+ * `signature ‖ publicKey` — what a signed extrinsic actually carries.
+ *
+ * The runtime encodes this as a fixed-size array with **no compact length
+ * prefix**, preceded by the scheme's enum variant byte. Getting that framing
+ * wrong re-frames every byte after it into something that still decodes.
+ */
+export function signatureWithPublicKey (signature: Uint8Array, publicKey: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+  const out = new Uint8Array(signature.length + publicKey.length);
+
+  out.set(signature);
+  out.set(publicKey, signature.length);
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** The crate returns `secretKey ‖ publicKey`, matching `ext_ed_from_seed`. */
+function split (pair: Uint8Array, scheme: Scheme): Keypair {
+  const { secretKey } = sizes(scheme);
+
+  return {
+    publicKey: pair.subarray(secretKey),
+    secretKey: pair.subarray(0, secretKey)
+  };
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/src/generated/quantus_crypto.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+/* tslint:disable */
+/* eslint-disable */
+
+/**
+ * Derive a keypair from a BIP39 mnemonic at a hardened derivation path.
+ *
+ * Lattice keys have no public derivability, so there is no soft-junction
+ * equivalent and the crate rejects any unhardened path outright. The Quantus
+ * convention is:
+ *
+ * ```text
+ * m/44'/189189'/<account>'/0'/<0 for ML-DSA-87 | 1 for ML-DSA-65>'
+ * ```
+ *
+ * with the account index at the third level and the *scheme* carried in the
+ * trailing index. That is unusual, and it is what `quantus-cli` and the mobile
+ * wallet already use — deriving anything else produces addresses no other
+ * Quantus tool can find.
+ *
+ * The seeding matters as much as the path. This goes mnemonic → 64-byte BIP39
+ * seed → HMAC-SHA512 chain keyed with the literal string `"Dilithium seed"`.
+ * Substrate's own `mnemonicToMiniSecret` is a *different* derivation and is the
+ * default reach in the polkadot-js codebase; using it here would yield a
+ * well-formed key for an account nobody owns.
+ *
+ * * mnemonic: BIP39 phrase, 12/15/18/21/24 words
+ * * password: BIP39 passphrase; empty string for none
+ * * path: hardened derivation path, e.g. `m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1'`
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ *
+ * * returned vector is the secret key followed by the public key, as
+ *   `ext_mldsa_from_seed` returns.
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_derive(mnemonic: string, password: string, path: string, scheme: number): Uint8Array;
+
+/**
+ * Generate a keypair from 32 bytes of entropy.
+ *
+ * This is FIPS 204 `ML-DSA.KeyGen_internal` with no Quantus-specific step: the
+ * crate expands the seed as `SHAKE256(seed ‖ k ‖ ℓ)`, so the parameter set is
+ * absorbed into the expansion and the same 32 bytes yield independent keys per
+ * scheme. That is why the dev accounts (`[0u8; 32]`, `[1u8; 32]`, `[2u8; 32]`)
+ * and HD-derived accounts can share this one entry point.
+ *
+ * * seed: UIntArray with 32 elements
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ *
+ * * returned vector is the secret key followed by the public key, matching the
+ *   ordering `ext_ed_from_seed` uses. Split it at the secret length from
+ *   `ext_mldsa_sizes`.
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_from_seed(seed: Uint8Array, scheme: number): Uint8Array;
+
+/**
+ * Whether `scheme` names a parameter set this build supports.
+ *
+ * `dispatch!` falls back to ML-DSA-87 for anything unrecognised, which is the
+ * right default but a poor way to discover a typo. Callers that accept a scheme
+ * from storage or from a user should check here first.
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_is_scheme(scheme: number): boolean;
+
+/**
+ * Sign a message under a FIPS 204 context.
+ *
+ * Signing is deterministic — no hedging randomness — because that is what the
+ * runtime does (`hedge: None`), and a wallet that hedged would produce a
+ * different signature each time for the same input, which makes the
+ * byte-for-byte agreement tests in quantus/wasm#2 impossible to write.
+ *
+ * `ctx` is domain separation and it is **not** optional in practice: extrinsics
+ * on spec >= 148 are verified under `QUANTUS_EXTRINSIC`, earlier specs under the
+ * empty context, and a signature made under the wrong one is valid, rejected by
+ * the chain, and indistinguishable locally. The caller chooses; this function
+ * does not guess.
+ *
+ * * secret: UIntArray, secret-key length for the scheme
+ * * public: UIntArray, public-key length for the scheme
+ * * message: arbitrary length UIntArray
+ * * ctx: UIntArray, at most 255 elements; empty for no context
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ *
+ * * returned vector is the signature alone. The runtime's wire format is
+ *   `signature ‖ public`; concatenating is the caller's job because only the
+ *   caller knows whether it wants the wire form or the bare signature.
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_sign(secret: Uint8Array, _public: Uint8Array, message: Uint8Array, ctx: Uint8Array, scheme: number): Uint8Array;
+
+/**
+ * Key and signature sizes for a parameter set, as
+ * `[public, secret, signature, signature_with_public]`.
+ *
+ * Exported so that nothing on the JS side has to hardcode 1952/4032/3309/5261 or
+ * 2592/4896/4627/7219. Those numbers are consensus-critical — the runtime reads a
+ * fixed-size array off the wire — and a JS constant that drifted from the crate
+ * would mis-frame every byte after the signature while looking entirely healthy.
+ * Ask the crate instead.
+ *
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ *
+ * * returned vector is four u32 lengths, little-endian, 16 bytes total.
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_sizes(scheme: number): Uint8Array;
+
+/**
+ * Verify a signature against a message and public key under a context.
+ *
+ * * public: UIntArray, public-key length for the scheme
+ * * message: arbitrary length UIntArray
+ * * signature: UIntArray, signature length for the scheme
+ * * ctx: UIntArray, at most 255 elements; empty for no context
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_verify(_public: Uint8Array, message: Uint8Array, signature: Uint8Array, ctx: Uint8Array, scheme: number): boolean;
+
+/**
+ * Poseidon2-over-Goldilocks hash of arbitrary bytes.
+ *
+ * This is the account-id derivation. On Substrate an `AccountId32` *is* the
+ * public key; on Quantus it is `hash_bytes(public_key)`, which is why a Quantus
+ * signature has to carry its public key along — the address cannot give it back.
+ *
+ * `qp_poseidon_core::hash_bytes` is `IdentifyAccount for DilithiumSigner` in the
+ * runtime, so this is the same function the chain uses to decide who signed
+ * something, reached through the same crate rather than a port of it.
+ *
+ * * data: arbitrary length UIntArray
+ *
+ * * returned vector is 32 bytes.
+ */
+export function ext_poseidon_hash(data: Uint8Array): Uint8Array;
+
+/**
+ * Derive consecutive wormhole addresses for one account and branch.
+ *
+ * A wormhole address is not a key. The path yields a 32-byte **secret**, and
+ * the address is `poseidon(poseidon(salt ‖ secret))`; funds leave it only
+ * through a ZK proof of knowing that secret. So this returns the addresses and
+ * nothing else. The secrets and the intermediate `first_hash` stay inside this
+ * call and are wiped on drop by the crate's sensitive types.
+ *
+ * Paths are `m/44'/189189189'/<account>'/<change>'/<index>'`, as the mobile
+ * wallet derives them: change `0` is the receive branch, `1` the change branch.
+ *
+ * The BIP39 seed is stretched once for the whole batch. Stretching per address
+ * is PBKDF2 with 2048 rounds each time, and a gap-limit window is dozens of
+ * addresses.
+ *
+ * * mnemonic: BIP39 phrase
+ * * password: BIP39 passphrase; empty string for none
+ * * account, change, start, count: which addresses; count <= WORMHOLE_MAX_BATCH
+ *
+ * * returned vector is `count` 32-byte account ids, concatenated
+ */
+export function ext_wormhole_addresses(mnemonic: string, password: string, account: number, change: number, start: number, count: number): Uint8Array;
+
+/**
+ * Nullifiers for a run of wormhole addresses' deposits, by transfer count.
+ *
+ * A deposit to a wormhole address is spent when its nullifier is in
+ * `Wormhole::UsedNullifiers`. The nullifier is
+ *
+ * ```text
+ * poseidon2(poseidon2(salt("~nullif~") ‖ secret ‖ transfer_count))
+ * ```
+ *
+ * where `transfer_count` is the address's counter when the deposit landed. It
+ * needs the address's secret, which is why this takes the recovery phrase and
+ * why a nullifier should never be sent anywhere to be checked: exits publish
+ * nullifiers, so whoever sees yours can name your exits.
+ *
+ * For addresses `m/44'/189189189'/<account>'/<change>'/<index>'` with index in
+ * `start..start + addresses`, and transfer counts `first..first + count` for
+ * each. The BIP39 seed is stretched once for the whole run.
+ *
+ * Ported onto `qp-poseidon-core` rather than calling `qp-wormhole-circuit`,
+ * which would bring plonky2 into the WASM. The port is pinned to the circuit
+ * crate's own `Nullifier::from_preimage` by the tests.
+ *
+ * * returned vector is `addresses * count` 32-byte nullifiers: address by
+ *   address, and by transfer count within each
+ */
+export function ext_wormhole_nullifiers(mnemonic: string, password: string, account: number, change: number, start: number, addresses: number, first: bigint, count: number): Uint8Array;
+
+export type InitInput = RequestInfo | URL | Response | BufferSource | WebAssembly.Module;
+
+export interface InitOutput {
+    readonly memory: WebAssembly.Memory;
+    readonly ext_mldsa_derive: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number, g: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly ext_mldsa_from_seed: (a: number, b: number, c: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly ext_mldsa_is_scheme: (a: number) => number;
+    readonly ext_mldsa_sign: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number, g: number, h: number, i: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly ext_mldsa_sizes: (a: number) => [number, number];
+    readonly ext_mldsa_verify: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number, g: number, h: number, i: number) => number;
+    readonly ext_poseidon_hash: (a: number, b: number) => [number, number];
+    readonly ext_wormhole_addresses: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number, g: number, h: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly ext_wormhole_nullifiers: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number, g: number, h: number, i: bigint, j: number) => [number, number, number, number];
+    readonly __wbindgen_externrefs: WebAssembly.Table;
+    readonly __wbindgen_malloc: (a: number, b: number) => number;
+    readonly __wbindgen_realloc: (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number) => number;
+    readonly __externref_table_dealloc: (a: number) => void;
+    readonly __wbindgen_free: (a: number, b: number, c: number) => void;
+    readonly __wbindgen_start: () => void;
+}
+
+export type SyncInitInput = BufferSource | WebAssembly.Module;
+
+/**
+ * Instantiates the given `module`, which can either be bytes or
+ * a precompiled `WebAssembly.Module`.
+ *
+ * @param {{ module: SyncInitInput }} module - Passing `SyncInitInput` directly is deprecated.
+ *
+ * @returns {InitOutput}
+ */
+export function initSync(module: { module: SyncInitInput } | SyncInitInput): InitOutput;
+
+/**
+ * If `module_or_path` is {RequestInfo} or {URL}, makes a request and
+ * for everything else, calls `WebAssembly.instantiate` directly.
+ *
+ * @param {{ module_or_path: InitInput | Promise<InitInput> }} module_or_path - Passing `InitInput` directly is deprecated.
+ *
+ * @returns {Promise<InitOutput>}
+ */
+export default function __wbg_init (module_or_path?: { module_or_path: InitInput | Promise<InitInput> } | InitInput | Promise<InitInput>): Promise<InitOutput>;

packages/quantus-crypto/src/generated/quantus_crypto.js

@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+/* @ts-self-types="./quantus_crypto.d.ts" */
+
+/**
+ * Derive a keypair from a BIP39 mnemonic at a hardened derivation path.
+ *
+ * Lattice keys have no public derivability, so there is no soft-junction
+ * equivalent and the crate rejects any unhardened path outright. The Quantus
+ * convention is:
+ *
+ * ```text
+ * m/44'/189189'/<account>'/0'/<0 for ML-DSA-87 | 1 for ML-DSA-65>'
+ * ```
+ *
+ * with the account index at the third level and the *scheme* carried in the
+ * trailing index. That is unusual, and it is what `quantus-cli` and the mobile
+ * wallet already use — deriving anything else produces addresses no other
+ * Quantus tool can find.
+ *
+ * The seeding matters as much as the path. This goes mnemonic → 64-byte BIP39
+ * seed → HMAC-SHA512 chain keyed with the literal string `"Dilithium seed"`.
+ * Substrate's own `mnemonicToMiniSecret` is a *different* derivation and is the
+ * default reach in the polkadot-js codebase; using it here would yield a
+ * well-formed key for an account nobody owns.
+ *
+ * * mnemonic: BIP39 phrase, 12/15/18/21/24 words
+ * * password: BIP39 passphrase; empty string for none
+ * * path: hardened derivation path, e.g. `m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1'`
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ *
+ * * returned vector is the secret key followed by the public key, as
+ *   `ext_mldsa_from_seed` returns.
+ * @param {string} mnemonic
+ * @param {string} password
+ * @param {string} path
+ * @param {number} scheme
+ * @returns {Uint8Array}
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_derive(mnemonic, password, path, scheme) {
+    const ptr0 = passStringToWasm0(mnemonic, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+    const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr1 = passStringToWasm0(password, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+    const len1 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr2 = passStringToWasm0(path, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+    const len2 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ret = wasm.ext_mldsa_derive(ptr0, len0, ptr1, len1, ptr2, len2, scheme);
+    if (ret[3]) {
+        throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+    }
+    var v4 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+    wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+    return v4;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generate a keypair from 32 bytes of entropy.
+ *
+ * This is FIPS 204 `ML-DSA.KeyGen_internal` with no Quantus-specific step: the
+ * crate expands the seed as `SHAKE256(seed ‖ k ‖ ℓ)`, so the parameter set is
+ * absorbed into the expansion and the same 32 bytes yield independent keys per
+ * scheme. That is why the dev accounts (`[0u8; 32]`, `[1u8; 32]`, `[2u8; 32]`)
+ * and HD-derived accounts can share this one entry point.
+ *
+ * * seed: UIntArray with 32 elements
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ *
+ * * returned vector is the secret key followed by the public key, matching the
+ *   ordering `ext_ed_from_seed` uses. Split it at the secret length from
+ *   `ext_mldsa_sizes`.
+ * @param {Uint8Array} seed
+ * @param {number} scheme
+ * @returns {Uint8Array}
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_from_seed(seed, scheme) {
+    const ptr0 = passArray8ToWasm0(seed, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ret = wasm.ext_mldsa_from_seed(ptr0, len0, scheme);
+    if (ret[3]) {
+        throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+    }
+    var v2 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+    wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+    return v2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether `scheme` names a parameter set this build supports.
+ *
+ * `dispatch!` falls back to ML-DSA-87 for anything unrecognised, which is the
+ * right default but a poor way to discover a typo. Callers that accept a scheme
+ * from storage or from a user should check here first.
+ * @param {number} scheme
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_is_scheme(scheme) {
+    const ret = wasm.ext_mldsa_is_scheme(scheme);
+    return ret !== 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sign a message under a FIPS 204 context.
+ *
+ * Signing is deterministic — no hedging randomness — because that is what the
+ * runtime does (`hedge: None`), and a wallet that hedged would produce a
+ * different signature each time for the same input, which makes the
+ * byte-for-byte agreement tests in quantus/wasm#2 impossible to write.
+ *
+ * `ctx` is domain separation and it is **not** optional in practice: extrinsics
+ * on spec >= 148 are verified under `QUANTUS_EXTRINSIC`, earlier specs under the
+ * empty context, and a signature made under the wrong one is valid, rejected by
+ * the chain, and indistinguishable locally. The caller chooses; this function
+ * does not guess.
+ *
+ * * secret: UIntArray, secret-key length for the scheme
+ * * public: UIntArray, public-key length for the scheme
+ * * message: arbitrary length UIntArray
+ * * ctx: UIntArray, at most 255 elements; empty for no context
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ *
+ * * returned vector is the signature alone. The runtime's wire format is
+ *   `signature ‖ public`; concatenating is the caller's job because only the
+ *   caller knows whether it wants the wire form or the bare signature.
+ * @param {Uint8Array} secret
+ * @param {Uint8Array} _public
+ * @param {Uint8Array} message
+ * @param {Uint8Array} ctx
+ * @param {number} scheme
+ * @returns {Uint8Array}
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_sign(secret, _public, message, ctx, scheme) {
+    const ptr0 = passArray8ToWasm0(secret, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr1 = passArray8ToWasm0(_public, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len1 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr2 = passArray8ToWasm0(message, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len2 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr3 = passArray8ToWasm0(ctx, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len3 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ret = wasm.ext_mldsa_sign(ptr0, len0, ptr1, len1, ptr2, len2, ptr3, len3, scheme);
+    if (ret[3]) {
+        throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+    }
+    var v5 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+    wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+    return v5;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Key and signature sizes for a parameter set, as
+ * `[public, secret, signature, signature_with_public]`.
+ *
+ * Exported so that nothing on the JS side has to hardcode 1952/4032/3309/5261 or
+ * 2592/4896/4627/7219. Those numbers are consensus-critical — the runtime reads a
+ * fixed-size array off the wire — and a JS constant that drifted from the crate
+ * would mis-frame every byte after the signature while looking entirely healthy.
+ * Ask the crate instead.
+ *
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ *
+ * * returned vector is four u32 lengths, little-endian, 16 bytes total.
+ * @param {number} scheme
+ * @returns {Uint8Array}
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_sizes(scheme) {
+    const ret = wasm.ext_mldsa_sizes(scheme);
+    var v1 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+    wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+    return v1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Verify a signature against a message and public key under a context.
+ *
+ * * public: UIntArray, public-key length for the scheme
+ * * message: arbitrary length UIntArray
+ * * signature: UIntArray, signature length for the scheme
+ * * ctx: UIntArray, at most 255 elements; empty for no context
+ * * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+ * @param {Uint8Array} _public
+ * @param {Uint8Array} message
+ * @param {Uint8Array} signature
+ * @param {Uint8Array} ctx
+ * @param {number} scheme
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function ext_mldsa_verify(_public, message, signature, ctx, scheme) {
+    const ptr0 = passArray8ToWasm0(_public, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr1 = passArray8ToWasm0(message, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len1 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr2 = passArray8ToWasm0(signature, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len2 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr3 = passArray8ToWasm0(ctx, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len3 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ret = wasm.ext_mldsa_verify(ptr0, len0, ptr1, len1, ptr2, len2, ptr3, len3, scheme);
+    return ret !== 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Poseidon2-over-Goldilocks hash of arbitrary bytes.
+ *
+ * This is the account-id derivation. On Substrate an `AccountId32` *is* the
+ * public key; on Quantus it is `hash_bytes(public_key)`, which is why a Quantus
+ * signature has to carry its public key along — the address cannot give it back.
+ *
+ * `qp_poseidon_core::hash_bytes` is `IdentifyAccount for DilithiumSigner` in the
+ * runtime, so this is the same function the chain uses to decide who signed
+ * something, reached through the same crate rather than a port of it.
+ *
+ * * data: arbitrary length UIntArray
+ *
+ * * returned vector is 32 bytes.
+ * @param {Uint8Array} data
+ * @returns {Uint8Array}
+ */
+export function ext_poseidon_hash(data) {
+    const ptr0 = passArray8ToWasm0(data, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc);
+    const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ret = wasm.ext_poseidon_hash(ptr0, len0);
+    var v2 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+    wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+    return v2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Derive consecutive wormhole addresses for one account and branch.
+ *
+ * A wormhole address is not a key. The path yields a 32-byte **secret**, and
+ * the address is `poseidon(poseidon(salt ‖ secret))`; funds leave it only
+ * through a ZK proof of knowing that secret. So this returns the addresses and
+ * nothing else. The secrets and the intermediate `first_hash` stay inside this
+ * call and are wiped on drop by the crate's sensitive types.
+ *
+ * Paths are `m/44'/189189189'/<account>'/<change>'/<index>'`, as the mobile
+ * wallet derives them: change `0` is the receive branch, `1` the change branch.
+ *
+ * The BIP39 seed is stretched once for the whole batch. Stretching per address
+ * is PBKDF2 with 2048 rounds each time, and a gap-limit window is dozens of
+ * addresses.
+ *
+ * * mnemonic: BIP39 phrase
+ * * password: BIP39 passphrase; empty string for none
+ * * account, change, start, count: which addresses; count <= WORMHOLE_MAX_BATCH
+ *
+ * * returned vector is `count` 32-byte account ids, concatenated
+ * @param {string} mnemonic
+ * @param {string} password
+ * @param {number} account
+ * @param {number} change
+ * @param {number} start
+ * @param {number} count
+ * @returns {Uint8Array}
+ */
+export function ext_wormhole_addresses(mnemonic, password, account, change, start, count) {
+    const ptr0 = passStringToWasm0(mnemonic, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+    const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr1 = passStringToWasm0(password, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+    const len1 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ret = wasm.ext_wormhole_addresses(ptr0, len0, ptr1, len1, account, change, start, count);
+    if (ret[3]) {
+        throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+    }
+    var v3 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+    wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+    return v3;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Nullifiers for a run of wormhole addresses' deposits, by transfer count.
+ *
+ * A deposit to a wormhole address is spent when its nullifier is in
+ * `Wormhole::UsedNullifiers`. The nullifier is
+ *
+ * ```text
+ * poseidon2(poseidon2(salt("~nullif~") ‖ secret ‖ transfer_count))
+ * ```
+ *
+ * where `transfer_count` is the address's counter when the deposit landed. It
+ * needs the address's secret, which is why this takes the recovery phrase and
+ * why a nullifier should never be sent anywhere to be checked: exits publish
+ * nullifiers, so whoever sees yours can name your exits.
+ *
+ * For addresses `m/44'/189189189'/<account>'/<change>'/<index>'` with index in
+ * `start..start + addresses`, and transfer counts `first..first + count` for
+ * each. The BIP39 seed is stretched once for the whole run.
+ *
+ * Ported onto `qp-poseidon-core` rather than calling `qp-wormhole-circuit`,
+ * which would bring plonky2 into the WASM. The port is pinned to the circuit
+ * crate's own `Nullifier::from_preimage` by the tests.
+ *
+ * * returned vector is `addresses * count` 32-byte nullifiers: address by
+ *   address, and by transfer count within each
+ * @param {string} mnemonic
+ * @param {string} password
+ * @param {number} account
+ * @param {number} change
+ * @param {number} start
+ * @param {number} addresses
+ * @param {bigint} first
+ * @param {number} count
+ * @returns {Uint8Array}
+ */
+export function ext_wormhole_nullifiers(mnemonic, password, account, change, start, addresses, first, count) {
+    const ptr0 = passStringToWasm0(mnemonic, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+    const len0 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ptr1 = passStringToWasm0(password, wasm.__wbindgen_malloc, wasm.__wbindgen_realloc);
+    const len1 = WASM_VECTOR_LEN;
+    const ret = wasm.ext_wormhole_nullifiers(ptr0, len0, ptr1, len1, account, change, start, addresses, first, count);
+    if (ret[3]) {
+        throw takeFromExternrefTable0(ret[2]);
+    }
+    var v3 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(ret[0], ret[1]).slice();
+    wasm.__wbindgen_free(ret[0], ret[1] * 1, 1);
+    return v3;
+}
+function __wbg_get_imports() {
+    const import0 = {
+        __proto__: null,
+        __wbg_Error_67e7344beaa85059: function(arg0, arg1) {
+            const ret = Error(getStringFromWasm0(arg0, arg1));
+            return ret;
+        },
+        __wbindgen_init_externref_table: function() {
+            const table = wasm.__wbindgen_externrefs;
+            const offset = table.grow(4);
+            table.set(0, undefined);
+            table.set(offset + 0, undefined);
+            table.set(offset + 1, null);
+            table.set(offset + 2, true);
+            table.set(offset + 3, false);
+        },
+    };
+    return {
+        __proto__: null,
+        "./quantus_crypto_bg.js": import0,
+    };
+}
+
+function getArrayU8FromWasm0(ptr, len) {
+    ptr = ptr >>> 0;
+    return getUint8ArrayMemory0().subarray(ptr / 1, ptr / 1 + len);
+}
+
+function getStringFromWasm0(ptr, len) {
+    return decodeText(ptr >>> 0, len);
+}
+
+let cachedUint8ArrayMemory0 = null;
+function getUint8ArrayMemory0() {
+    if (cachedUint8ArrayMemory0 === null || cachedUint8ArrayMemory0.byteLength === 0) {
+        cachedUint8ArrayMemory0 = new Uint8Array(wasm.memory.buffer);
+    }
+    return cachedUint8ArrayMemory0;
+}
+
+function passArray8ToWasm0(arg, malloc) {
+    const ptr = malloc(arg.length * 1, 1) >>> 0;
+    getUint8ArrayMemory0().set(arg, ptr / 1);
+    WASM_VECTOR_LEN = arg.length;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+function passStringToWasm0(arg, malloc, realloc) {
+    if (realloc === undefined) {
+        const buf = cachedTextEncoder.encode(arg);
+        const ptr = malloc(buf.length, 1) >>> 0;
+        getUint8ArrayMemory0().subarray(ptr, ptr + buf.length).set(buf);
+        WASM_VECTOR_LEN = buf.length;
+        return ptr;
+    }
+
+    let len = arg.length;
+    let ptr = malloc(len, 1) >>> 0;
+
+    const mem = getUint8ArrayMemory0();
+
+    let offset = 0;
+
+    for (; offset < len; offset++) {
+        const code = arg.charCodeAt(offset);
+        if (code > 0x7F) break;
+        mem[ptr + offset] = code;
+    }
+    if (offset !== len) {
+        if (offset !== 0) {
+            arg = arg.slice(offset);
+        }
+        ptr = realloc(ptr, len, len = offset + arg.length * 3, 1) >>> 0;
+        const view = getUint8ArrayMemory0().subarray(ptr + offset, ptr + len);
+        const ret = cachedTextEncoder.encodeInto(arg, view);
+
+        offset += ret.written;
+        ptr = realloc(ptr, len, offset, 1) >>> 0;
+    }
+
+    WASM_VECTOR_LEN = offset;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+function takeFromExternrefTable0(idx) {
+    const value = wasm.__wbindgen_externrefs.get(idx);
+    wasm.__externref_table_dealloc(idx);
+    return value;
+}
+
+let cachedTextDecoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { ignoreBOM: true, fatal: true });
+cachedTextDecoder.decode();
+const MAX_SAFARI_DECODE_BYTES = 2146435072;
+let numBytesDecoded = 0;
+function decodeText(ptr, len) {
+    numBytesDecoded += len;
+    if (numBytesDecoded >= MAX_SAFARI_DECODE_BYTES) {
+        cachedTextDecoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { ignoreBOM: true, fatal: true });
+        cachedTextDecoder.decode();
+        numBytesDecoded = len;
+    }
+    return cachedTextDecoder.decode(getUint8ArrayMemory0().subarray(ptr, ptr + len));
+}
+
+const cachedTextEncoder = new TextEncoder();
+
+if (!('encodeInto' in cachedTextEncoder)) {
+    cachedTextEncoder.encodeInto = function (arg, view) {
+        const buf = cachedTextEncoder.encode(arg);
+        view.set(buf);
+        return {
+            read: arg.length,
+            written: buf.length
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+let WASM_VECTOR_LEN = 0;
+
+let wasmModule, wasmInstance, wasm;
+function __wbg_finalize_init(instance, module) {
+    wasmInstance = instance;
+    wasm = instance.exports;
+    wasmModule = module;
+    cachedUint8ArrayMemory0 = null;
+    wasm.__wbindgen_start();
+    return wasm;
+}
+
+async function __wbg_load(module, imports) {
+    if (typeof Response === 'function' && module instanceof Response) {
+        if (!module.ok) {
+            throw new Error(`failed to fetch Wasm: ${module.status} ${module.statusText} fetching '${module.url}'`);
+        }
+
+        if (typeof WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming === 'function') {
+            try {
+                return await WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(module, imports);
+            } catch (e) {
+                const validResponse = expectedResponseType(module.type);
+
+                if (validResponse && module.headers.get('Content-Type') !== 'application/wasm') {
+                    console.warn("`WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming` failed because your server does not serve Wasm with `application/wasm` MIME type. Falling back to `WebAssembly.instantiate` which is slower. Original error:\n", e);
+
+                } else { throw e; }
+            }
+        }
+
+        const bytes = await module.arrayBuffer();
+        return await WebAssembly.instantiate(bytes, imports);
+    } else {
+        const instance = await WebAssembly.instantiate(module, imports);
+
+        if (instance instanceof WebAssembly.Instance) {
+            return { instance, module };
+        } else {
+            return instance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function expectedResponseType(type) {
+        switch (type) {
+            case 'basic': case 'cors': case 'default': return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+function initSync(module) {
+    if (wasm !== undefined) return wasm;
+
+
+    if (module !== undefined) {
+        if (Object.getPrototypeOf(module) === Object.prototype) {
+            ({module} = module)
+        } else {
+            console.warn('using deprecated parameters for `initSync()`; pass a single object instead')
+        }
+    }
+
+    const imports = __wbg_get_imports();
+    if (!(module instanceof WebAssembly.Module)) {
+        module = new WebAssembly.Module(module);
+    }
+    const instance = new WebAssembly.Instance(module, imports);
+    return __wbg_finalize_init(instance, module);
+}
+
+export { initSync };

packages/quantus-crypto/src/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+export { accountFromPublicKey, isScheme, keypairFromMnemonic, keypairFromSeed, sign, signatureWithPublicKey, sizes, verify, WormholeBranch, wormholeAddresses, wormholeNullifiers } from './crypto.js';
+export type { Keypair, Sizes } from './crypto.js';
+export { initWasm, isReady } from './init.js';
+export { contextForSpec, EXTRINSIC_CONTEXT, EXTRINSIC_MIN_SPEC, Scheme, SCHEME_NAME } from './scheme.js';

packages/quantus-crypto/src/init.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { unzlibSync } from 'fflate';
+
+import { base64Decode } from './base64.js';
+
+import { bytes, lenOut } from './bytes.js';
+import { initSync } from './generated/quantus_crypto.js';
+
+/**
+ * Instantiate the WASM, synchronously, from bytes compiled into this file.
+ *
+ * Three constraints shape this, and all three rule out the obvious approach:
+ *
+ * - the background context is an **MV3 service worker**, so there is no DOM, no
+ *   reliable `fetch` of extension-relative URLs at arbitrary times, and the
+ *   worker can be killed and cold-started between any two messages
+ * - the extension CSP is `script-src 'self' 'wasm-unsafe-eval'`, which permits
+ *   compiling WASM but not fetching it from anywhere interesting
+ * - callers are synchronous — `pair.sign()` in the keyring has no `await` to give
+ *
+ * So the WASM is zlib-compressed, base64'd into `bytes.js` at build time, and
+ * instantiated here with wasm-bindgen's `initSync`. Nothing is fetched, and the
+ * whole module is ready before the first call returns.
+ *
+ * Deliberately *not* using `@polkadot/wasm-bridge`: its `Bridge` implements
+ * wasm-bindgen 0.2.79's JS-heap ABI, and this crate is built with 0.2.128, which
+ * uses externref tables. See quantus/wasm#1.
+ */
+
+let initialised = false;
+let initError: string | null = null;
+
+/**
+ * Ensure the WASM is instantiated. Idempotent and cheap after the first call.
+ *
+ * Returns `null` on success, or the failure reason. It does not throw: a caller
+ * deciding whether to offer a Quantus account at all wants to ask, and an
+ * exception thrown from module scope in a service worker is hard to attribute.
+ */
+export function initWasm (): string | null {
+  if (initialised) {
+    return initError;
+  }
+
+  initialised = true;
+
+  try {
+    initSync({ module: unzlibSync(base64Decode(bytes, new Uint8Array(lenOut))) });
+  } catch (error) {
+    initError = (error as Error).message;
+  }
+
+  return initError;
+}
+
+/** Whether the WASM is available. Callers that can fall back should ask first. */
+export function isReady (): boolean {
+  return initWasm() === null;
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Quantus post-quantum crypto for the browser.
+//!
+//! Every function here delegates to the crates the Quantus runtime itself uses
+//! (`qp-rusty-crystals-dilithium`, `qp-poseidon-core`, `qp-rusty-crystals-hdwallet`)
+//! rather than reimplementing anything. That is the whole point: a browser wallet
+//! that disagreed with the chain about a key or a signature would produce
+//! perfectly well-formed output that the chain rejects, and nothing on this side
+//! could tell.
+
+#[path = "rs/hdwallet.rs"]
+pub mod hdwallet;
+
+#[path = "rs/mldsa.rs"]
+pub mod mldsa;
+
+#[path = "rs/poseidon.rs"]
+pub mod poseidon;
+
+#[path = "rs/scheme.rs"]
+pub mod scheme;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "rs/tests.rs"]
+mod tests;

packages/quantus-crypto/src/rs/hdwallet.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::scheme::dispatch;
+
+/// Derive a keypair from a BIP39 mnemonic at a hardened derivation path.
+///
+/// Lattice keys have no public derivability, so there is no soft-junction
+/// equivalent and the crate rejects any unhardened path outright. The Quantus
+/// convention is:
+///
+/// ```text
+/// m/44'/189189'/<account>'/0'/<0 for ML-DSA-87 | 1 for ML-DSA-65>'
+/// ```
+///
+/// with the account index at the third level and the *scheme* carried in the
+/// trailing index. That is unusual, and it is what `quantus-cli` and the mobile
+/// wallet already use — deriving anything else produces addresses no other
+/// Quantus tool can find.
+///
+/// The seeding matters as much as the path. This goes mnemonic → 64-byte BIP39
+/// seed → HMAC-SHA512 chain keyed with the literal string `"Dilithium seed"`.
+/// Substrate's own `mnemonicToMiniSecret` is a *different* derivation and is the
+/// default reach in the polkadot-js codebase; using it here would yield a
+/// well-formed key for an account nobody owns.
+///
+/// * mnemonic: BIP39 phrase, 12/15/18/21/24 words
+/// * password: BIP39 passphrase; empty string for none
+/// * path: hardened derivation path, e.g. `m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1'`
+/// * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+///
+/// * returned vector is the secret key followed by the public key, as
+///   `ext_mldsa_from_seed` returns.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn ext_mldsa_derive(mnemonic: &str, password: &str, path: &str, scheme: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsError> {
+	mldsa_derive(mnemonic, password, path, scheme).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e))
+}
+
+/// The body of [`ext_mldsa_derive`]. See [`crate::mldsa::mldsa_from_seed`] for why
+/// this is split from its binding.
+pub fn mldsa_derive(mnemonic: &str, password: &str, path: &str, scheme: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+	// An empty passphrase and no passphrase are the same thing in BIP39, but the
+	// crate distinguishes `None` from `Some("")` in its signature, so normalise
+	// here rather than leaving each caller to pick one.
+	let password = if password.is_empty() {
+		None
+	} else {
+		Some(password)
+	};
+
+	dispatch!(scheme, _dsa, hd, {
+		let pair = hd::derive_key_from_mnemonic(mnemonic, password, path)
+			.map_err(alloc_error)?;
+		let mut out = pair.secret().to_bytes().to_vec();
+
+		out.extend_from_slice(&pair.public().to_bytes());
+
+		Ok(out)
+	})
+}
+
+/// Render a derivation failure as a string.
+///
+/// Kept separate so the error text stays whatever the crate said — a bad
+/// mnemonic, an unhardened path and a path that is too deep are different
+/// mistakes and a user can only fix the one they made.
+fn alloc_error(e: qp_rusty_crystals_hdwallet::HDLatticeError) -> String {
+	format!("{e}")
+}
+
+/// The largest number of wormhole addresses one call derives. Each is a Poseidon
+/// hash over an HMAC-SHA512 chain; the bound keeps a caller from asking for a
+/// million of them and locking the page.
+pub const WORMHOLE_MAX_BATCH: u32 = 1000;
+
+/// Derive consecutive wormhole addresses for one account and branch.
+///
+/// A wormhole address is not a key. The path yields a 32-byte **secret**, and
+/// the address is `poseidon(poseidon(salt ‖ secret))`; funds leave it only
+/// through a ZK proof of knowing that secret. So this returns the addresses and
+/// nothing else. The secrets and the intermediate `first_hash` stay inside this
+/// call and are wiped on drop by the crate's sensitive types.
+///
+/// Paths are `m/44'/189189189'/<account>'/<change>'/<index>'`, as the mobile
+/// wallet derives them: change `0` is the receive branch, `1` the change branch.
+///
+/// The BIP39 seed is stretched once for the whole batch. Stretching per address
+/// is PBKDF2 with 2048 rounds each time, and a gap-limit window is dozens of
+/// addresses.
+///
+/// * mnemonic: BIP39 phrase
+/// * password: BIP39 passphrase; empty string for none
+/// * account, change, start, count: which addresses; count <= WORMHOLE_MAX_BATCH
+///
+/// * returned vector is `count` 32-byte account ids, concatenated
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn ext_wormhole_addresses(mnemonic: &str, password: &str, account: u32, change: u32, start: u32, count: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsError> {
+	wormhole_addresses(mnemonic, password, account, change, start, count).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e))
+}
+
+/// The body of [`ext_wormhole_addresses`], split from its binding for the same
+/// reason as [`mldsa_derive`].
+pub fn wormhole_addresses(mnemonic: &str, password: &str, account: u32, change: u32, start: u32, count: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+	use qp_rusty_crystals_hdwallet::{generate_wormhole_from_seed, mnemonic_to_seed, SensitiveBytes64};
+
+	if count > WORMHOLE_MAX_BATCH {
+		return Err(format!("At most {WORMHOLE_MAX_BATCH} wormhole addresses per call, asked for {count}"));
+	}
+
+	if start.checked_add(count).is_none_or(|end| end > 0x8000_0000) {
+		return Err(format!("Wormhole address indices must stay below 2^31, asked for {start} + {count}"));
+	}
+
+	let password = if password.is_empty() {
+		None
+	} else {
+		Some(password)
+	};
+	let mut seed = SensitiveBytes64::zeroed();
+
+	mnemonic_to_seed(mnemonic.to_string(), password, &mut seed).map_err(alloc_error)?;
+
+	let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(count as usize * 32);
+
+	for index in start..start + count {
+		let path = format!("m/44'/189189189'/{account}'/{change}'/{index}'");
+		let pair = generate_wormhole_from_seed(&seed, &path).map_err(alloc_error)?;
+
+		out.extend_from_slice(pair.address());
+	}
+
+	Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// Salt the chain's nullifier derivation starts from: `NULLIFIER_SALT` in
+/// `qp-wormhole-circuit`.
+const NULLIFIER_SALT: &str = "~nullif~";
+
+/// The largest number of nullifiers one call computes.
+pub const NULLIFIER_MAX_BATCH: u32 = 100_000;
+
+/// Nullifiers for a run of wormhole addresses' deposits, by transfer count.
+///
+/// A deposit to a wormhole address is spent when its nullifier is in
+/// `Wormhole::UsedNullifiers`. The nullifier is
+///
+/// ```text
+/// poseidon2(poseidon2(salt("~nullif~") ‖ secret ‖ transfer_count))
+/// ```
+///
+/// where `transfer_count` is the address's counter when the deposit landed. It
+/// needs the address's secret, which is why this takes the recovery phrase and
+/// why a nullifier should never be sent anywhere to be checked: exits publish
+/// nullifiers, so whoever sees yours can name your exits.
+///
+/// For addresses `m/44'/189189189'/<account>'/<change>'/<index>'` with index in
+/// `start..start + addresses`, and transfer counts `first..first + count` for
+/// each. The BIP39 seed is stretched once for the whole run.
+///
+/// Ported onto `qp-poseidon-core` rather than calling `qp-wormhole-circuit`,
+/// which would bring plonky2 into the WASM. The port is pinned to the circuit
+/// crate's own `Nullifier::from_preimage` by the tests.
+///
+/// * returned vector is `addresses * count` 32-byte nullifiers: address by
+///   address, and by transfer count within each
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn ext_wormhole_nullifiers(mnemonic: &str, password: &str, account: u32, change: u32, start: u32, addresses: u32, first: u64, count: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsError> {
+	wormhole_nullifiers(mnemonic, password, account, change, start, addresses, first, count).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e))
+}
+
+/// The body of [`ext_wormhole_nullifiers`].
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn wormhole_nullifiers(mnemonic: &str, password: &str, account: u32, change: u32, start: u32, addresses: u32, first: u64, count: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+	use qp_rusty_crystals_hdwallet::{generate_wormhole_from_seed, mnemonic_to_seed, SensitiveBytes64};
+
+	let total = addresses as u64 * count as u64;
+
+	if total > NULLIFIER_MAX_BATCH as u64 {
+		return Err(format!("At most {NULLIFIER_MAX_BATCH} nullifiers per call, asked for {total}"));
+	}
+
+	if start.checked_add(addresses).is_none_or(|end| end > 0x8000_0000) {
+		return Err(format!("Wormhole address indices must stay below 2^31, asked for {start} + {addresses}"));
+	}
+
+	first.checked_add(count as u64).ok_or("Transfer counts overflow")?;
+
+	let password = if password.is_empty() {
+		None
+	} else {
+		Some(password)
+	};
+	let mut seed = SensitiveBytes64::zeroed();
+
+	mnemonic_to_seed(mnemonic.to_string(), password, &mut seed).map_err(alloc_error)?;
+
+	let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(total as usize * 32);
+
+	for index in start..start + addresses {
+		let path = format!("m/44'/189189189'/{account}'/{change}'/{index}'");
+		let pair = generate_wormhole_from_seed(&seed, &path).map_err(alloc_error)?;
+
+		for transfer_count in first..first + count as u64 {
+			out.extend_from_slice(&nullifier(pair.secret().as_bytes(), transfer_count));
+		}
+	}
+
+	Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// One nullifier from a wormhole secret and a transfer count.
+pub fn nullifier(secret: &[u8; 32], transfer_count: u64) -> [u8; 32] {
+	use qp_poseidon_core::{
+		hash_twice,
+		serialization::{bytes_to_digest_lossy, string_to_felts, u64_to_felts},
+	};
+
+	let salt = string_to_felts(NULLIFIER_SALT);
+	let secret_felts = bytes_to_digest_lossy(secret);
+	let count_felts = u64_to_felts(transfer_count);
+	let mut preimage = Vec::with_capacity(salt.len() + secret_felts.len() + count_felts.len());
+
+	preimage.extend_from_slice(&salt);
+	preimage.extend_from_slice(&secret_felts);
+	preimage.extend_from_slice(&count_felts);
+
+	hash_twice(&preimage)
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/src/rs/mldsa.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::scheme::dispatch;
+
+/// Key and signature sizes for a parameter set, as
+/// `[public, secret, signature, signature_with_public]`.
+///
+/// Exported so that nothing on the JS side has to hardcode 1952/4032/3309/5261 or
+/// 2592/4896/4627/7219. Those numbers are consensus-critical — the runtime reads a
+/// fixed-size array off the wire — and a JS constant that drifted from the crate
+/// would mis-frame every byte after the signature while looking entirely healthy.
+/// Ask the crate instead.
+///
+/// * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+///
+/// * returned vector is four u32 lengths, little-endian, 16 bytes total.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn ext_mldsa_sizes(scheme: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+	dispatch!(scheme, dsa, _hd, {
+		let sizes: [u32; 4] = [
+			dsa::PUBLICKEYBYTES as u32,
+			dsa::SECRETKEYBYTES as u32,
+			dsa::SIGNBYTES as u32,
+			(dsa::SIGNBYTES + dsa::PUBLICKEYBYTES) as u32,
+		];
+
+		sizes.iter().flat_map(|n| n.to_le_bytes()).collect()
+	})
+}
+
+/// Whether `scheme` names a parameter set this build supports.
+///
+/// `dispatch!` falls back to ML-DSA-87 for anything unrecognised, which is the
+/// right default but a poor way to discover a typo. Callers that accept a scheme
+/// from storage or from a user should check here first.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn ext_mldsa_is_scheme(scheme: u32) -> bool {
+	scheme == crate::scheme::ML_DSA_87 || scheme == crate::scheme::ML_DSA_65
+}
+
+/// Generate a keypair from 32 bytes of entropy.
+///
+/// This is FIPS 204 `ML-DSA.KeyGen_internal` with no Quantus-specific step: the
+/// crate expands the seed as `SHAKE256(seed ‖ k ‖ ℓ)`, so the parameter set is
+/// absorbed into the expansion and the same 32 bytes yield independent keys per
+/// scheme. That is why the dev accounts (`[0u8; 32]`, `[1u8; 32]`, `[2u8; 32]`)
+/// and HD-derived accounts can share this one entry point.
+///
+/// * seed: UIntArray with 32 elements
+/// * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+///
+/// * returned vector is the secret key followed by the public key, matching the
+///   ordering `ext_ed_from_seed` uses. Split it at the secret length from
+///   `ext_mldsa_sizes`.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn ext_mldsa_from_seed(seed: &[u8], scheme: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsError> {
+	mldsa_from_seed(seed, scheme).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e))
+}
+
+/// The body of [`ext_mldsa_from_seed`], without the binding layer.
+///
+/// Split out because `JsError` cannot be constructed on a non-wasm target — it
+/// panics with "cannot call wasm-bindgen imported functions on non-wasm targets" —
+/// so anything that returns one is untestable by `cargo test`. The error paths are
+/// exactly what most needs testing, so the logic lives here and the exported
+/// wrapper does nothing but translate.
+pub fn mldsa_from_seed(seed: &[u8], scheme: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+	if seed.len() != 32 {
+		return Err("expected a 32 byte seed".into());
+	}
+
+	// `SensitiveBytes32::from` takes the buffer mutably and the crate zeroes it
+	// after use, so the copy we hand it is destroyed rather than left on the
+	// stack. Do not replace this with a by-value clone of `seed`.
+	let mut entropy = [0u8; 32];
+
+	entropy.copy_from_slice(seed);
+
+	let mut entropy = qp_rusty_crystals_dilithium::SensitiveBytes32::from(&mut entropy);
+
+	dispatch!(scheme, dsa, _hd, {
+		let pair = dsa::Keypair::generate(&mut entropy);
+		let mut out = pair.secret().to_bytes().to_vec();
+
+		out.extend_from_slice(&pair.public().to_bytes());
+
+		Ok(out)
+	})
+}
+
+/// Sign a message under a FIPS 204 context.
+///
+/// Signing is deterministic — no hedging randomness — because that is what the
+/// runtime does (`hedge: None`), and a wallet that hedged would produce a
+/// different signature each time for the same input, which makes the
+/// byte-for-byte agreement tests in quantus/wasm#2 impossible to write.
+///
+/// `ctx` is domain separation and it is **not** optional in practice: extrinsics
+/// on spec >= 148 are verified under `QUANTUS_EXTRINSIC`, earlier specs under the
+/// empty context, and a signature made under the wrong one is valid, rejected by
+/// the chain, and indistinguishable locally. The caller chooses; this function
+/// does not guess.
+///
+/// * secret: UIntArray, secret-key length for the scheme
+/// * public: UIntArray, public-key length for the scheme
+/// * message: arbitrary length UIntArray
+/// * ctx: UIntArray, at most 255 elements; empty for no context
+/// * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+///
+/// * returned vector is the signature alone. The runtime's wire format is
+///   `signature ‖ public`; concatenating is the caller's job because only the
+///   caller knows whether it wants the wire form or the bare signature.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn ext_mldsa_sign(secret: &[u8], public: &[u8], message: &[u8], ctx: &[u8], scheme: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsError> {
+	mldsa_sign(secret, public, message, ctx, scheme).map_err(|e| JsError::new(&e))
+}
+
+/// The body of [`ext_mldsa_sign`]. See [`mldsa_from_seed`] for why this is split.
+pub fn mldsa_sign(secret: &[u8], public: &[u8], message: &[u8], ctx: &[u8], scheme: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+	if ctx.len() > 255 {
+		return Err("context must be at most 255 bytes".into());
+	}
+
+	dispatch!(scheme, dsa, _hd, {
+		// `from_parts` re-derives the public key from the secret and rejects a
+		// mismatch, so a corrupted or mixed-up pair fails here rather than
+		// producing a signature that silently will not verify.
+		let secret = dsa::SecretKey::from_bytes(secret)
+			.map_err(|_| "invalid secret key".to_string())?;
+		let public = dsa::PublicKey::from_bytes(public)
+			.map_err(|_| "invalid public key".to_string())?;
+		let pair = dsa::Keypair::from_parts(secret, public)
+			.map_err(|_| "secret and public key do not correspond".to_string())?;
+
+		pair
+			.sign(message, Some(ctx), None)
+			.map(|sig| sig.to_vec())
+			.map_err(|_| "signing failed".to_string())
+	})
+}
+
+/// Verify a signature against a message and public key under a context.
+///
+/// * public: UIntArray, public-key length for the scheme
+/// * message: arbitrary length UIntArray
+/// * signature: UIntArray, signature length for the scheme
+/// * ctx: UIntArray, at most 255 elements; empty for no context
+/// * scheme: 0 for ML-DSA-87, 1 for ML-DSA-65
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn ext_mldsa_verify(public: &[u8], message: &[u8], signature: &[u8], ctx: &[u8], scheme: u32) -> bool {
+	if ctx.len() > 255 {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	dispatch!(scheme, dsa, _hd, {
+		match dsa::PublicKey::from_bytes(public) {
+			Ok(public) => public.verify(message, signature, Some(ctx)),
+			Err(_) => false
+		}
+	})
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/src/rs/poseidon.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+
+/// Poseidon2-over-Goldilocks hash of arbitrary bytes.
+///
+/// This is the account-id derivation. On Substrate an `AccountId32` *is* the
+/// public key; on Quantus it is `hash_bytes(public_key)`, which is why a Quantus
+/// signature has to carry its public key along — the address cannot give it back.
+///
+/// `qp_poseidon_core::hash_bytes` is `IdentifyAccount for DilithiumSigner` in the
+/// runtime, so this is the same function the chain uses to decide who signed
+/// something, reached through the same crate rather than a port of it.
+///
+/// * data: arbitrary length UIntArray
+///
+/// * returned vector is 32 bytes.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn ext_poseidon_hash(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+	qp_poseidon_core::hash_bytes(data).to_vec()
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/src/rs/scheme.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Which ML-DSA parameter set a call refers to.
+//!
+//! The selector is the chain's own signature-enum variant index, not a private
+//! numbering: `DilithiumSignatureScheme::Dilithium87` is variant 0 and
+//! `Dilithium65` is variant 1, and that byte is what a signed extrinsic carries
+//! on the wire. Reusing it here means the number threaded through this API is
+//! the number that ends up in the extrinsic, so there is no mapping table to get
+//! backwards between here and `TYPE_PREFIX` in the keyring.
+
+/// ML-DSA-87 — the legacy scheme, used by accounts created before the scheme was
+/// recorded, and by the dev-genesis accounts.
+pub const ML_DSA_87: u32 = 0;
+
+/// ML-DSA-65 — what new accounts use.
+pub const ML_DSA_65: u32 = 1;
+
+/// Runs `$body` with `$dsa` and `$hd` bound to the parameter-set modules named by
+/// `$scheme`.
+///
+/// An unrecognised selector resolves to ML-DSA-87 rather than panicking: 0 is the
+/// legacy scheme and the safest thing an out-of-range value can mean. Callers
+/// that care validate first — see `ext_mldsa_is_scheme`.
+macro_rules! dispatch {
+	($scheme:expr, $dsa:ident, $hd:ident, $body:block) => {
+		match $scheme {
+			$crate::scheme::ML_DSA_65 => {
+				#[allow(unused_imports)]
+				use qp_rusty_crystals_dilithium::ml_dsa_65 as $dsa;
+				#[allow(unused_imports)]
+				use qp_rusty_crystals_hdwallet::ml_dsa_65 as $hd;
+				$body
+			},
+			_ => {
+				#[allow(unused_imports)]
+				use qp_rusty_crystals_dilithium::ml_dsa_87 as $dsa;
+				#[allow(unused_imports)]
+				use qp_rusty_crystals_hdwallet::ml_dsa_87 as $hd;
+				$body
+			},
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+pub(crate) use dispatch;

packages/quantus-crypto/src/rs/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Conformance against the chain, not against ourselves.
+//!
+//! Every expected value here came from an independent implementation — the
+//! `quantus` CLI 2.2.2 — and not from running this crate and writing down what
+//! it said. A test that pins our own output would keep passing through exactly
+//! the kind of drift these exist to catch.
+//!
+//! Addresses are pinned as raw account-id bytes rather than SS58 strings so this
+//! file needs no base58 dependency; the SS58 rendering at prefix 189 is pinned on
+//! the JS side, which is where it is actually used.
+
+use crate::{hdwallet::{mldsa_derive, wormhole_addresses}, mldsa::*, poseidon::*, scheme::*};
+
+/// FIPS 204 context for on-chain extrinsic signatures, spec >= 148.
+/// `chain:primitives/dilithium-crypto/src/signing_context.rs`.
+const EXTRINSIC: &[u8] = b"QUANTUS_EXTRINSIC";
+
+fn account_of(seed_fill: u8, scheme: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+	let pair = mldsa_from_seed(&[seed_fill; 32], scheme).expect("keygen");
+	let secret_len = secret_len(scheme);
+
+	ext_poseidon_hash(&pair[secret_len..])
+}
+
+fn secret_len(scheme: u32) -> usize {
+	let sizes = ext_mldsa_sizes(scheme);
+
+	u32::from_le_bytes(sizes[4..8].try_into().unwrap()) as usize
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sizes_match_the_parameter_sets() {
+	// [public, secret, signature, signature_with_public]
+	let s87: Vec<u32> = ext_mldsa_sizes(ML_DSA_87).chunks(4).map(|c| u32::from_le_bytes(c.try_into().unwrap())).collect();
+	let s65: Vec<u32> = ext_mldsa_sizes(ML_DSA_65).chunks(4).map(|c| u32::from_le_bytes(c.try_into().unwrap())).collect();
+
+	assert_eq!(s87, vec![2592, 4896, 4627, 7219]);
+	assert_eq!(s65, vec![1952, 4032, 3309, 5261]);
+}
+
+/// The dev accounts endowed at genesis, from `chain:primitives/dilithium-crypto/src/pair.rs`.
+///
+/// Expected values are the account ids behind the SS58 addresses that
+/// `quantus developer create-test-wallets` prints:
+///
+/// ```text
+/// crystal_alice    qzk1Nxai3dZD9Cn5kwGcgL6mKxsfxwqdis7kDQJ52aJS2vSn7
+/// dilithium_bob    qzkYEQv8tQsmniZYdame3Cku18RL5g9bGK9Pdydq5TMPdpE3y
+/// crystal_charlie  qzntBpmqHZF1jxC8KJKpuxcYuHST892jyXBqRctpAxd1WQ9BL
+/// ```
+///
+/// They are ML-DSA-87 and come from the seed directly with no HD derivation, so
+/// this pins the legacy scheme and the raw-seed path in one go.
+#[test]
+fn dev_account_ids_match_the_cli() {
+	assert_eq!(
+		hex(&account_of(0, ML_DSA_87)),
+		"1883df2ae47d1fd428a6b8237ad7b59cf0facccaacac4541ef7758be44b3c333",
+		"crystal_alice"
+	);
+	assert_eq!(
+		hex(&account_of(1, ML_DSA_87)),
+		"300bb607ba60e89461d2f9005668231ceb30237b33db53a614164b8590965519",
+		"dilithium_bob"
+	);
+	assert_eq!(
+		hex(&account_of(2, ML_DSA_87)),
+		"97bc5f2db1efa23fb71f6737fcb26e41e448aff07447011369df81ce43555465",
+		"crystal_charlie"
+	);
+}
+
+/// The same 32 bytes must give different keys per parameter set — FIPS 204
+/// absorbs `(k, ℓ)` into the seed expansion. If these ever collided it would mean
+/// the scheme selector was being ignored somewhere.
+#[test]
+fn schemes_are_independent_for_the_same_seed() {
+	assert_ne!(account_of(0, ML_DSA_87), account_of(0, ML_DSA_65));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn signs_and_verifies_under_the_extrinsic_context() {
+	for scheme in [ML_DSA_87, ML_DSA_65] {
+		let pair = mldsa_from_seed(&[7u8; 32], scheme).expect("keygen");
+		let (secret, public) = pair.split_at(secret_len(scheme));
+		let message = b"the payload the chain will see";
+		let signature = mldsa_sign(secret, public, message, EXTRINSIC, scheme).expect("sign");
+
+		assert!(ext_mldsa_verify(public, message, &signature, EXTRINSIC, scheme));
+
+		// The whole point of the context. A signature made for an extrinsic must
+		// not verify as anything else, and vice versa — this is what makes the
+		// spec-148 boundary detectable instead of a silent chain rejection.
+		assert!(!ext_mldsa_verify(public, message, &signature, b"", scheme));
+		assert!(!ext_mldsa_verify(public, b"tampered", &signature, EXTRINSIC, scheme));
+	}
+}
+
+/// The runtime signs with `hedge: None`. If this crate ever introduced hedging
+/// randomness the golden vectors in quantus/wasm#2 would become unwritable, and
+/// nothing else would notice.
+#[test]
+fn signing_is_deterministic() {
+	let pair = mldsa_from_seed(&[9u8; 32], ML_DSA_65).expect("keygen");
+	let (secret, public) = pair.split_at(secret_len(ML_DSA_65));
+	let once = mldsa_sign(secret, public, b"m", EXTRINSIC, ML_DSA_65).expect("sign");
+	let twice = mldsa_sign(secret, public, b"m", EXTRINSIC, ML_DSA_65).expect("sign");
+
+	assert_eq!(once, twice);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rejects_bad_input() {
+	assert!(mldsa_from_seed(&[0u8; 16], ML_DSA_65).is_err(), "short seed");
+
+	let pair = mldsa_from_seed(&[1u8; 32], ML_DSA_65).expect("keygen");
+	let (secret, public) = pair.split_at(secret_len(ML_DSA_65));
+
+	assert!(mldsa_sign(secret, public, b"m", &[0u8; 256], ML_DSA_65).is_err(), "context > 255");
+	assert!(mldsa_sign(&secret[1..], public, b"m", EXTRINSIC, ML_DSA_65).is_err(), "truncated secret");
+
+	// A pair whose halves do not correspond must fail at import rather than
+	// produce a signature that silently will not verify.
+	let other = mldsa_from_seed(&[2u8; 32], ML_DSA_65).expect("keygen");
+	let other_public = &other[secret_len(ML_DSA_65)..];
+
+	assert!(mldsa_sign(secret, other_public, b"m", EXTRINSIC, ML_DSA_65).is_err(), "mismatched pair");
+}
+
+/// The well-known Substrate development phrase. Public by design — it is in
+/// polkadot-sdk, in polkadot-js, and in every tutorial — so pinning it here
+/// commits no secret. Any account it derives is assumed compromised.
+const DEV_PHRASE: &str = "bottom drive obey lake curtain smoke basket hold race lonely fit walk";
+
+/// HD derivation at the Quantus BIP44 path, cross-checked against
+/// `quantus wallet import --mnemonic-file <DEV_PHRASE> --scheme <s>`, which
+/// printed:
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ml-dsa-65  m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1'  qzq29m9WvneDAeXbtgueKCREtNe1rVVs6bXSMLmjr6shqvwq6
+/// ml-dsa-87  m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/0'  qzjrYTUnnE5NduTZKxe9dESCMTZg7nTueKM3bwhnkRdD1iYV4
+/// ```
+///
+/// This pins the whole derivation chain at once: BIP39 to a 64-byte seed (*not*
+/// Substrate's `mnemonicToMiniSecret`), the HMAC-SHA512 walk keyed with
+/// "Dilithium seed", the trailing hardened index carrying the scheme, and the
+/// Poseidon2 account-id hash on the end.
+#[test]
+fn hd_derivation_matches_the_cli() {
+	let cases = [
+		(ML_DSA_65, "m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1'", "f647dbdefebcfcf726ba078a83481ffc6f4f33004fdfb4cedacf5a5391bc8f00"),
+		(ML_DSA_87, "m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/0'", "11c6a314e003cdee3dc51cf6569175360141578d054c38d7a70840a65cc0e990")
+	];
+
+	for (scheme, path, expected) in cases {
+		let pair = mldsa_derive(DEV_PHRASE, "", path, scheme).expect("derive");
+		let account = ext_poseidon_hash(&pair[secret_len(scheme)..]);
+
+		assert_eq!(hex(&account), expected, "{path}");
+	}
+}
+
+/// Lattice keys have no public derivability, so the crate rejects unhardened
+/// paths outright rather than inventing a meaning for them. A wallet that
+/// silently hardened a soft path would put funds at an address the user did not
+/// ask for.
+#[test]
+fn derivation_rejects_bad_input() {
+	assert!(mldsa_derive(DEV_PHRASE, "", "m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1", ML_DSA_65).is_err(), "unhardened");
+	assert!(mldsa_derive("not a mnemonic at all", "", "m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1'", ML_DSA_65).is_err(), "bad phrase");
+	assert!(mldsa_derive(DEV_PHRASE, "", "not a path", ML_DSA_65).is_err(), "bad path");
+}
+
+/// A BIP39 passphrase must change the result, and an empty string must mean
+/// "no passphrase" rather than "a passphrase that happens to be empty" — the
+/// two are the same in BIP39 but the crate's signature distinguishes them, and
+/// normalising in the wrong direction would silently fork every address.
+#[test]
+fn passphrase_is_honoured_and_empty_means_none() {
+	let path = "m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1'";
+	let none = mldsa_derive(DEV_PHRASE, "", path, ML_DSA_65).expect("derive");
+	let with = mldsa_derive(DEV_PHRASE, "hunter2", path, ML_DSA_65).expect("derive");
+
+	assert_ne!(none, with);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scheme_validation() {
+	assert!(ext_mldsa_is_scheme(ML_DSA_87));
+	assert!(ext_mldsa_is_scheme(ML_DSA_65));
+	assert!(!ext_mldsa_is_scheme(2));
+}
+
+fn hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+	bytes.iter().map(|b| format!("{b:02x}")).collect()
+}
+
+/// The chain node's own wormhole vector, `node/src/tests/data/quantus_key_test_data.rs`:
+/// `TEST_MNEMONIC` at `m/44'/189189189'/0'/0'/0'` is `TEST_WORMHOLE_ADDRESS`,
+/// `qzpWh4AEtsgCyEbv4WBgFWnB9bcdF2L2jVDuyjXP9mSTyBaeU`. The mobile wallet's SDK
+/// pins the same pair (`generate_keys_test.dart`), so three implementations agree.
+#[test]
+fn wormhole_address_matches_the_node() {
+	const MNEMONIC: &str = "orchard answer curve patient visual flower maze noise retreat penalty cage small earth domain scan pitch bottom crunch theme club client swap slice raven";
+
+	let batch = wormhole_addresses(MNEMONIC, "", 0, 0, 0, 3).expect("derive");
+
+	assert_eq!(batch.len(), 96);
+	assert_eq!(hex(&batch[..32]), "dfcfd6e59c75d208e84f54a887537bcf7b04265790ec79960bf49de123404d0e");
+
+	// A batch is the same as asking for each index on its own: the seed is
+	// stretched once, but every address still gets its own path.
+	for i in 0..3u32 {
+		let one = wormhole_addresses(MNEMONIC, "", 0, 0, i, 1).expect("derive one");
+
+		assert_eq!(one, batch[(i as usize * 32)..(i as usize + 1) * 32].to_vec());
+	}
+
+	// Receive and change branches, and account indices, are different addresses.
+	assert_ne!(wormhole_addresses(MNEMONIC, "", 0, 1, 0, 1).unwrap(), batch[..32].to_vec());
+	assert_ne!(wormhole_addresses(MNEMONIC, "", 1, 0, 0, 1).unwrap(), batch[..32].to_vec());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wormhole_addresses_refuse_unbounded_requests() {
+	const MNEMONIC: &str = "orchard answer curve patient visual flower maze noise retreat penalty cage small earth domain scan pitch bottom crunch theme club client swap slice raven";
+
+	assert!(wormhole_addresses(MNEMONIC, "", 0, 0, 0, 1001).is_err());
+	assert!(wormhole_addresses(MNEMONIC, "", 0, 0, 0x7fff_ffff, 2).is_err());
+	assert!(wormhole_addresses("not a mnemonic", "", 0, 0, 0, 1).is_err());
+}
+
+/// The port of the nullifier agrees with the chain's circuit crate.
+///
+/// `qp_wormhole_circuit::nullifier::Nullifier::from_preimage` is what the proof
+/// commits to and what `Wormhole::UsedNullifiers` records, so it is the
+/// reference. Secrets span the edge the lossy 8-bytes-per-felt encoding cares
+/// about (limbs at and above the Goldilocks prime), and transfer counts span
+/// both 32-bit limbs.
+#[test]
+fn nullifier_matches_the_circuit() {
+	use crate::hdwallet::nullifier;
+	use qp_wormhole_circuit::nullifier::Nullifier;
+	use qp_zk_circuits_common::utils::{digest_to_bytes, BytesDigest};
+
+	let secrets: Vec<[u8; 32]> = vec![
+		[0u8; 32],
+		[0xff; 32],
+		core::array::from_fn(|i| i as u8),
+		core::array::from_fn(|i| (i as u8).wrapping_mul(97).wrapping_add(13)),
+		// every limb is the Goldilocks prime 2^64 - 2^32 + 1, big-endian
+		[0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01].repeat(4).try_into().unwrap(),
+	];
+	let counts = [0u64, 1, 41_683, u32::MAX as u64, 1u64 << 32, u64::MAX];
+	let mut compared = 0;
+
+	for secret in &secrets {
+		for &count in &counts {
+			let digest = BytesDigest::try_from(*secret);
+			// The circuit's BytesDigest refuses a non-canonical limb; where it
+			// does, the chain can never produce that secret's nullifier either.
+			let Ok(digest) = digest else { continue };
+			let expected = digest_to_bytes(Nullifier::from_preimage(digest, count).hash);
+
+			assert_eq!(hex(&nullifier(secret, count)), hex(expected.as_ref()), "secret {} count {count}", hex(secret));
+			compared += 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Skipping is for the non-canonical edge only; a test that compared
+	// nothing would pass just as well.
+	assert!(compared >= 18, "only {compared} cases compared");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wormhole_nullifiers_follow_each_address_secret() {
+	use crate::hdwallet::{nullifier, wormhole_nullifiers};
+	use qp_rusty_crystals_hdwallet::derive_wormhole_from_mnemonic;
+
+	const MNEMONIC: &str = "orchard answer curve patient visual flower maze noise retreat penalty cage small earth domain scan pitch bottom crunch theme club client swap slice raven";
+
+	// addresses 2 and 3 on the change branch, transfer counts 5..8
+	let batch = wormhole_nullifiers(MNEMONIC, "", 0, 1, 2, 2, 5, 3).unwrap();
+
+	assert_eq!(batch.len(), 2 * 3 * 32);
+
+	for (a, index) in [2u32, 3].into_iter().enumerate() {
+		let pair = derive_wormhole_from_mnemonic(MNEMONIC, None, &format!("m/44'/189189189'/0'/1'/{index}'")).unwrap();
+
+		for c in 0..3usize {
+			let at = (a * 3 + c) * 32;
+
+			assert_eq!(batch[at..at + 32].to_vec(), nullifier(pair.secret().as_bytes(), 5 + c as u64).to_vec(), "address {index} count {}", 5 + c);
+		}
+	}
+
+	assert!(wormhole_nullifiers(MNEMONIC, "", 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 2_501).is_err());
+	assert!(wormhole_nullifiers(MNEMONIC, "", 0, 0, 0, 1, u64::MAX, 2).is_err());
+	assert!(wormhole_nullifiers(MNEMONIC, "", 0, 0, 0x7fff_ffff, 2, 0, 1).is_err());
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/src/scheme.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/**
+ * Which ML-DSA parameter set a call refers to.
+ *
+ * These are the chain's own `DilithiumSignatureScheme` variant indices, not a
+ * private numbering — the value here is the byte a signed extrinsic carries on
+ * the wire. Keeping them identical means the keyring's `TYPE_PREFIX` is the
+ * identity function on a scheme, with no table to get backwards.
+ */
+export enum Scheme {
+  /** ML-DSA-87. Legacy: accounts created before the scheme was recorded, and the dev-genesis accounts. */
+  MlDsa87 = 0,
+  /** ML-DSA-65. What new accounts use. */
+  MlDsa65 = 1
+}
+
+/**
+ * The name each scheme is stored under, matching `quantus-cli` and the mobile
+ * wallet so a wallet exported from one tool imports into another.
+ */
+export const SCHEME_NAME: Record<Scheme, string> = {
+  [Scheme.MlDsa87]: 'ml-dsa-87',
+  [Scheme.MlDsa65]: 'ml-dsa-65'
+};
+
+/**
+ * FIPS 204 context for on-chain extrinsic signatures.
+ *
+ * Only from spec 148 onward — earlier runtimes verify under the empty context,
+ * and a signature made under the wrong one is valid, rejected by the chain, and
+ * indistinguishable locally. Callers pass the spec version and get the right
+ * answer from {@link contextForSpec}; nothing here guesses.
+ */
+export const EXTRINSIC_CONTEXT = new TextEncoder().encode('QUANTUS_EXTRINSIC');
+
+/** First spec version that verifies extrinsics under {@link EXTRINSIC_CONTEXT}. */
+export const EXTRINSIC_MIN_SPEC = 148;
+
+/** The signing context a runtime at `specVersion` expects. */
+export function contextForSpec (specVersion: number): Uint8Array {
+  return specVersion >= EXTRINSIC_MIN_SPEC
+    ? EXTRINSIC_CONTEXT
+    : new Uint8Array();
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/test/consumer.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright 2026 @quantus/crypto authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+//
+// Consumes the *built* package exactly as quantus/common will — a plain import of
+// build output, nothing reaching into src or poking the wasm by hand. Run after
+// ./scripts/build-quantus.sh.
+//
+// This exists because the unit tests in src/rs/tests.rs cannot catch packaging
+// faults. A wasm that is valid before `wasm-opt` and broken after it passes every
+// cargo test and fails here, which is exactly how binaryen 105's mishandling of
+// externref tables was found.
+
+import {
+  accountFromPublicKey, contextForSpec, EXTRINSIC_MIN_SPEC, initWasm,
+  isReady, keypairFromMnemonic, keypairFromSeed, Scheme, SCHEME_NAME,
+  sign, signatureWithPublicKey, sizes, verify, WormholeBranch, wormholeAddresses, wormholeNullifiers
+} from '@quantus/crypto';
+
+let fail = 0;
+const eq = (l, g, w) => { const ok = String(g) === String(w); if (!ok) fail++;
+  console.log(`${ok ? 'PASS' : 'FAIL'}  ${l}`); if (!ok) console.log(`   got  ${g}\n   want ${w}`); };
+
+eq('initWasm() returns no error', initWasm(), 'null');
+eq('isReady()', isReady(), true);
+
+const s65 = sizes(Scheme.MlDsa65);
+eq('ML-DSA-65 sizes', JSON.stringify(s65), '{"publicKey":1952,"secretKey":4032,"signature":3309,"signatureWithPublicKey":5261}');
+eq('scheme name', SCHEME_NAME[Scheme.MlDsa65], 'ml-dsa-65');
+eq('variant byte is the enum value', Scheme.MlDsa87, 0);
+
+// crystal_alice, via the public API only
+const pair87 = keypairFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32), Scheme.MlDsa87);
+eq('crystal_alice account id',
+  Buffer.from(accountFromPublicKey(pair87.publicKey)).toString('hex'),
+  '1883df2ae47d1fd428a6b8237ad7b59cf0facccaacac4541ef7758be44b3c333');
+
+// HD derivation, dev phrase, ML-DSA-65 default path
+const DEV = 'bottom drive obey lake curtain smoke basket hold race lonely fit walk';
+const hd = keypairFromMnemonic(DEV, '', "m/44'/189189'/0'/0'/1'", Scheme.MlDsa65);
+eq('dev phrase account id (ML-DSA-65)',
+  Buffer.from(accountFromPublicKey(hd.publicKey)).toString('hex'),
+  'f647dbdefebcfcf726ba078a83481ffc6f4f33004fdfb4cedacf5a5391bc8f00');
+
+// the signing-context boundary
+const msg = new TextEncoder().encode('extrinsic payload');
+const ctx = contextForSpec(EXTRINSIC_MIN_SPEC);
+const sig = sign(msg, hd, ctx, Scheme.MlDsa65);
+eq('signature length', sig.length, s65.signature);
+eq('verifies at spec 148', verify(msg, sig, hd.publicKey, ctx, Scheme.MlDsa65), true);
+eq('does NOT verify at spec 147', verify(msg, sig, hd.publicKey, contextForSpec(147), Scheme.MlDsa65), false);
+eq('contextForSpec(147) is empty', contextForSpec(147).length, 0);
+
+// the wire form
+eq('sig || pk length', signatureWithPublicKey(sig, hd.publicKey).length, s65.signatureWithPublicKey);
+
+// wormhole: the chain node's TEST_WORMHOLE_ADDRESS (qzpWh4AEtsgCyEbv4WBgFWnB9bcdF2L2jVDuyjXP9mSTyBaeU)
+const NODE_PHRASE = 'orchard answer curve patient visual flower maze noise retreat penalty cage small earth domain scan pitch bottom crunch theme club client swap slice raven';
+const wh = wormholeAddresses(NODE_PHRASE, '', 0, WormholeBranch.Receive, 0, 2);
+eq('wormhole address count', wh.length, 2);
+eq('wormhole receive 0 is the node test address',
+  Buffer.from(wh[0]).toString('hex'),
+  'dfcfd6e59c75d208e84f54a887537bcf7b04265790ec79960bf49de123404d0e');
+eq('change branch differs', Buffer.from(wormholeAddresses(NODE_PHRASE, '', 0, WormholeBranch.Change, 0, 1)[0]).toString('hex') !== Buffer.from(wh[0]).toString('hex'), true);
+
+// nullifiers: shape, determinism, and the cost of a wallet account's precompute
+const n = wormholeNullifiers(NODE_PHRASE, '', 0, WormholeBranch.Receive, 0, 2, 7, 3);
+eq('nullifier shape', `${n.length}x${n[0].length}x${n[0][0].length}`, '2x3x32');
+eq('nullifiers differ by count', Buffer.from(n[0][0]).equals(Buffer.from(n[0][1])), false);
+eq('nullifiers differ by address', Buffer.from(n[0][0]).equals(Buffer.from(n[1][0])), false);
+eq('a sub-range agrees', Buffer.from(wormholeNullifiers(NODE_PHRASE, '', 0, WormholeBranch.Receive, 1, 1, 8, 1)[0][0]).toString('hex'), Buffer.from(n[1][1]).toString('hex'));
+const t0 = performance.now();
+wormholeNullifiers(NODE_PHRASE, '', 0, WormholeBranch.Receive, 0, 20, 0, 256);
+wormholeNullifiers(NODE_PHRASE, '', 0, WormholeBranch.Change, 0, 20, 0, 256);
+console.log(`      40 addresses x 256 counts: ${Math.round(performance.now() - t0)} ms`);
+
+process.exit(fail ? 1 : 0);

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+vendor/

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# Browser probes
+
+`cargo test` and the consumer test both run in node, and node is neither a
+browser nor a service worker. These two probes cover what node cannot: does the
+WASM instantiate with **no DOM**, under the **extension's own CSP**, and what does
+a cold start cost.
+
+Build first with `./scripts/build-quantus.sh`, stage `vendor/` (below), then run
+`node serve.mjs` from this directory.
+
+## `index.html` + `worker.js` — automated
+
+A module Worker, served with the exact `extension_pages` CSP from both extension
+manifests:
+
+```
+script-src 'self' 'wasm-unsafe-eval'; object-src 'self'
+```
+
+A module Worker has no `window` and no `document`, which is the property that
+matters — an MV3 service worker has neither either. Result on Firefox:
+
+```
+hasDOM:   false   hasWindow: false
+initWasm: ok  (9.0 ms cold)
+keygen:   1.0 ms
+account:  matches quantus-cli
+sign:     3.0 ms (4627 bytes)
+verify:   1.0 ms  ok
+ctx sep:  ok (rejected under spec-147 ctx)
+```
+
+9 ms to base64-decode 146 KB, zlib-inflate it to 234 KB and instantiate. That is
+the number the MV3 lifetime question turns on: a service worker killed between
+messages pays this on every wake, and 9 ms is not a problem. Those are ML-DSA-87
+timings — the larger parameter set — so ML-DSA-65 is cheaper still.
+
+The CSP is genuinely enforced here, not merely declared: an earlier version of
+this page used an inline `<script>` and Firefox blocked it, which is why
+`main.js` exists as a separate file.
+
+## `manifest.json` + `sw.js` — manual
+
+The real thing: an MV3 extension whose background service worker imports the
+package at module scope and signs once. Loading an unpacked extension needs an OS
+file dialog, so this cannot be driven from a script — load it by hand via
+`chrome://extensions` → Developer mode → Load unpacked, then click the toolbar
+icon.
+
+It covers what the Worker probe cannot: `chrome.runtime` messaging, and the
+actual MV3 kill-and-restart lifecycle rather than a stand-in for it.
+
+## Staging `vendor/`
+
+Both probes import from `./vendor/`, which is not checked in. Populate it from a
+build:
+
+```sh
+mkdir -p vendor
+cp -r ../../build vendor/quantus-crypto
+cp -r ../../../wasm-util/build vendor/wasm-util
+sed -i "s|from '@polkadot/wasm-util/base64'|from '../wasm-util/base64.js'|; \
+        s|from '@polkadot/wasm-util/fflate'|from '../wasm-util/fflate.js'|" \
+  vendor/quantus-crypto/init.js
+```
+
+The rewrite is needed because a browser cannot resolve bare specifiers. A real
+extension build does this with a bundler; here it is one `sed` rather than a
+build step, because the probe exists to test the WASM, not the bundler.

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8"><title>quantus-crypto worker probe</title>
+<body style="font:13px ui-monospace,monospace;padding:16px;background:#111;color:#ddd">
+<h3 style="font:600 14px system-ui">@quantus/crypto in a module Worker under the extension CSP</h3>
+<pre id="out">running…</pre>
+<script type="module" src="./main.js"></script>

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/main.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const w = new Worker('./worker.js', { type: 'module' });
+w.onmessage = (e) => { document.getElementById('out').textContent = e.data; };
+w.onerror = (e) => { document.getElementById('out').textContent = 'worker error: ' + (e.message || 'see console'); };

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/manifest.json

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "manifest_version": 3,
+  "name": "quantus-crypto MV3 probe",
+  "version": "0.0.1",
+  "description": "Loads @quantus/crypto in an MV3 service worker and signs once.",
+  "background": { "service_worker": "sw.js", "type": "module" },
+  "action": { "default_title": "probe", "default_popup": "popup.html" },
+  "content_security_policy": {
+    "extension_pages": "script-src 'self' 'wasm-unsafe-eval'; object-src 'self'"
+  }
+}

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/popup.html

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8"><title>quantus-crypto probe</title>
+<body style="font:13px system-ui;padding:12px;min-width:380px">
+<pre id="out">running…</pre>
+<script type="module" src="popup.js"></script>

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/popup.js

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+const out = document.getElementById('out');
+chrome.runtime.sendMessage({ probe: true }, (r) => {
+  out.textContent = r ? r.text : `no response: ${chrome.runtime.lastError?.message}`;
+});

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/serve.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import http from 'node:http';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+const types = { '.html': 'text/html', '.js': 'text/javascript', '.json': 'application/json', '.wasm': 'application/wasm' };
+http.createServer((req, res) => {
+  const p = path.join(process.cwd(), decodeURIComponent(req.url.split('?')[0]));
+  const f = fs.existsSync(p) && fs.statSync(p).isDirectory() ? path.join(p, 'index.html') : p;
+  if (!fs.existsSync(f)) { res.writeHead(404); return res.end('nope'); }
+  res.writeHead(200, {
+    'Content-Type': types[path.extname(f)] || 'application/octet-stream',
+    // exactly the extension_pages CSP from both manifests
+    'Content-Security-Policy': "script-src 'self' 'wasm-unsafe-eval'; object-src 'self'"
+  });
+  fs.createReadStream(f).pipe(res);
+}).listen(8731, () => console.log('probe on http://127.0.0.1:8731'));

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/sw.js

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// MV3 service worker. Imports @quantus/crypto at module scope — i.e. on every
+// cold start, which is what actually needs proving: the worker is killed between
+// messages and must re-instantiate a 146 KB inlined base64 wasm each time.
+import {
+  accountFromPublicKey, contextForSpec, initWasm, keypairFromSeed,
+  Scheme, sign, verify
+} from './vendor/quantus-crypto/index.js';
+
+const hex = (u8) => [...u8].map((b) => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
+
+function probe () {
+  const lines = [];
+  const t0 = performance.now();
+  const err = initWasm();
+  const tInit = performance.now() - t0;
+
+  lines.push(`context: ${typeof window === 'undefined' ? 'service worker (no DOM)' : 'page'}`);
+  lines.push(`initWasm: ${err === null ? 'ok' : 'FAILED — ' + err}  (${tInit.toFixed(1)} ms)`);
+
+  if (err) return lines.join('\n');
+
+  const t1 = performance.now();
+  const pair = keypairFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32), Scheme.MlDsa87);
+  const tKeygen = performance.now() - t1;
+  const account = hex(accountFromPublicKey(pair.publicKey));
+  const expected = '1883df2ae47d1fd428a6b8237ad7b59cf0facccaacac4541ef7758be44b3c333';
+
+  lines.push(`keygen:   ${tKeygen.toFixed(1)} ms`);
+  lines.push(`account:  ${account.slice(0, 24)}…  ${account === expected ? 'matches quantus-cli' : 'MISMATCH'}`);
+
+  const msg = new TextEncoder().encode('extrinsic payload');
+  const ctx = contextForSpec(148);
+  const t2 = performance.now();
+  const sig = sign(msg, pair, ctx, Scheme.MlDsa87);
+  const tSign = performance.now() - t2;
+
+  lines.push(`sign:     ${tSign.toFixed(1)} ms  (${sig.length} bytes)`);
+  lines.push(`verify:   ${verify(msg, sig, pair.publicKey, ctx, Scheme.MlDsa87) ? 'ok' : 'FAILED'}`);
+  lines.push(`ctx sep:  ${verify(msg, sig, pair.publicKey, contextForSpec(147), Scheme.MlDsa87) ? 'FAILED (verified under wrong ctx)' : 'ok (rejected under spec 147 ctx)'}`);
+
+  return lines.join('\n');
+}
+
+chrome.runtime.onMessage.addListener((_m, _s, respond) => {
+  try {
+    respond({ text: probe() });
+  } catch (e) {
+    respond({ text: `threw: ${e && e.message ? e.message : e}\n${e && e.stack ? e.stack : ''}` });
+  }
+
+  return true;
+});

packages/quantus-crypto/test/probe/worker.js

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// A module Worker: no DOM, no window, same CSP as the extension pages.
+import { accountFromPublicKey, contextForSpec, initWasm, keypairFromSeed, Scheme, sign, verify } from './vendor/quantus-crypto/index.js';
+
+const hex = (u8) => [...u8].map((b) => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
+const lines = [];
+const t0 = performance.now();
+const err = initWasm();
+const tInit = performance.now() - t0;
+
+lines.push(`hasDOM:   ${typeof document !== 'undefined'}   hasWindow: ${typeof window !== 'undefined'}`);
+lines.push(`initWasm: ${err === null ? 'ok' : 'FAILED - ' + err}  (${tInit.toFixed(1)} ms cold)`);
+
+if (err === null) {
+  const t1 = performance.now();
+  const pair = keypairFromSeed(new Uint8Array(32), Scheme.MlDsa87);
+  const tKeygen = performance.now() - t1;
+  const account = hex(accountFromPublicKey(pair.publicKey));
+  lines.push(`keygen:   ${tKeygen.toFixed(1)} ms`);
+  lines.push(`account:  ${account === '1883df2ae47d1fd428a6b8237ad7b59cf0facccaacac4541ef7758be44b3c333' ? 'matches quantus-cli' : 'MISMATCH ' + account}`);
+  const msg = new TextEncoder().encode('extrinsic payload');
+  const ctx = contextForSpec(148);
+  const t2 = performance.now();
+  const sig = sign(msg, pair, ctx, Scheme.MlDsa87);
+  const tSign = performance.now() - t2;
+  const t3 = performance.now();
+  const ok = verify(msg, sig, pair.publicKey, ctx, Scheme.MlDsa87);
+  const tVerify = performance.now() - t3;
+  lines.push(`sign:     ${tSign.toFixed(1)} ms (${sig.length} bytes)`);
+  lines.push(`verify:   ${tVerify.toFixed(1)} ms  ${ok ? 'ok' : 'FAILED'}`);
+  lines.push(`ctx sep:  ${verify(msg, sig, pair.publicKey, contextForSpec(147), Scheme.MlDsa87) ? 'FAILED' : 'ok (rejected under spec-147 ctx)'}`);
+}
+postMessage(lines.join('\n'));

packages/quantus-crypto/tsconfig.build.json

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "baseUrl": "..",
+    "composite": false,
+    "declaration": true,
+    "outDir": "./build",
+    "rootDir": "./src",
+    "emitDeclarationOnly": false
+  },
+  "exclude": [
+    "**/*.spec.ts"
+  ],
+  "include": [
+    "src/**/*.ts"
+  ],
+  "references": []
+}

packages/wasm-bridge/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# @polkadot/wasm-bridge
+
+A re-usable bridge between JS & WASM interfaces. It is used internally by `@polkadot/wasm-crypto`.

packages/wasm-bridge/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+{
+  "author": "Jaco Greeff <jacogr@gmail.com>",
+  "bugs": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/issues",
+  "description": "A bridge layer between JS and Wasm",
+  "engines": {
+    "node": ">=18"
+  },
+  "homepage": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/tree/master/packages/wasm-bridge#readme",
+  "license": "Apache-2.0",
+  "name": "@polkadot/wasm-bridge",
+  "repository": {
+    "directory": "packages/wasm-bridge",
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm.git"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": [
+    "./packageDetect.js",
+    "./packageDetect.cjs"
+  ],
+  "type": "module",
+  "version": "7.5.4",
+  "main": "index.js",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@polkadot/wasm-util": "7.5.4",
+    "tslib": "^2.7.0"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@polkadot/util": "^14.0.1",
+    "@polkadot/x-randomvalues": "^14.0.1"
+  },
+  "peerDependencies": {
+    "@polkadot/util": "*",
+    "@polkadot/x-randomvalues": "*"
+  }
+}

packages/wasm-bridge/src/bridge.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2026 @polkadot/wasm-bridge authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// A number of functions are "unsafe" and purposefully so - it is
+// assumed that where the bridge is used, it is correctly wrapped
+// in a safeguard (see withWasm in the wasm-crypto package) which
+// then ensures that the internal wasm instance here is available
+/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion */
+
+import type { BridgeBase, InitFn, InitPromise, WasmBaseInstance, WasmImports } from './types.js';
+
+import { stringToU8a, u8aToString } from '@polkadot/util';
+
+import { Wbg } from './wbg.js';
+
+/**
+ * @name Bridge
+ * @description
+ * Creates a bridge between the JS and WASM environments.
+ *
+ * For any bridge it is passed an function which is then called internally at the
+ * time of initialization. This affectively implements the layer between WASM and
+ * the native environment, providing all the plumbing needed for the Wbg classes.
+ */
+export class Bridge<C extends WasmBaseInstance> implements BridgeBase<C> {
+  readonly #createWasm: InitFn<C>;
+  readonly #heap: unknown[];
+  readonly #wbg: WasmImports;
+
+  #cachegetInt32: Int32Array | null;
+  #cachegetUint8: Uint8Array | null;
+  #heapNext: number;
+  #wasm: C | null;
+  #wasmError: string | null;
+  #wasmPromise: InitPromise<C> | null;
+  #type: 'asm' | 'wasm' | 'none';
+
+  constructor (createWasm: InitFn<C>) {
+    this.#createWasm = createWasm;
+    this.#cachegetInt32 = null;
+    this.#cachegetUint8 = null;
+    this.#heap = new Array(32)
+      .fill(undefined)
+      .concat(undefined, null, true, false);
+    this.#heapNext = this.#heap.length;
+    this.#type = 'none';
+    this.#wasm = null;
+    this.#wasmError = null;
+    this.#wasmPromise = null;
+    this.#wbg = { ...new Wbg(this) };
+  }
+
+  /** @description Returns the init error */
+  get error (): string | null {
+    return this.#wasmError;
+  }
+
+  /** @description Returns the init type */
+  get type (): 'asm' | 'wasm' | 'none' {
+    return this.#type;
+  }
+
+  /** @description Returns the created wasm interface */
+  get wasm (): C | null {
+    return this.#wasm;
+  }
+
+  /** @description Performs the wasm initialization */
+  async init (createWasm?: InitFn<C>): Promise<C | null> {
+    if (!this.#wasmPromise || createWasm) {
+      this.#wasmPromise = (createWasm || this.#createWasm)(this.#wbg);
+    }
+
+    const { error, type, wasm } = await this.#wasmPromise;
+
+    this.#type = type;
+    this.#wasm = wasm;
+    this.#wasmError = error;
+
+    return this.#wasm;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Gets an object from the heap
+   */
+  getObject (idx: number): unknown {
+    return this.#heap[idx];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Removes an object from the heap
+   */
+  dropObject (idx: number) {
+    if (idx < 36) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.#heap[idx] = this.#heapNext;
+    this.#heapNext = idx;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Retrieves and removes an object to the heap
+   */
+  takeObject (idx: number): unknown {
+    const ret = this.getObject(idx);
+
+    this.dropObject(idx);
+
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Adds an object to the heap
+   */
+  addObject (obj: unknown): number {
+    if (this.#heapNext === this.#heap.length) {
+      this.#heap.push(this.#heap.length + 1);
+    }
+
+    const idx = this.#heapNext;
+
+    this.#heapNext = this.#heap[idx] as number;
+    this.#heap[idx] = obj;
+
+    return idx;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Retrieve an Int32 in the WASM interface
+   */
+  getInt32 (): Int32Array {
+    if (this.#cachegetInt32 === null || this.#cachegetInt32.buffer !== this.#wasm!.memory.buffer) {
+      this.#cachegetInt32 = new Int32Array(this.#wasm!.memory.buffer);
+    }
+
+    return this.#cachegetInt32;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Retrieve an Uint8Array in the WASM interface
+   */
+  getUint8 (): Uint8Array {
+    if (this.#cachegetUint8 === null || this.#cachegetUint8.buffer !== this.#wasm!.memory.buffer) {
+      this.#cachegetUint8 = new Uint8Array(this.#wasm!.memory.buffer);
+    }
+
+    return this.#cachegetUint8;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Retrieves an Uint8Array in the WASM interface
+   */
+  getU8a (ptr: number, len: number): Uint8Array {
+    return this.getUint8().subarray(ptr / 1, ptr / 1 + len);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Retrieves a string in the WASM interface
+   */
+  getString (ptr: number, len: number): string {
+    return u8aToString(this.getU8a(ptr, len));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Allocates an Uint8Array in the WASM interface
+   */
+  allocU8a (arg: Uint8Array): [number, number] {
+    const ptr = this.#wasm!.__wbindgen_malloc(arg.length * 1);
+
+    this.getUint8().set(arg, ptr / 1);
+
+    return [ptr, arg.length];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Allocates a string in the WASM interface
+   */
+  allocString (arg: string): [number, number] {
+    return this.allocU8a(stringToU8a(arg));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Retrieves an Uint8Array from the WASM interface
+   */
+  resultU8a (): Uint8Array {
+    const r0 = this.getInt32()[8 / 4 + 0];
+    const r1 = this.getInt32()[8 / 4 + 1];
+    const ret = this.getU8a(r0, r1).slice();
+
+    this.#wasm!.__wbindgen_free(r0, r1 * 1);
+
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @description Retrieve a string from the WASM interface
+   */
+  resultString (): string {
+    return u8aToString(this.resultU8a());
+  }
+}

packages/wasm-bridge/src/bundle.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2026 @polkadot/wasm-bridge authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+export * from './bridge.js';
+export * from './init.js';

packages/wasm-bridge/src/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2026 @polkadot/wasm-bridge authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import './packageDetect.js';
+
+export * from './bundle.js';

packages/wasm-bridge/src/init.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2026 @polkadot/wasm-bridge authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import type { InitFn, InitPromise, InitResult, WasmBaseInstance, WasmImports } from './types.js';
+
+/**
+ * @name createWasmFn
+ * @description
+ * Create a WASM (or ASM.js) creator interface based on the supplied information.
+ *
+ * It will attempt to create a WASM interface first and if this fails or is not available in
+ * the environment, will fallback to attempting to create an ASM.js interface.
+ */
+export function createWasmFn <C extends WasmBaseInstance> (root: 'crypto', wasmBytes: null | Uint8Array, asmFn: null | ((wbg: WasmImports) => C)): InitFn<C> {
+  return async (wbg: WasmImports): InitPromise<C> => {
+    const result: InitResult<C> = {
+      error: null,
+      type: 'none',
+      wasm: null
+    };
+
+    try {
+      if (!wasmBytes?.length) {
+        throw new Error('No WebAssembly provided for initialization');
+      } else if (typeof WebAssembly !== 'object' || typeof WebAssembly.instantiate !== 'function') {
+        throw new Error('WebAssembly is not available in your environment');
+      }
+
+      const source = await WebAssembly.instantiate(wasmBytes, { wbg });
+
+      result.wasm = source.instance.exports as unknown as C;
+      result.type = 'wasm';
+    } catch (error) {
+      // if we have a valid supplied asm.js, return that
+      if (typeof asmFn === 'function') {
+        result.wasm = asmFn(wbg);
+        result.type = 'asm';
+      } else {
+        result.error = `FATAL: Unable to initialize @polkadot/wasm-${root}:: ${(error as Error).message}`;
+
+        console.error(result.error);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  };
+}

packages/wasm-bridge/src/mod.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2026 @polkadot/wasm-bridge authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+export * from './index.js';

packages/wasm-bridge/src/packageDetect.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/wasm-bridge authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev
+// (packageInfo imports will be kept as-is, user-editable)
+
+import { detectPackage } from '@polkadot/util';
+
+import { packageInfo } from './packageInfo.js';
+
+detectPackage(packageInfo, null, []);

packages/wasm-bridge/src/packageInfo.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2026 @polkadot/wasm-bridge authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev
+
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/wasm-bridge', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '7.5.4' };

packages/wasm-bridge/src/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2026 @polkadot/wasm-bridge authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Use non-strong types instead of WasmImports which may not
+// be available as part of the TS environment types (it needs dom)
+export type WasmImports = Record<string, (...args: never[]) => unknown>;
+
+// Use non-strong types instead of WebAssembly.Memory which may not
+// be available as part of the TS environment types (it needs dom)
+export interface WasmMemory { buffer: ArrayBuffer }
+
+export declare interface InitResult<C extends WasmBaseInstance> {
+  error: string | null;
+  type: 'asm' | 'wasm' | 'none';
+  wasm: C | null;
+}
+
+export type InitPromise <C extends WasmBaseInstance> = Promise<InitResult<C>>;
+
+export type InitFn <C extends WasmBaseInstance> = (wbg: WasmImports) => InitPromise<C>;
+
+export interface BridgeBase<C extends WasmBaseInstance> extends InitResult<C> {
+  init (createWasm?: InitFn<C>): Promise<C | null>;
+  getObject (idx: number): unknown;
+  dropObject (idx: number): void;
+  takeObject (idx: number): unknown;
+  addObject (obj: unknown): number;
+  getInt32 (): Int32Array;
+  getUint8 (): Uint8Array;
+  getU8a (ptr: number, len: number): Uint8Array;
+  getString (ptr: number, len: number): string;
+  allocU8a (arg: Uint8Array): [number, number];
+  allocString (arg: string): [number, number];
+  resultU8a (): Uint8Array;
+  resultString (): string;
+}
+
+export interface WasmBindGen {
+  __wbindgen_exn_store (a: number): void;
+  __wbindgen_free (a: number, b: number): void;
+  __wbindgen_malloc (a: number): number;
+  __wbindgen_realloc (a: number, b: number, c: number): number;
+}
+
+export interface WasmBaseInstance extends WasmBindGen {
+  memory: WasmMemory;
+}

packages/wasm-bridge/src/wbg.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2026 @polkadot/wasm-bridge authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import type { BridgeBase, WasmBaseInstance } from './types.js';
+
+import { getRandomValues } from '@polkadot/x-randomvalues';
+
+const DEFAULT_CRYPTO = { getRandomValues };
+const DEFAULT_SELF = { crypto: DEFAULT_CRYPTO };
+
+/**
+ * @name Wbg
+ * @description
+ * This defines the internal interfaces that wasm-bindgen used to communicate
+ * with the host layer. None of these functions are available to the user, rather
+ * they are called internally from the WASM code itself.
+ *
+ * The interfaces here are exposed in the imports on the created WASM interfaces.
+ *
+ * Internally the implementation does a thin layer into the supplied bridge.
+ */
+export class Wbg<C extends WasmBaseInstance> {
+  readonly #bridge: BridgeBase<C>;
+
+  constructor (bridge: BridgeBase<C>) {
+    this.#bridge = bridge;
+  }
+
+  /** @internal */
+  abort = (): never => {
+    throw new Error('abort');
+  };
+
+  /** @internal */
+  __wbindgen_is_undefined = (idx: number): boolean => {
+    return this.#bridge.getObject(idx) === undefined;
+  };
+
+  /** @internal */
+  __wbindgen_throw = (ptr: number, len: number): boolean => {
+    throw new Error(this.#bridge.getString(ptr, len));
+  };
+
+  /** @internal */
+  __wbg_self_1b7a39e3a92c949c = (): number => {
+    return this.#bridge.addObject(DEFAULT_SELF);
+  };
+
+  /** @internal */
+  __wbg_require_604837428532a733 = (ptr: number, len: number): never => {
+    throw new Error(`Unable to require ${this.#bridge.getString(ptr, len)}`);
+  };
+
+  /** @internal */
+  __wbg_crypto_968f1772287e2df0 = (_idx: number): number => {
+    return this.#bridge.addObject(DEFAULT_CRYPTO);
+  };
+
+  /** @internal */
+  __wbg_getRandomValues_a3d34b4fee3c2869 = (_idx: number): number => {
+    return this.#bridge.addObject(DEFAULT_CRYPTO.getRandomValues);
+  };
+
+  /** @internal */
+  __wbg_getRandomValues_f5e14ab7ac8e995d = (_arg0: number, ptr: number, len: number): void => {
+    DEFAULT_CRYPTO.getRandomValues(this.#bridge.getU8a(ptr, len));
+  };
+
+  /** @internal */
+  __wbg_randomFillSync_d5bd2d655fdf256a = (_idx: number, _ptr: number, _len: number): never => {
+    throw new Error('randomFillsync is not available');
+
+    // getObject(idx).randomFillSync(getU8a(ptr, len));
+  };
+
+  /** @internal */
+  __wbindgen_object_drop_ref = (idx: number): void => {
+    this.#bridge.takeObject(idx);
+  };
+}

packages/wasm-bridge/tsconfig.build.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "baseUrl": "..",
+    "outDir": "./build",
+    "rootDir": "./src"
+  },
+  "exclude": [
+    "**/mod.ts"
+  ],
+  "references": []
+}

packages/wasm-crypto-asmjs/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+## @polkadot/wasm-crypto-asmjs
+
+Asm.js build outputs.

packages/wasm-crypto-asmjs/package.json

@@ -1,19 +1,32 @@
 {
-  "name": "@polkadot/wasm-crypto-asmjs",
-  "version": "3.2.1",
-  "description": "Asm.js content for wasm-crypto",
-  "browser": "empty.js",
-  "main": "empty.js",
-  "module": "empty.mjs",
-  "react-native": "data.js",
-  "sideEffects": false,
   "author": "Jaco Greeff <jacogr@gmail.com>",
-  "maintainers": [],
-  "contributors": [],
-  "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "bugs": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/issues",
-  "homepage": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm",
+  "description": "Asm.js content for wasm-crypto",
+  "engines": {
+    "node": ">=18"
+  },
+  "homepage": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm/tree/master/packages/wasm-crypto-asmjs#readme",
+  "license": "Apache-2.0",
+  "name": "@polkadot/wasm-crypto-asmjs",
+  "repository": {
+    "directory": "packages/wasm-crypto-asmjs",
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/wasm.git"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": [
+    "./packageDetect.js",
+    "./packageDetect.cjs"
+  ],
+  "type": "module",
+  "version": "7.5.4",
+  "main": "index.js",
   "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.12.5"
+    "tslib": "^2.7.0"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@polkadot/util": "^14.0.1"
+  },
+  "peerDependencies": {
+    "@polkadot/util": "*"
   }
 }

packages/wasm-crypto-asmjs/src/bundle.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2026 @polkadot/wasm-crypto-asmjs authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+export { asmJsInit } from './cjs/data.js';
+export { packageInfo } from './packageInfo.js';

packages/wasm-crypto-asmjs/src/cjs/cjs/data.js

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2026 @polkadot/wasm-crypto-wasm authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+const data = require('../data.js');
+
+module.exports = data;