[CI Skip] release/stable 9.3.1

skip-checks: true
9.3.1 (#1507 )
2022-05-29 06:27:05 +00:00 · 2022-05-29 09:23:01 +03:00 · 2022-05-28 10:40:10 +00:00 · 2022-05-28 13:35:56 +03:00 · 2022-05-27 08:15:04 +00:00 · 2022-05-27 11:10:56 +03:00
109 changed files with 2664 additions and 1961 deletions
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 --test-*
 _book/
 build/
+build-cjs/
+build-esm/
 build-docs/
 coverage/
 docs/.vuepress/dist/
@@ -1,5 +1,65 @@
 # CHANGELOG

+## 9.3.1 May 29, 2022
+
+Contributed:
+
+- Add Ledger support for Parallel (Thanks to https://github.com/carlosala)
+- Add Ledger support for Astar & Polkadex (Thanks to https://github.com/carlosala)
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust `u8aToU8a` checks with better `isU8a` shortcut
+- Adjust compact conversion with unrolled loops
+- Adjust `string{Camel, Pascal}Case` with loop (no map)
+- Add `compactFromU8aLim` variant with Uint8Array-only inputs
+- Add `u8aConcatStrict` variant with Uint8Array-only inputs
+- Internal code maintainability enhancements
+- Upgrade dependencies to latest stable versions
+
+
+## 9.2.1 May 13, 2022
+
+Contributed:
+
+- Add Ledger support for Acala (Thanks to https://github.com/ntduan)
+
+Changes:
+
+- Optimize `u8aToHex` with direct (non-hex) conversion
+- Change all occurences of `.substr(...)` to `.substring(...)`
+- Sync with upstream Substrate ss58 registry
+- Mark deprecated function signatures (no removals)
+- Re-enable auto init of `cryptoWaitReady()`
+- Upgrade to `@polkadot/wasm-crypto` 6.1.1
+
+
+## 9.1.1 Apr 30, 2022
+
+Contributed:
+
+- Add Ledger support for Statemint (Thanks to https://github.com/carlosala)
+- Add Ledger support for xxnetwork (Thanks to https://github.com/xx-labs)
+
+Changes:
+
+- Adjust/dedupe output from `detectPackage`
+- Adjust `isHex` performance test
+- Add field-level comments to some `*Options` structures
+- Add new Rococo genesisHash (reset)
+
+
+## 9.0.1 Apr 9, 2022
+
+- **Breaking change** In this major version the commonjs outputs are moved to a sub-folder. Since the export map and main field in package.json does reflect this change, there should be no usage changes. However the packages here will all need to be on the same version for internal linkage.
+
+Changes:
+
+- Be explicit in `@polkadot/util-crypto` re-exports from `@polkadot/networks`
+- Output commonjs files under the `cjs/**` root
+- Upgrade to `@polkadot/wasm-crypto` 6.0.1
+
+
 ## 8.7.1 Mar 27, 2022

 Changes:
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-    1288	Jaco                          	8.7.1 (#1449)
+    1332	Jaco                          	9.3.1 (#1507)
       9	Antoine Estienne              	Add eth uri keyring test (#1291)
       6	Amaury Martiny                	Add tests from Rust (#283)
       5	kwingram25                    	Add BN consts and timeToString (#610)
       4	Adam Dossa                    	Update Polymesh Genesis Hash (#1193)
       4	Jakub Pánik                   	Add basilisk 🐍 (#1396)
+       3	Carlo Sala                    	some changes to KnownLedger (#1497)
       3	Luke Schoen                   	docs: Fix example in readme since we use default imports (#243)
       2	AndreasGassmann               	feat(dependencies): remove moment.js (#530)
       2	Gav Wood                      	Fix stake:unstake (#182)
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
       1	Mario Neises                  	remove redudant export (#257)
       1	Miguel Hervas                 	Add CFG Ledger Support (#1057)
       1	nahuseyoum                    	Reserving 65 for Aventus based on the new extended range (#871)
+       1	Nantian                       	add acala ledger config (#1485)
       1	qwer951123                    	Add acala genesis (#1161)
       1	Raoul Millais                 	Fix yarn add instructions in x-global README (#873)
       1	Raymond Zhong                 	Add Edgeware ledger app (#1006)
@@ -44,4 +46,5 @@
       1	Tore19                        	Add stafi genesis hash (#1096)
       1	Wei Tang                      	ss58: add Kulupu prefix to the list (#595)
       1	WoeOm                         	Handing high precision scenes (#450)
+       1	xx network                    	Add xxnetwork genesis hash and ledger app (#1463)
       1	Yuri                          	Extra check for process for browser bundles (#923)
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
    "url": "https://github.com/polkadot-js/common.git"
  },
  "sideEffects": false,
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "workspaces": [
    "packages/*"
  ],
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@
    "test:one": "polkadot-dev-run-test --runInBand"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "@babel/core": "^7.17.8",
-    "@polkadot/dev": "^0.65.101",
-    "@types/jest": "^27.4.1"
+    "@babel/core": "^7.18.2",
+    "@polkadot/dev": "^0.66.30",
+    "@types/jest": "^27.5.1"
  },
  "resolutions": {
-    "typescript": "^4.6.3"
+    "typescript": "^4.6.4"
  }
 }
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@
  },
  "sideEffects": false,
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "browser": "browser.js",
  "main": "node.js",
  "react-native": "react-native.js",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8",
-    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport": "^6.24.1",
-    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport-webhid": "^6.24.1",
-    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport-webusb": "^6.24.1",
-    "@polkadot/util": "8.7.1"
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3",
+    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport": "^6.27.1",
+    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport-webhid": "^6.27.1",
+    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport-webusb": "^6.27.1",
+    "@polkadot/util": "9.3.1"
  },
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport-node-hid-singleton": "^6.26.0"
+    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport-node-hid-singleton": "^6.27.1"
  }
 }
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@
    "./detectPackage.cjs"
  ],
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "main": "index.js",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8",
-    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport": "^6.24.1",
-    "@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/util": "8.7.1",
-    "@zondax/ledger-substrate": "^0.24.0"
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3",
+    "@ledgerhq/hw-transport": "^6.27.1",
+    "@polkadot/hw-ledger-transports": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/util": "9.3.1",
+    "@zondax/ledger-substrate": "^0.29.0"
  }
 }
@@ -4,20 +4,27 @@
 import type Transport from '@ledgerhq/hw-transport';
 import type { SubstrateApp } from '@zondax/ledger-substrate';

-import { newBifrostApp, newCentrifugeApp, newDockApp, newEdgewareApp, newEquilibriumApp, newGenshiroApp, newKusamaApp, newNodleApp, newPolkadotApp, newPolymeshApp, newSoraApp, newStatemineApp } from '@zondax/ledger-substrate';
+import { newAcalaApp, newAstarApp, newBifrostApp, newCentrifugeApp, newDockApp, newEdgewareApp, newEquilibriumApp, newGenshiroApp, newKaruraApp, newKusamaApp, newNodleApp, newParallelApp, newPolkadexApp, newPolkadotApp, newPolymeshApp, newSoraApp, newStatemineApp, newStatemintApp, newXXNetworkApp } from '@zondax/ledger-substrate';

 // These match up with the keys of the knownLedger object in the @polkadot/networks/defaults/ledger.ts
 export const ledgerApps: Record<string, (transport: Transport) => SubstrateApp> = {
+  acala: newAcalaApp,
+  astar: newAstarApp,
  bifrost: newBifrostApp,
  centrifuge: newCentrifugeApp,
  'dock-mainnet': newDockApp,
  edgeware: newEdgewareApp,
  equilibrium: newEquilibriumApp,
  genshiro: newGenshiroApp,
+  karura: newKaruraApp,
  kusama: newKusamaApp,
-  'nodle-chain': newNodleApp,
+  'nodle-para': newNodleApp,
+  parallel: newParallelApp,
+  polkadex: newPolkadexApp,
  polkadot: newPolkadotApp,
  polymesh: newPolymeshApp,
  sora: newSoraApp,
-  statemine: newStatemineApp
+  statemine: newStatemineApp,
+  statemint: newStatemintApp,
+  xxnetwork: newXXNetworkApp
 };
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/hw-ledger', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/hw-ledger', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export interface AccountOptions {

 export interface LedgerAddress {
  address: string;
-  publicKey: string;
+  publicKey: HexString;
 }

 export interface LedgerSignature {
@@ -23,5 +23,8 @@ export interface LedgerSignature {
 export interface LedgerVersion {
  isLocked: boolean;
  isTestMode: boolean;
+  /**
+   * @description Tuple with major, minor, patch
+   */
  version: [number, number, number];
 }
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@
    "./detectPackage.cjs"
  ],
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "main": "index.js",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8",
-    "@polkadot/util": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/util-crypto": "8.7.1"
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3",
+    "@polkadot/util": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/util-crypto": "9.3.1"
  },
  "peerDependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/util": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/util-crypto": "8.7.1"
+    "@polkadot/util": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/util-crypto": "9.3.1"
  }
 }
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/keyring', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/keyring', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
@@ -5,7 +5,13 @@ import type { HexString } from '@polkadot/util/types';
 import type { EncryptedJson, Keypair, KeypairType, Prefix } from '@polkadot/util-crypto/types';

 export interface KeyringOptions {
+  /**
+   * @description The ss58Format to use for address encoding (defaults to 42)
+   */
  ss58Format?: Prefix;
+  /**
+   * @description The type of keyring to create (defaults to ed25519)
+   */
  type?: KeypairType;
 }

@@ -17,6 +23,9 @@ export interface KeyringPair$Json extends EncryptedJson {
 }

 export interface SignOptions {
+  /**
+   * @description Create a MultiSignature-compatible output with an indicator type
+   **/
  withType?: boolean;
 }

@@ -17,15 +17,15 @@
  },
  "sideEffects": false,
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "main": "index.js",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8",
-    "@polkadot/util": "8.7.1",
-    "@substrate/ss58-registry": "^1.17.0"
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3",
+    "@polkadot/util": "9.3.1",
+    "@substrate/ss58-registry": "^1.20.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/hw-ledger": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/x-fetch": "8.7.1"
+    "@polkadot/hw-ledger": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/x-fetch": "9.3.1"
  }
 }
@@ -53,12 +53,18 @@ export const knownGenesis: KnownGenesis = {
    '0xe3777fa922cafbff200cadeaea1a76bd7898ad5b89f7848999058b50e715f636', // Kusama CC2
    '0x3fd7b9eb6a00376e5be61f01abb429ffb0b104be05eaff4d458da48fcd425baf' // Kusama CC1
  ],
-  'nodle-chain': [
-    '0xa3d114c2b8d0627c1aa9b134eafcf7d05ca561fdc19fb388bb9457f81809fb23'
+  'nodle-para': [
+    '0x97da7ede98d7bad4e36b4d734b6055425a3be036da2a332ea5a7037656427a21'
+  ],
+  parallel: [
+    '0xe61a41c53f5dcd0beb09df93b34402aada44cb05117b71059cce40a2723a4e97'
  ],
  picasso: [
    '0xe8e7f0f4c4f5a00720b4821dbfddefea7490bcf0b19009961cc46957984e2c1c'
  ],
+  polkadex: [
+    '0x3920bcb4960a1eef5580cd5367ff3f430eef052774f78468852f7b9cb39f8a3c'
+  ],
  polkadot: [
    '0x91b171bb158e2d3848fa23a9f1c25182fb8e20313b2c1eb49219da7a70ce90c3'
  ],
@@ -66,6 +72,7 @@ export const knownGenesis: KnownGenesis = {
    '0x6fbd74e5e1d0a61d52ccfe9d4adaed16dd3a7caa37c6bc4d0c2fa12e8b2f4063'
  ],
  rococo: [
+    '0x6408de7737c59c238890533af25896a2c20608d8b380bb01029acb392781063e',
    '0xaaf2cd1b74b5f726895921259421b534124726263982522174147046b8827897',
    '0x037f5f3c8e67b314062025fc886fcd6238ea25a4a9b45dce8d246815c9ebe770',
    '0xc196f81260cf1686172b47a79cf002120735d7cb0eb1474e8adce56618456fff',
@@ -87,10 +94,16 @@ export const knownGenesis: KnownGenesis = {
  statemine: [
    '0x48239ef607d7928874027a43a67689209727dfb3d3dc5e5b03a39bdc2eda771a'
  ],
+  statemint: [
+    '0x68d56f15f85d3136970ec16946040bc1752654e906147f7e43e9d539d7c3de2f'
+  ],
  subsocial: [
    '0x0bd72c1c305172e1275278aaeb3f161e02eccb7a819e63f62d47bd53a28189f8'
  ],
  westend: [
    '0xe143f23803ac50e8f6f8e62695d1ce9e4e1d68aa36c1cd2cfd15340213f3423e'
+  ],
+  xxnetwork: [
+    '0x50dd5d206917bf10502c68fb4d18a59fc8aa31586f4e8856b493e43544aa82aa'
  ]
 };
@@ -8,16 +8,23 @@ import type { KnownLedger } from '../types';
 //
 // NOTE: Any network here needs to have a genesisHash attached in the ./genesis.ts config
 export const knownLedger: KnownLedger = {
+  acala: 0x00000313,
+  astar: 0x0000032a,
  bifrost: 0x00000314,
  centrifuge: 0x000002eb,
  'dock-mainnet': 0x00000252,
  edgeware: 0x0000020b,
  equilibrium: 0x05f5e0fd,
  genshiro: 0x05f5e0fc,
+  karura: 0x000002ae,
  kusama: 0x000001b2,
-  'nodle-chain': 0x000003eb,
+  'nodle-para': 0x000003eb,
+  parallel: 0x00000162,
+  polkadex: 0x0000031f,
  polkadot: 0x00000162,
  polymesh: 0x00000253,
  sora: 0x00000269,
-  statemine: 0x000001b2 // common-good on Kusama, shares derivation
+  statemine: 0x000001b2, // common-good on Kusama, shares derivation
+  statemint: 0x00000162, // common-good on Polkadot, shares derivation
+  xxnetwork: 0x000007a3
 };
@@ -113,6 +113,6 @@ describe('selectableNetworks', (): void => {

  it('has a sorted list (first external, last external)', (): void => {
    expect(selectableNetworks[3].displayName).toEqual('Acala');
-    expect(selectableNetworks[selectableNetworks.length - 1].displayName).toEqual('Stafi');
+    expect(selectableNetworks[selectableNetworks.length - 1].displayName).toEqual('xx network');
  });
 });
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/networks authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

+// TODO: This was removed, really cannot recall the reason...
+// ... put it back, but keep it removed
+// import './detectPackage';
+
 export * from './interfaces';
 export { packageInfo } from './packageInfo';
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/networks', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/networks', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
@@ -245,22 +245,9 @@
    "standardAccount": "*25519",
    "website": "https://stafi.io"
  },
-  {
-    "prefix": 21,
-    "network": "dock-testnet",
-    "displayName": "Dock Testnet",
-    "symbols": [
-      "DCK"
-    ],
-    "decimals": [
-      6
-    ],
-    "standardAccount": "*25519",
-    "website": "https://dock.io"
-  },
  {
    "prefix": 22,
-    "network": "dock-mainnet",
+    "network": "dock-pos-mainnet",
    "displayName": "Dock Mainnet",
    "symbols": [
      "DCK"
@@ -459,12 +446,12 @@
  {
    "prefix": 38,
    "network": "kilt",
-    "displayName": "KILT Chain",
+    "displayName": "KILT Spiritnet",
    "symbols": [
      "KILT"
    ],
    "decimals": [
-      18
+      15
    ],
    "standardAccount": "*25519",
    "website": "https://kilt.io/"
@@ -793,6 +780,32 @@
    "standardAccount": "*25519",
    "website": "https://polkadex.trade"
  },
+  {
+    "prefix": 89,
+    "network": "polkadexparachain",
+    "displayName": "Polkadex Parachain",
+    "symbols": [
+      "PDEX"
+    ],
+    "decimals": [
+      12
+    ],
+    "standardAccount": "*25519",
+    "website": "https://polkadex.trade"
+  },
+  {
+    "prefix": 93,
+    "network": "fragnova",
+    "displayName": "Fragnova Network",
+    "symbols": [
+      "NOVA"
+    ],
+    "decimals": [
+      12
+    ],
+    "standardAccount": "*25519",
+    "website": "https://fragnova.com"
+  },
  {
    "prefix": 98,
    "network": "polkasmith",
@@ -824,13 +837,13 @@
    "network": "origintrail-parachain",
    "displayName": "OriginTrail Parachain",
    "symbols": [
-      "TRAC"
+      "OTP"
    ],
    "decimals": [
-      18
+      12
    ],
-    "standardAccount": "secp256k1",
-    "website": "https://origintrail.io"
+    "standardAccount": "*25519",
+    "website": "https://parachain.origintrail.io/"
  },
  {
    "prefix": 105,
@@ -867,6 +880,19 @@
    "standardAccount": "*25519",
    "website": "https://integritee.network"
  },
+  {
+    "prefix": 117,
+    "network": "tinker",
+    "displayName": "Tinker",
+    "symbols": [
+      "TNKR"
+    ],
+    "decimals": [
+      12
+    ],
+    "standardAccount": "*25519",
+    "website": "https://invarch.network"
+  },
  {
    "prefix": 128,
    "network": "clover",
@@ -1024,7 +1050,7 @@
    "website": "https://moonbeam.network"
  },
  {
-    "prefix": 1337,
+    "prefix": 1328,
    "network": "ajuna",
    "displayName": "Ajuna Network",
    "symbols": [
@@ -1033,7 +1059,20 @@
    "decimals": [
      12
    ],
-    "standardAccount": "Sr25519",
+    "standardAccount": "*25519",
+    "website": "https://ajuna.io"
+  },
+  {
+    "prefix": 1337,
+    "network": "bajun",
+    "displayName": "Bajun Network",
+    "symbols": [
+      "BAJU"
+    ],
+    "decimals": [
+      12
+    ],
+    "standardAccount": "*25519",
    "website": "https://ajuna.io"
  },
  {
@@ -22,21 +22,21 @@
    "./detectPackage.cjs"
  ],
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "browser": {
    "crypto": false,
    "stream": false
  },
  "main": "index.js",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8",
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3",
    "@noble/hashes": "1.0.0",
    "@noble/secp256k1": "1.5.5",
-    "@polkadot/networks": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/util": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/wasm-crypto": "^5.1.1",
-    "@polkadot/x-bigint": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/x-randomvalues": "8.7.1",
+    "@polkadot/networks": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/util": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/wasm-crypto": "^6.1.1",
+    "@polkadot/x-bigint": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/x-randomvalues": "9.3.1",
    "@scure/base": "1.0.0",
    "ed2curve": "^0.3.0",
    "tweetnacl": "^1.0.3"
@@ -45,6 +45,6 @@
    "@types/ed2curve": "^0.2.2"
  },
  "peerDependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/util": "8.7.1"
+    "@polkadot/util": "9.3.1"
  }
 }
@@ -10,7 +10,5 @@ import { decodeAddress } from './decode';
 * @summary Converts an SS58 address to its corresponding EVM address.
 */
 export function addressToEvm (address: HexString | string | Uint8Array, ignoreChecksum?: boolean): Uint8Array {
-  const decoded = decodeAddress(address, ignoreChecksum);
-
-  return decoded.subarray(0, 20);
+  return decodeAddress(address, ignoreChecksum).subarray(0, 20);
 }
@@ -1,18 +1,12 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-import type { Network } from '@polkadot/networks/types';
-
 import { availableNetworks } from '../networks';

-function networkToPrefix ({ prefix }: Network): number {
-  return prefix;
-}
-
 export const defaults = {
  allowedDecodedLengths: [1, 2, 4, 8, 32, 33],
  // publicKey has prefix + 2 checksum bytes, short only prefix + 1 checksum byte
  allowedEncodedLengths: [3, 4, 6, 10, 35, 36, 37, 38],
-  allowedPrefix: availableNetworks.map(networkToPrefix),
+  allowedPrefix: availableNetworks.map(({ prefix }) => prefix),
  prefix: 42
 };
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ const l = logger('setSS58Format');
 * @deprecated Use keyring.setSS58Format
 */
 export function setSS58Format (prefix: Prefix): void {
-  l.warn('Global setting of the ss58Format is deprecated and not recommended. Set format on the keyring (if used) or as pat of the address encode function');
+  l.warn('Global setting of the ss58Format is deprecated and not recommended. Set format on the keyring (if used) or as part of the address encode function');

  defaults.prefix = prefix;
 }
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ export function createDecode ({ coder, ipfs }: Config, validate: ValidateFn): De

    return coder.decode(
      ipfs && ipfsCompat
-        ? value.substr(1)
+        ? value.substring(1)
        : value
    );
  };
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ import { blake2b, isReady } from '@polkadot/wasm-crypto';

 import { createAsHex } from '../helpers';

-type BitLength = 64 | 128 | 256 | 384 | 512;
-
 /**
 * @name blake2AsU8a
 * @summary Creates a blake2b u8a from the input.
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ type BitLength = 64 | 128 | 256 | 384 | 512;
 * blake2AsU8a('abc'); // => [0xba, 0x80, 0xa5, 0x3f, 0x98, 0x1c, 0x4d, 0x0d]
 * ```
 */
-export function blake2AsU8a (data: HexString | Uint8Array | string, bitLength: BitLength = 256, key?: Uint8Array | null, onlyJs?: boolean): Uint8Array {
+export function blake2AsU8a (data: HexString | Uint8Array | string, bitLength: 64 | 128 | 256 | 384 | 512 = 256, key?: Uint8Array | null, onlyJs?: boolean): Uint8Array {
  const byteLength = Math.ceil(bitLength / 8);
  const u8a = u8aToU8a(data);

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { utils as utilsNobleSecp256k1 } from '@noble/secp256k1';

 import { u8aConcat } from '@polkadot/util';

-// import { cryptoWaitReady } from './crypto';
+import { cryptoWaitReady } from './crypto';
 import { hmacSha256AsU8a } from './hmac';

 // Set overrides on the secp256k1 utils
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import { hmacSha256AsU8a } from './hmac';
 utilsNobleSecp256k1.hmacSha256Sync = (key: Uint8Array, ...messages: Uint8Array[]) =>
  hmacSha256AsU8a(key, u8aConcat(...messages));

-// // start init process immediately
-// cryptoWaitReady().catch((): void => {
-//   // shouldn't happen, logged above
-// });
+// start init process immediately
+cryptoWaitReady().catch((): void => {
+  // shouldn't happen, logged and caught inside cryptoWaitReady
+});
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@ interface DualHash {
  512: (u8a: Uint8Array) => Uint8Array;
 }

-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-export function createAsHex <T extends (...args: any[]) => Uint8Array> (fn: T): (...args: Parameters<T>) => HexString {
+export function createAsHex <T extends (...args: never[]) => Uint8Array> (fn: T): (...args: Parameters<T>) => HexString {
  return (...args: Parameters<T>): HexString =>
    u8aToHex(fn(...args));
 }

-export function createBitHasher <T> (bitLength: T, fn: (data: HexString | Buffer | Uint8Array | string, bitLength: T, onlyJs?: boolean) => Uint8Array): (data: HexString | Buffer | Uint8Array | string, onlyJs?: boolean) => Uint8Array {
+export function createBitHasher (bitLength: 256 | 512, fn: (data: HexString | Buffer | Uint8Array | string, bitLength: 256 | 512, onlyJs?: boolean) => Uint8Array): (data: HexString | Buffer | Uint8Array | string, onlyJs?: boolean) => Uint8Array {
  return (data: HexString | Buffer | Uint8Array | string, onlyJs?: boolean): Uint8Array =>
    fn(data, bitLength, onlyJs);
 }
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ import { sha512 } from '@noble/hashes/sha512';
 import { hasBigInt, u8aToU8a } from '@polkadot/util';
 import { hmacSha256, hmacSha512, isReady } from '@polkadot/wasm-crypto';

-type BitLength = 256 | 512;
-
 const JS_HASH = {
  256: sha256,
  512: sha512
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ const WA_MHAC = {
  512: hmacSha512
 };

-function createSha (bitLength: BitLength): (key: Uint8Array | string, data: Uint8Array, onlyJs?: boolean) => Uint8Array {
+function createSha (bitLength: 256 | 512): (key: Uint8Array | string, data: Uint8Array, onlyJs?: boolean) => Uint8Array {
  return (key: Uint8Array | string, data: Uint8Array, onlyJs?: boolean): Uint8Array =>
    hmacShaAsU8a(key, data, bitLength, onlyJs);
 }
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ function createSha (bitLength: BitLength): (key: Uint8Array | string, data: Uint
 * @name hmacShaAsU8a
 * @description creates a Hmac Sha (256/512) Uint8Array from the key & data
 */
-export function hmacShaAsU8a (key: Uint8Array | string, data: Uint8Array, bitLength: BitLength = 256, onlyJs?: boolean): Uint8Array {
+export function hmacShaAsU8a (key: Uint8Array | string, data: Uint8Array, bitLength: 256 | 512 = 256, onlyJs?: boolean): Uint8Array {
  const u8aKey = u8aToU8a(key);

  return !hasBigInt || (!onlyJs && isReady())
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ export class DeriveJunction {
  public static from (value: string): DeriveJunction {
    const result = new DeriveJunction();
    const [code, isHard] = value.startsWith('/')
-      ? [value.substr(1), true]
+      ? [value.substring(1), true]
      : [value, false];

    result.soft(
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ export function keyExtractPath (derivePath: string): ExtractResult {
    constructed = parts.join('');

    for (const p of parts) {
-      path.push(DeriveJunction.from(p.substr(1)));
+      path.push(DeriveJunction.from(p.substring(1)));
    }
  }

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 //   - Use util-crypto randomAsU8a (instead of randombytes)
 //   - Remove setting of wordlist passing of wordlist in functions
 //   - Remove mnemonicToSeed (we only use the sync variant)
+//   - generateMnemonic takes number of words (instead of strength)

 import { assert, stringToU8a, u8aToU8a } from '@polkadot/util';

@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ export function mnemonicToEntropy (mnemonic: string): Uint8Array {
  // calculate the checksum and compare
  const entropyBytes = entropyBits.match(/(.{1,8})/g)?.map(binaryToByte);

-  assert(entropyBytes && entropyBytes.length % 4 === 0 && entropyBytes.length >= 16 && entropyBytes.length <= 32, INVALID_ENTROPY);
+  assert(entropyBytes && (entropyBytes.length % 4 === 0) && (entropyBytes.length >= 16) && (entropyBytes.length <= 32), INVALID_ENTROPY);

  const entropy = u8aToU8a(entropyBytes);
  const newChecksum = deriveChecksumBits(entropy);
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ export function mnemonicToEntropy (mnemonic: string): Uint8Array {

 export function entropyToMnemonic (entropy: Uint8Array): string {
  // 128 <= ENT <= 256
-  assert(entropy.length % 4 === 0 && entropy.length >= 16 && entropy.length <= 32, INVALID_ENTROPY);
+  assert((entropy.length % 4 === 0) && (entropy.length >= 16) && (entropy.length <= 32), INVALID_ENTROPY);

  const entropyBits = bytesToBinary(Array.from(entropy));
  const checksumBits = deriveChecksumBits(entropy);
@@ -97,12 +98,8 @@ export function entropyToMnemonic (entropy: Uint8Array): string {
    .join(' ');
 }

-export function generateMnemonic (strength?: number): string {
-  strength = strength || 128;
-
-  assert(strength % 32 === 0, INVALID_ENTROPY);
-
-  return entropyToMnemonic(randomAsU8a(strength / 8));
+export function generateMnemonic (numWords: 12 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 24): string {
+  return entropyToMnemonic(randomAsU8a((numWords / 3) * 4));
 }

 export function validateMnemonic (mnemonic: string): boolean {
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

 import { cryptoWaitReady } from '..';
-import { mnemonicGenerate, WordCount } from './generate';
+import { mnemonicGenerate } from './generate';
 import { mnemonicValidate } from './validate';

 describe('mnemonicGenerate', (): void => {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe('mnemonicGenerate', (): void => {
  });

  describe.each([false, true])('onlyJs=%p', (onlyJs): void => {
-    it.each([12, 15, 18, 21, 24] as WordCount[])('generates a valid mnemonic (%p words)', (num): void => {
+    it.each([12, 15, 18, 21, 24] as 12[])('generates a valid mnemonic (%p words)', (num): void => {
      const mnemonic = mnemonicGenerate(num, onlyJs);
      const isValid = mnemonicValidate(mnemonic);

@@ -6,17 +6,6 @@ import { bip39Generate, isReady } from '@polkadot/wasm-crypto';

 import { generateMnemonic } from './bip39';

-export type WordCount = 12 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 24;
-
-// mapping of words to the actual strength (as expected)
-const STRENGTH_MAP = {
-  12: 16 * 8,
-  15: 20 * 8,
-  18: 24 * 8,
-  21: 28 * 8,
-  24: 32 * 8
-};
-
 /**
 * @name mnemonicGenerate
 * @summary Creates a valid mnemonic string using using [BIP39](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki).
@@ -29,8 +18,8 @@ const STRENGTH_MAP = {
 * const mnemonic = mnemonicGenerate(); // => string
 * ```
 */
-export function mnemonicGenerate (numWords: WordCount = 12, onlyJs?: boolean): string {
+export function mnemonicGenerate (numWords: 12 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 24 = 12, onlyJs?: boolean): string {
  return !hasBigInt || (!onlyJs && isReady())
    ? bip39Generate(numWords)
-    : generateMnemonic(STRENGTH_MAP[numWords]);
+    : generateMnemonic(numWords);
 }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('mnemonicToMiniSecret', (): void => {
          u8aToHex(mnemonicToMiniSecret(mnemonic, 'Substrate', onlyJs))
        ).toEqual(
          // mini returned here, only check first 32-bytes (64 hex + 2 prefix)
-          seed.substr(0, 66)
+          seed.substring(0, 66)
        );
      });
    });
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util-crypto authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-export * from '@polkadot/networks/interfaces';
+// Don't use a export * since we don't want to duplicate packageInfo
+export { allNetworks, availableNetworks, selectableNetworks } from '@polkadot/networks';
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/util-crypto', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/util-crypto', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ import { isReady, twox } from '@polkadot/wasm-crypto';
 import { createAsHex } from '../helpers';
 import { xxhash64 } from './xxhash64';

-type BitLength = 64 | 128 | 192 | 256 | 320 | 384 | 448 | 512;
-
 /**
 * @name xxhashAsU8a
 * @summary Creates a xxhash64 u8a from the input.
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ type BitLength = 64 | 128 | 192 | 256 | 320 | 384 | 448 | 512;
 * xxhashAsU8a('abc'); // => 0x44bc2cf5ad770999
 * ```
 */
-export function xxhashAsU8a (data: HexString | Buffer | Uint8Array | string, bitLength: BitLength = 64, onlyJs?: boolean): Uint8Array {
+export function xxhashAsU8a (data: HexString | Buffer | Uint8Array | string, bitLength: 64 | 128 | 192 | 256 | 320 | 384 | 448 | 512 = 64, onlyJs?: boolean): Uint8Array {
  const rounds = Math.ceil(bitLength / 64);
  const u8a = u8aToU8a(data);

@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@
  "exports": {
    "./hex/toU8a": {
      "node": {
-        "require": "./hex/toU8aBuffer.cjs",
+        "require": "./cjs/hex/toU8aBuffer.js",
        "default": "./hex/toU8aBuffer.js"
      }
    },
    "./u8a/toHex": {
      "node": {
-        "require": "./u8a/toHexBuffer.cjs",
+        "require": "./cjs/u8a/toHexBuffer.js",
        "default": "./u8a/toHexBuffer.js"
      }
    }
@@ -34,19 +34,19 @@
    "./detectPackage.cjs"
  ],
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "main": "index.js",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8",
-    "@polkadot/x-bigint": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/x-global": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/x-textdecoder": "8.7.1",
-    "@polkadot/x-textencoder": "8.7.1",
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3",
+    "@polkadot/x-bigint": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/x-global": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/x-textdecoder": "9.3.1",
+    "@polkadot/x-textencoder": "9.3.1",
    "@types/bn.js": "^5.1.0",
-    "bn.js": "^5.2.0",
+    "bn.js": "^5.2.1",
    "ip-regex": "^4.3.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "@polkadot/x-randomvalues": "8.7.1"
+    "@polkadot/x-randomvalues": "9.3.1"
  }
 }
@@ -2,23 +2,19 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

 import type { BN } from '../bn/bn';
-import type { HexString, ToBigInt, ToBn, ToBnOptions } from '../types';
+import type { HexString, NumberOptions, ToBigInt, ToBn } from '../types';

 import { objectSpread } from '../object/spread';
 import { u8aToHex } from '../u8a';
 import { nToU8a } from './toU8a';

-interface Options extends ToBnOptions {
-  bitLength?: number;
-}
-
 const ZERO_STR = '0x00';

 /**
 * @name nToHex
 * @summary Creates a hex value from a bigint object.
 */
-export function nToHex <ExtToBn extends ToBn | ToBigInt> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: Options): HexString {
+export function nToHex <ExtToBn extends ToBn | ToBigInt> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: NumberOptions): HexString {
  return !value
    ? ZERO_STR
    : u8aToHex(
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

 import type { BN } from '../bn/bn';
-import type { ToBigInt, ToBn, ToBnOptions } from '../types';
+import type { NumberOptions, ToBigInt, ToBn } from '../types';

 import { BigInt } from '@polkadot/x-bigint';

@@ -10,20 +10,10 @@ import { objectSpread } from '../object/spread';
 import { _0n, _1n } from './consts';
 import { nToBigInt } from './toBigInt';

-interface Options extends ToBnOptions {
-  bitLength?: number;
-}
-
 const DIV = BigInt(256);
 const NEG_MASK = BigInt(0xff);

-function createEmpty ({ bitLength = 0 }: Options): Uint8Array {
-  return bitLength === -1
-    ? new Uint8Array()
-    : new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(bitLength / 8));
-}
-
-function toU8a (value: bigint, { isLe, isNegative }: Options): Uint8Array {
+function toU8a (value: bigint, { isLe, isNegative }: NumberOptions): Uint8Array {
  const arr: number[] = [];

  if (isNegative) {
@@ -54,8 +44,8 @@ function toU8a (value: bigint, { isLe, isNegative }: Options): Uint8Array {
 * @name nToU8a
 * @summary Creates a Uint8Array object from a bigint.
 */
-export function nToU8a <ExtToBn extends ToBn | ToBigInt> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: Options): Uint8Array {
-  const opts: Options = objectSpread(
+export function nToU8a <ExtToBn extends ToBn | ToBigInt> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: NumberOptions): Uint8Array {
+  const opts: NumberOptions = objectSpread(
    { bitLength: -1, isLe: true, isNegative: false },
    options
  );
@@ -63,7 +53,9 @@ export function nToU8a <ExtToBn extends ToBn | ToBigInt> (value?: ExtToBn | BN |
  const valueBi = nToBigInt(value);

  if (valueBi === _0n) {
-    return createEmpty(opts);
+    return opts.bitLength === -1
+      ? new Uint8Array()
+      : new Uint8Array(Math.ceil((opts.bitLength || 0) / 8));
  }

  const u8a = toU8a(valueBi, opts);
@@ -27,10 +27,9 @@ import { BN } from './bn';
 * ```
 */
 export function bnToBn <ExtToBn extends ToBigInt | ToBn> (value?: HexString | ExtToBn | BN | bigint | string | number | null): BN {
-  return BN.isBN(value)
-    ? value
-    : !value
-      ? new BN(0)
+  return value
+    ? BN.isBN(value)
+      ? value
      : isHex(value)
        ? hexToBn(value.toString())
        : isBigInt(value)
@@ -39,5 +38,6 @@ export function bnToBn <ExtToBn extends ToBigInt | ToBn> (value?: HexString | Ex
            ? value.toBn()
            : isToBigInt(value)
              ? new BN(value.toBigInt().toString())
-              : new BN(value);
+              : new BN(value)
+    : new BN(0);
 }
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('bnToHex', (): void => {
    ).toBe('0xfffffb2e');
  });

-  it('handles backwards compatibility', (): void => {
+  it('handles legacy compatibility', (): void => {
    expect(
      bnToHex(new BN(1234), 32)
    ).toBe(
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-import type { HexString, ToBn, ToBnOptions } from '../types';
+import type { HexString, NumberOptions, ToBn } from '../types';
 import type { BN } from './bn';

 import { isNumber } from '../is/number';
@@ -9,12 +9,8 @@ import { objectSpread } from '../object/spread';
 import { u8aToHex } from '../u8a';
 import { bnToU8a } from './toU8a';

-interface Options extends ToBnOptions {
-  bitLength?: number;
-}
-
 const ZERO_STR = '0x00';
-const DEFAULT_OPTS: Options = { bitLength: -1, isLe: false, isNegative: false };
+const DEFAULT_OPTS: NumberOptions = { bitLength: -1, isLe: false, isNegative: false };

 /**
 * @name bnToHex
@@ -31,9 +27,11 @@ const DEFAULT_OPTS: Options = { bitLength: -1, isLe: false, isNegative: false };
 * bnToHex(new BN(0x123456)); // => '0x123456'
 * ```
 */
-function bnToHex <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: Options): HexString;
+function bnToHex <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: NumberOptions): HexString;
+/** @deprecated Use bnToHex (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: NumberOptions) */
 function bnToHex <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, bitLength?: number, isLe?: boolean): HexString;
-function bnToHex <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, arg1: number | Options = DEFAULT_OPTS, arg2?: boolean): HexString {
+/** @deprecated Use bnToHex (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: NumberOptions) */
+function bnToHex <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, arg1: number | NumberOptions = DEFAULT_OPTS, arg2?: boolean): HexString {
  return !value
    ? ZERO_STR
    : u8aToHex(
@@ -1,35 +1,14 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-import type { ToBn, ToBnOptions } from '../types';
+import type { NumberOptions, ToBn } from '../types';
 import type { BN } from './bn';

 import { isNumber } from '../is/number';
 import { objectSpread } from '../object/spread';
 import { bnToBn } from './toBn';

-interface Options extends ToBnOptions {
-  bitLength?: number;
-}
-
-const DEFAULT_OPTS: Options = { bitLength: -1, isLe: true, isNegative: false };
-
-function createEmpty (byteLength: number, options: Options): Uint8Array {
-  return options.bitLength === -1
-    ? new Uint8Array()
-    : new Uint8Array(byteLength);
-}
-
-function createValue (valueBn: BN, byteLength: number, { isLe, isNegative }: Options): Uint8Array {
-  const output = new Uint8Array(byteLength);
-  const bn = isNegative
-    ? valueBn.toTwos(byteLength * 8)
-    : valueBn;
-
-  output.set(bn.toArray(isLe ? 'le' : 'be', byteLength), 0);
-
-  return output;
-}
+const DEFAULT_OPTS: NumberOptions = { bitLength: -1, isLe: true, isNegative: false };

 /**
 * @name bnToU8a
@@ -45,10 +24,12 @@ function createValue (valueBn: BN, byteLength: number, { isLe, isNegative }: Opt
 * bnToU8a(new BN(0x1234)); // => [0x12, 0x34]
 * ```
 */
-function bnToU8a <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: Options): Uint8Array;
+function bnToU8a <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: NumberOptions): Uint8Array;
+/** @deprecated Use bnToU8a(value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: NumberOptions) */
 function bnToU8a <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, bitLength?: number, isLe?: boolean): Uint8Array;
-function bnToU8a <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, arg1: number | Options = DEFAULT_OPTS, arg2?: boolean): Uint8Array {
-  const options: Options = objectSpread(
+/** @deprecated Use bnToU8a(value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, options?: NumberOptions) */
+function bnToU8a <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null, arg1: number | NumberOptions = DEFAULT_OPTS, arg2?: boolean): Uint8Array {
+  const { bitLength, isLe, isNegative }: NumberOptions = objectSpread(
    { bitLength: -1, isLe: true, isNegative: false },
    isNumber(arg1)
      ? { bitLength: arg1, isLe: arg2 }
@@ -56,13 +37,24 @@ function bnToU8a <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number
  );

  const valueBn = bnToBn(value);
-  const byteLength = options.bitLength === -1
+  const byteLength = bitLength === -1
    ? Math.ceil(valueBn.bitLength() / 8)
-    : Math.ceil((options.bitLength || 0) / 8);
+    : Math.ceil((bitLength || 0) / 8);

-  return value
-    ? createValue(valueBn, byteLength, options)
-    : createEmpty(byteLength, options);
+  if (!value) {
+    return bitLength === -1
+      ? new Uint8Array()
+      : new Uint8Array(byteLength);
+  }
+
+  const output = new Uint8Array(byteLength);
+  const bn = isNegative
+    ? valueBn.toTwos(byteLength * 8)
+    : valueBn;
+
+  output.set(bn.toArray(isLe ? 'le' : 'be', byteLength), 0);
+
+  return output;
 }

 export { bnToU8a };
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-import { u8aConcat } from '../u8a';
+import { u8aConcatStrict } from '../u8a';
 import { compactToU8a } from './toU8a';

 /**
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ import { compactToU8a } from './toU8a';
 * ```
 */
 export function compactAddLength (input: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
-  return u8aConcat(
+  return u8aConcatStrict([
    compactToU8a(input.length),
    input
-  );
+  ]);
 }
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@

 import { BN } from '../bn/bn';
 import { hexToU8a } from '../hex/toU8a';
-import { compactFromU8a } from '.';
+import { performance } from '../test/performance';
+import { compactFromU8a, compactFromU8aLim } from '.';

 describe('compactFromU8a', (): void => {
  it('decoded u8 value', (): void => {
@@ -14,16 +15,25 @@ describe('compactFromU8a', (): void => {

  it('decodes from same u16 encoded value', (): void => {
    expect(
-      compactFromU8a(new Uint8Array([0b11111101, 0b00000111]))
-    ).toEqual([2, new BN(511)]);
+      compactFromU8a(new Uint8Array([0b11111101, 0b00000111])).toString()
+    ).toEqual(
+      [2, new BN(511)].toString()
+    );
  });

  it('decodes from same u32 encoded value (short)', (): void => {
    expect(
-      compactFromU8a(new Uint8Array([254, 255, 3, 0]))
+      compactFromU8a(new Uint8Array([254, 255, 3, 0])).toString()
    ).toEqual(
-      // since we use in-place, the words are different... HACK it
-      [4, new BN(0xffff).ishln(16).ishrn(16)]
+      [4, new BN(0xffff)].toString()
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('decodes from same u32 encoded value (short)', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      compactFromU8a(new Uint8Array([254, 255, 255, 255])).toString()
+    ).toEqual(
+      [4, new BN(1073741823)].toString()
    );
  });

@@ -47,6 +57,14 @@ describe('compactFromU8a', (): void => {
    ).toEqual([7, new BN('5af3107a4000', 16)]);
  });

+  it('decodes an actual value (Buffer)', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      compactFromU8a(
+        Buffer.from('0b00407a10f35a', 'hex')
+      )
+    ).toEqual([7, new BN('5af3107a4000', 16)]);
+  });
+
  it('decodes an actual value', (): void => {
    expect(
      compactFromU8a(
@@ -54,4 +72,11 @@ describe('compactFromU8a', (): void => {
      )[1].toString()
    ).toEqual('100000000');
  });
+
+  performance('compactFromU8a (u8)', 1_000_000, [[new Uint8Array([63 << 2])]], compactFromU8a);
+  performance('compactFromU8a (u16)', 1_000_000, [[new Uint8Array([0b11111101, 0b00000111])]], compactFromU8a);
+  performance('compactFromU8a (u32)', 1_000_000, [[new Uint8Array([254, 255, 3, 0])]], compactFromU8a);
+  performance('compactFromU8aLim (u32)', 1_000_000, [[new Uint8Array([254, 255, 3, 0])]], compactFromU8aLim);
+  performance('compactFromU8a (u48)', 1_000_000, [[hexToU8a('0x0b00407a10f35a')]], compactFromU8a);
+  performance('compactFromU8a (u96)', 250_000, [[new Uint8Array([23, 52, 0x40, 0x7a, 0x10, 0xf3, 0x5a, 0, 0, 18])]], compactFromU8a);
 });
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@

 import type { U8aLike } from '../types';

-import { BN, BN_FOUR } from '../bn';
+import { BN } from '../bn';
 import { u8aToBn, u8aToU8a } from '../u8a';

 /**
 * @name compactFromU8a
- * @description Retrievs the offset and encoded length from a compact-prefixed value
+ * @description Retrives the offset and encoded length from a compact-prefixed value
 * @example
 * <BR>
 *
@@ -22,22 +22,86 @@ import { u8aToBn, u8aToU8a } from '../u8a';
 */
 export function compactFromU8a (input: U8aLike): [number, BN] {
  const u8a = u8aToU8a(input);
-  const flag = u8a[0] & 0b11;

-  if (flag === 0b00) {
-    return [1, new BN(u8a[0]).ishrn(2)];
-  } else if (flag === 0b01) {
-    return [2, u8aToBn(u8a.subarray(0, 2), true).ishrn(2)];
-  } else if (flag === 0b10) {
-    return [4, u8aToBn(u8a.subarray(0, 4), true).ishrn(2)];
+  // The u8a is manually converted here for 1, 2 & 4 lengths, it is 2x faster
+  // than doing an additional call to u8aToBn (as with variable length)
+  switch (u8a[0] & 0b11) {
+    case 0b00:
+      return [1, new BN(u8a[0] >>> 2)];
+
+    case 0b01:
+      return [2, new BN((u8a[0] + (u8a[1] * 0x1_00)) >>> 2)];
+
+    case 0b10:
+      return [4, new BN((u8a[0] + (u8a[1] * 0x1_00) + (u8a[2] * 0x1_00_00) + (u8a[3] * 0x1_00_00_00)) >>> 2)];
+
+    // 0b11
+    default:
+      break;
  }

-  const offset = 1 + (
-    new BN(u8a[0])
-      .ishrn(2) // clear flag
-      .iadd(BN_FOUR) // add 4 for base length
-      .toNumber()
-  );
+  // add 5 to shifted (4 for base length, 1 for this byte)
+  const offset = (u8a[0] >>> 2) + 5;

-  return [offset, u8aToBn(u8a.subarray(1, offset), true)];
+  // we unroll the loop
+  switch (offset) {
+    // there still could be 4 bytes data, similar to 0b10 above (with offsets)
+    case 5:
+      return [5, new BN(u8a[1] + (u8a[2] * 0x1_00) + (u8a[3] * 0x1_00_00) + (u8a[4] * 0x1_00_00_00))];
+
+    case 6:
+      return [6, new BN(u8a[1] + (u8a[2] * 0x1_00) + (u8a[3] * 0x1_00_00) + (u8a[4] * 0x1_00_00_00) + (u8a[5] * 0x1_00_00_00_00))];
+
+    // 6 bytes data is the maximum, 48 bits (56 would overflow)
+    case 7:
+      return [7, new BN(u8a[1] + (u8a[2] * 0x1_00) + (u8a[3] * 0x1_00_00) + (u8a[4] * 0x1_00_00_00) + (u8a[5] * 0x1_00_00_00_00) + (u8a[6] * 0x1_00_00_00_00_00))];
+
+    // for anything else, use the non-unrolled version
+    default:
+      return [offset, u8aToBn(u8a.subarray(1, offset))];
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @name compactFromU8aLim
+ * @description A limited version of [[compactFromU8a]], accepting only Uint8Array inputs for values <= 48 bits
+ */
+export function compactFromU8aLim (u8a: Uint8Array): [number, number] {
+  // The u8a is manually converted here for 1, 2 & 4 lengths, it is 2x faster
+  // than doing an additional call to u8aToBn (as with variable length)
+  switch (u8a[0] & 0b11) {
+    case 0b00:
+      return [1, u8a[0] >>> 2];
+
+    case 0b01:
+      return [2, (u8a[0] + (u8a[1] * 0x1_00)) >>> 2];
+
+    case 0b10:
+      return [4, (u8a[0] + (u8a[1] * 0x1_00) + (u8a[2] * 0x1_00_00) + (u8a[3] * 0x1_00_00_00)) >>> 2];
+
+    // 0b11
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // add 5 to shifted (4 for base length, 1 for this byte)
+  const offset = (u8a[0] >>> 2) + 5;
+
+  // we unroll the loop
+  switch (offset) {
+    // there still could be 4 bytes data, similar to 0b10 above (with offsets)
+    case 5:
+      return [5, u8a[1] + (u8a[2] * 0x1_00) + (u8a[3] * 0x1_00_00) + (u8a[4] * 0x1_00_00_00)];
+
+    case 6:
+      return [6, u8a[1] + (u8a[2] * 0x1_00) + (u8a[3] * 0x1_00_00) + (u8a[4] * 0x1_00_00_00) + (u8a[5] * 0x1_00_00_00_00)];
+
+    // 6 bytes data is the maximum, 48 bits (56 would overflow)
+    case 7:
+      return [7, u8a[1] + (u8a[2] * 0x1_00) + (u8a[3] * 0x1_00_00) + (u8a[4] * 0x1_00_00_00) + (u8a[5] * 0x1_00_00_00_00) + (u8a[6] * 0x1_00_00_00_00_00)];
+
+    // for anything else, use the non-unrolled version
+    default:
+      throw new Error('Compact input is > Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER');
+  }
 }
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@

 export { compactAddLength } from './addLength';
 export { compactStripLength } from './stripLength';
-export { compactFromU8a } from './fromU8a';
+export { compactFromU8a, compactFromU8aLim } from './fromU8a';
 export { compactToU8a } from './toU8a';
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('encode', (): void => {
    );
  });

-  it('encodes a large value', (): void => {
+  it('encodes a large value (6 bytes)', (): void => {
    expect(
      compactToU8a(
        new BN('00005af3107a4000', 16)
@@ -71,6 +71,16 @@ describe('encode', (): void => {
    );
  });

+  it('encodes a large value (9 bytes)', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      compactToU8a(
+        new BN('1200005af3107a4034', 16)
+      )
+    ).toEqual(
+      new Uint8Array([23, 52, 0x40, 0x7a, 0x10, 0xf3, 0x5a, 0, 0, 18])
+    );
+  });
+
  it('does not modify the original', (): void => {
    const original = new BN(123456);

@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@

 import { assert } from '../assert';
 import { BN, BN_ONE, BN_TWO, bnToBn, bnToU8a } from '../bn';
-import { u8aConcat } from '../u8a';
+import { u8aConcatStrict } from '../u8a';

 const MAX_U8 = BN_TWO.pow(new BN(8 - 2)).isub(BN_ONE);
 const MAX_U16 = BN_TWO.pow(new BN(16 - 2)).isub(BN_ONE);
 const MAX_U32 = BN_TWO.pow(new BN(32 - 2)).isub(BN_ONE);
+const BL_16 = { bitLength: 16 };
+const BL_32 = { bitLength: 32 };

 /**
 * @name compactToU8a
@@ -27,9 +29,9 @@ export function compactToU8a (value: BN | bigint | number): Uint8Array {
  if (bn.lte(MAX_U8)) {
    return new Uint8Array([bn.toNumber() << 2]);
  } else if (bn.lte(MAX_U16)) {
-    return bnToU8a(bn.shln(2).iadd(BN_ONE), 16, true);
+    return bnToU8a(bn.shln(2).iadd(BN_ONE), BL_16);
  } else if (bn.lte(MAX_U32)) {
-    return bnToU8a(bn.shln(2).iadd(BN_TWO), 32, true);
+    return bnToU8a(bn.shln(2).iadd(BN_TWO), BL_32);
  }

  const u8a = bnToU8a(bn);
@@ -42,9 +44,9 @@ export function compactToU8a (value: BN | bigint | number): Uint8Array {

  assert(length >= 4, 'Invalid length, previous checks match anything less than 2^30');

-  return u8aConcat(
+  return u8aConcatStrict([
    // subtract 4 as minimum (also catered for in decoding)
-    [((length - 4) << 2) + 0b11],
+    new Uint8Array([((length - 4) << 2) + 0b11]),
    u8a.subarray(0, length)
-  );
+  ]);
 }
@@ -21,14 +21,33 @@ interface SetDefaults {
 }

 interface Options {
+  /**
+   * @description The number of decimals
+   */
  decimals?: number;
+  /**
+   * @description Format the number with this specific unit
+   */
  forceUnit?: string;
+  /**
+   * @description Format with SI, i.e. m/M/etc.
+   */
  withSi?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * @description Format with full SI, i.e. mili/Mega/etc.
+   */
  withSiFull?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * @description Add the unit (useful in Balance formats)
+   */
  withUnit?: boolean | string;
 }

 interface BalanceFormatter {
+  <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (input?: number | string | BN | bigint | ExtToBn, options?: Options): string;
+  /** @deprecated Use balanceFormat(input?: number | string | BN | bigint | ExtToBn, options?: Options) */
+  <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (input?: number | string | BN | bigint | ExtToBn, options?: boolean, decimals?: number): string;
+  /** @deprecated Use balanceFormat(input?: number | string | BN | bigint | ExtToBn, options?: Options) */
  <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (input?: number | string | BN | bigint | ExtToBn, options?: Options, decimals?: number): string;
  calcSi (text: string, decimals?: number): SiDef;
  findSi (type: string): SiDef;
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export function formatDecimal (value: string): string {
  // we rather strip and re-add the negative sign in the output
  const isNegative = value[0].startsWith('-');
  const matched = isNegative
-    ? value.substr(1).match(NUMBER_REGEX)
+    ? value.substring(1).match(NUMBER_REGEX)
    : value.match(NUMBER_REGEX);

  return matched
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export function hexStripPrefix (value?: string | null): string {
  if (!value || value === '0x') {
    return '';
  } else if (REGEX_HEX_PREFIXED.test(value)) {
-    return value.substr(2);
+    return value.substring(2);
  } else if (REGEX_HEX_NOPREFIX.test(value)) {
    return value;
  }
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('hexToBn', (): void => {
    ).toBe(256);
  });

-  it('handles backwards compatibility', (): void => {
+  it('handles legacy compatibility', (): void => {
    expect(
      hexToBn('0x0001000000000000', false).eq(
        hexToBn('0x0001000000000000', { isLe: false })
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ import { isBoolean } from '../is/boolean';
 import { objectSpread } from '../object/spread';
 import { hexStripPrefix } from './stripPrefix';

-const DEFAULT_OPTS: ToBnOptions = { isLe: false, isNegative: false };
-
 /**
 * @name hexToBn
 * @summary Creates a BN.js object from a hex string.
@@ -28,12 +26,17 @@ const DEFAULT_OPTS: ToBnOptions = { isLe: false, isNegative: false };
 * hexToBn('0x123480001f'); // => BN(0x123480001f)
 * ```
 */
-export function hexToBn (value?: string | null, options: ToBnOptions | boolean = DEFAULT_OPTS): BN {
+function hexToBn (value?: string | null, options?: ToBnOptions): BN;
+/** @deprecated Use hexToBn (value?: string | null, options?: ToBnOptions) */
+function hexToBn (value?: string | null, options?: boolean): BN;
+/** @deprecated Use hexToBn (value?: string | null, options?: ToBnOptions) */
+function hexToBn (value?: string | null, options: ToBnOptions | boolean = {}): BN {
  if (!value || value === '0x') {
    return new BN(0);
  }

-  const { isLe, isNegative }: ToBnOptions = objectSpread(
+  // For hex, default to BE
+  const { isLe, isNegative } = objectSpread<ToBnOptions>(
    { isLe: false, isNegative: false },
    isBoolean(options)
      ? { isLe: options }
@@ -43,8 +46,10 @@ export function hexToBn (value?: string | null, options: ToBnOptions | boolean =
  const bn = new BN(stripped, 16, isLe ? 'le' : 'be');

  // fromTwos takes as parameter the number of bits, which is the hex length
-  // multiplied by 4.
+  // multiplied by 4 (2 bytes being 8 bits)
  return isNegative
    ? bn.fromTwos(stripped.length * 4)
    : bn;
 }
+
+export { hexToBn };
@@ -42,11 +42,13 @@ export function hexToU8a (_value?: HexString | string | null, bitLength = -1): U
  const length = endLength - offset - mod;

  for (let i = 0; i < length; i += 2) {
-    dv.setUint16(i, HEX_TO_U16[value.substr(i * 2, 4)]);
+    const idx = i * 2;
+
+    dv.setUint16(i, HEX_TO_U16[value.substring(idx, idx + 4)]);
  }

  if (mod) {
-    dv.setUint8(length, HEX_TO_U8[value.substr(value.length - 2, 2)]);
+    dv.setUint8(length, HEX_TO_U8[value.substring(value.length - 2)]);
  }

  return result;
@@ -10,9 +10,15 @@ describe('isBuffer', (): void => {
    ).toEqual(true);
  });

-  it('returns false on non-Buffer values', (): void => {
+  it('returns false on non-Buffer values (number)', (): void => {
    expect(
-      isBuffer(0)
+      isBuffer(123)
+    ).toEqual(false);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false on non-Buffer values (null)', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      isBuffer(null)
    ).toEqual(false);
  });
 });
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

 import { hasBuffer } from '../has';
+import { isFunction } from './function';

 /**
 * @name isBuffer
@@ -18,5 +19,6 @@ import { hasBuffer } from '../has';
 * ```
 */
 export function isBuffer (value: unknown): value is Buffer {
-  return hasBuffer && Buffer.isBuffer(value);
+  // we do check a function first, since it is slightly faster than isBuffer itself
+  return hasBuffer && isFunction(value && (value as Buffer).readDoubleLE) && Buffer.isBuffer(value);
 }
@@ -12,12 +12,8 @@ interface Compact<T> {
  unwrap (): T;
 }

-const checker = isOnObject('toBigInt', 'toBn', 'toNumber', 'unwrap');
-
 /**
 * @name isCompact
 * @summary Tests for SCALE-Compact-like object instance.
 */
-export function isCompact <T> (value?: unknown): value is Compact<T> {
-  return checker(value);
-}
+export const isCompact: <T> (value?: unknown) => value is Compact<T> = isOnObject('toBigInt', 'toBn', 'toNumber', 'unwrap');
@@ -16,5 +16,8 @@
 * ```
 */
 export function isError (value: unknown): value is Error {
-  return value instanceof Error;
+  return (
+    ((value && (value as Error).constructor) === Error) ||
+    value instanceof Error
+  );
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { isHex } from '.';

 describe('isHex', (): void => {
  const test = '1234abcd';
-  const ptest = '0x1234adbcdef5798351773526352876adbcdef2358735adbcdef2623587adbcdef11234adbcdef5798351773526352876adbcdef2358735adbcdef2623587adbcdef11234adbcdef5798351773526352876adbcdef2358735adbcdef2623587adbcdef11234adbcdef5798351773526352876adbcdef2358735adbcdef2623587adbcdef1';
+  const ptest = `0x${'1234567890abcdef'.repeat(8192)}`;

  it('returns true on 0x hex values', (): void => {
    expect(
@@ -71,5 +71,5 @@ describe('isHex', (): void => {
    ).toEqual(true);
  });

-  performance('isHex (1024-bit)', 1000000, [[ptest]], isHex);
+  performance(`isHex (${(ptest.length - 2) / 2} bytes)`, 5000, [[ptest]], isHex);
 });
@@ -10,6 +10,16 @@ describe('isInstanceOf', (): void => {
    ).toEqual(true);
  });

+  it('returns true on real instances (inherited)', (): void => {
+    class Test extends Array {
+      // default
+    }
+
+    expect(
+      isInstanceOf(new Test(2), Array)
+    ).toEqual(true);
+  });
+
  it('returns false on non-allocated instances', (): void => {
    expect(
      isInstanceOf([], Array)
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 * ```
 */
 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/ban-types
-export function isInstanceOf (value: unknown, clazz: Function): boolean {
-  return value instanceof clazz;
+export function isInstanceOf (value: unknown, Clazz: Function): boolean {
+  return (
+    ((value && (value as Record<string, unknown>).constructor) === Clazz) ||
+    value instanceof Clazz
+  );
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

+import { performance } from '../test/performance';
 import { isU8a } from '.';

 describe('isU8a', (): void => {
@@ -10,15 +11,30 @@ describe('isU8a', (): void => {
    ).toEqual(false);
  });

+  it('returns false on null values', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      isU8a(null)
+    ).toEqual(false);
+  });
+
  it('returns false on Array values', (): void => {
    expect(
-      isU8a([])
+      isU8a([1, 2, 3])
    ).toEqual(false);
  });

+  it('returns true on Buffer values', (): void => {
+    // under Node, Buffer implements Uint8Array
+    expect(
+      isU8a(Buffer.from([1, 2, 3]))
+    ).toEqual(true);
+  });
+
  it('returns true on Uint8Array values', (): void => {
    expect(
      isU8a(new Uint8Array())
    ).toEqual(true);
  });
+
+  performance('isU8a', 2_000_000, [[new Uint8Array()]], isU8a);
 });
@@ -16,5 +16,10 @@
 * ```
 */
 export function isU8a (value?: unknown): value is Uint8Array {
-  return value instanceof Uint8Array;
+  // here we defer the instanceof check which is actually slightly
+  // slower than just checking the constrctor (direct instances)
+  return (
+    ((value && (value as Uint8Array).constructor) === Uint8Array) ||
+    value instanceof Uint8Array
+  );
 }
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ function formatWithLength (maxLength: number): (v: unknown) => unknown {

    return r.length < maxLength
      ? v
-      : `${r.substr(0, maxLength)} ...`;
+      : `${r.substring(0, maxLength)} ...`;
  };
 }

@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/util', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/util', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
@@ -109,5 +109,5 @@ describe('stringCamelCase', (): void => {
    ).toEqual('aBCDef');
  });

-  performance('stringCamelCase', 64000, randomWords, stringCamelCase);
+  performance('stringCamelCase', 100_000, randomWords, stringCamelCase);
 });
@@ -7,50 +7,59 @@ import type { AnyString } from '../types';
 //
 // this is not as optimal as the original answer (we split into multiple),
 // however it does pass the tests (which the original doesn't) and it is still
-// a 10+x improvement over the original camelcase npm package (at running)
+// a major improvement over the original camelcase npm package (at running)
 //
 // original: 20.88 μs/op
-//     this:  2.86 μs/op
+//     this:  1.20 μs/op
 //
 // Caveat of this: only Ascii, but acceptable for the intended usecase
-function converter (fn: (w: string, i: number) => string): (value: AnyString) => string {
-  const format = (w: string, i: number) => fn(w[0], i) + w.slice(1);
+function converter (format: (w: string, i: number) => string): (value: AnyString) => string {
+  const formatRuns = (w: string) => w.slice(0, w.length - 1).toLowerCase() + w.slice(-1).toUpperCase();

-  return (value: AnyString): string =>
-    value
+  return (value: AnyString): string => {
+    const parts = value
      .toString()
      // replace all seperators (including consequtive) with spaces
      .replace(/[-_., ]+/g, ' ')
      // we don't want leading or trailing spaces
      .trim()
      // split into words
-      .split(' ')
+      .split(' ');
+    let result = '';
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+      const w = parts[i];
+
      // apply the formatting
-      .map((w, i) =>
-        format(
-          w.toUpperCase() === w
-            // all full uppercase + letters are changed to lowercase
-            ? w.toLowerCase()
-            // all consecutive capitals + letters are changed to lowercase
-            // e.g. UUID64 -> uuid64, while preserving splits, eg. NFTOrder -> nftOrder
-            : w.replace(/^[A-Z0-9]{2,}[^a-z]/, (w) =>
-              w.slice(0, w.length - 1).toLowerCase() + w.slice(-1).toUpperCase()
-            ),
-          i
-        )
-      )
-      // combine into a single word
-      .join('');
+      result += format(
+        w.toUpperCase() === w
+          // all full uppercase + letters are changed to lowercase
+          ? w.toLowerCase()
+          // all consecutive capitals + letters are changed to lowercase
+          // e.g. UUID64 -> uuid64, while preserving splits, eg. NFTOrder -> nftOrder
+          : w.replace(/^[A-Z0-9]{2,}[^a-z]/, formatRuns),
+        i
+      );
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  };
 }

 /**
 * @name stringCamelCase
 * @summary Convert a dash/dot/underscore/space separated Ascii string/String to camelCase
 */
-export const stringCamelCase = converter((w, i) => i ? w.toUpperCase() : w.toLowerCase());
+export const stringCamelCase = converter((w, i) =>
+  // lowercase for first letter/first word, else uppercase first, rest unchanged
+  (i ? w[0].toUpperCase() : w[0].toLowerCase()) + w.slice(1)
+);

 /**
 * @name stringPascalCase
 * @summary Convert a dash/dot/underscore/space separated Ascii string/String to PascalCase
 */
-export const stringPascalCase = converter((w) => w.toUpperCase());
+export const stringPascalCase = converter((w) =>
+  // uppercase the first character, leave the rest unchanged
+  w[0].toUpperCase() + w.slice(1)
+);
@@ -15,4 +15,10 @@ describe('stringPascalCase', (): void => {
      stringPascalCase(String('foo_bar--  __baz Bob'))
    ).toBe('FooBarBazBob');
  });
+
+  it('adjusts all-uppercase + digits', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      stringPascalCase('UUID64')
+    ).toEqual('Uuid64');
+  });
 });
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ import type { AnyString } from '../types';
 export function stringShorten (value: AnyString, prefixLength = 6): string {
  return value.length <= 2 + 2 * prefixLength
    ? value.toString()
-    : `${value.substr(0, prefixLength)}…${value.slice(-prefixLength)}`;
+    : `${value.substring(0, prefixLength)}…${value.slice(-prefixLength)}`;
 }
@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@ import { stringToU8a } from '..';
 const RUSS_HELLO = new Uint8Array([208, 159, 209, 128, 208, 184, 208, 178, 208, 181, 209, 130, 44, 32, 208, 188, 208, 184, 209, 128, 33]);

 describe('stringToU8a', (): void => {
-  it('decodes to an empty string for undefined', (): void => {
+  it('decodes to an empty string for undefined/null', (): void => {
    expect(
      stringToU8a()
    ).toEqual(new Uint8Array());
+    expect(
+      stringToU8a(null)
+    ).toEqual(new Uint8Array());
  });

  it('encodes the string correctly', (): void => {
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ const encoder = new TextEncoder();
 * stringToU8a('hello'); // [0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f]
 * ```
 */
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/ban-types
-export function stringToU8a (value?: AnyString): Uint8Array {
+export function stringToU8a (value?: AnyString | null): Uint8Array {
  return value
    ? encoder.encode(value.toString())
    : new Uint8Array();
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ import { formatDecimal, formatNumber } from '..';
 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
 type ExecFn = (...params: any[]) => unknown;

+const NUM_PAD = 16;
+const PRE_PAD = 32;
+
 function loop (count: number, inputs: unknown[][], exec: ExecFn): [number, unknown[]] {
  const start = Date.now();
  const results = new Array<unknown>(inputs.length);
@@ -32,8 +35,8 @@ export function formatOps (count: number, time: number): string {
  const ops = 1_000_000 / micro;

  return `
-${formatFixed(ops).padStart(15 + 20)} ops/s
-${formatFixed(micro).padStart(15 + 20)} μs/op`;
+${formatFixed(ops).padStart(NUM_PAD + PRE_PAD + 1)} ops/s
+${formatFixed(micro).padStart(NUM_PAD + PRE_PAD + 1)} μs/op`;
 }

 export function performance (name: string, count: number, inputs: unknown[][], exec: ExecFn): void {
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ export function performance (name: string, count: number, inputs: unknown[][], e
    console.log(`
 performance run for ${name} completed with ${formatNumber(count)} iterations.

-${`${name}:`.padStart(19)} ${time.toString().padStart(15)} ms${formatOps(count, time)}
+${`${name}:`.padStart(PRE_PAD)} ${time.toString().padStart(NUM_PAD)} ms${formatOps(count, time)}
 `);
  });
 }
@@ -58,9 +61,9 @@ export function performanceCmp (name: string, [first, second]: [string, string],
    console.log(`
 performance run for ${name} completed with ${formatNumber(count)} iterations.

-${`${first}:`.padStart(19)} ${ta.toString().padStart(15)} ms ${ta < tb ? '(fastest)' : `(slowest, ${(ta / tb).toFixed(2)}x)`}${formatOps(count, ta)}
+${`${first}:`.padStart(PRE_PAD)} ${ta.toString().padStart(NUM_PAD)} ms ${ta < tb ? '(fastest)' : `(slowest, ${(ta / tb).toFixed(2)}x)`}${formatOps(count, ta)}

-${`${second}:`.padStart(19)} ${tb.toString().padStart(15)} ms ${ta > tb ? '(fastest)' : `(slowest, ${(tb / ta).toFixed(2)}x)`}${formatOps(count, tb)}
+${`${second}:`.padStart(PRE_PAD)} ${tb.toString().padStart(NUM_PAD)} ms ${ta > tb ? '(fastest)' : `(slowest, ${(tb / ta).toFixed(2)}x)`}${formatOps(count, tb)}
 `);

    const unmatched = ra.filter((r, i) =>
@@ -35,10 +35,23 @@ export interface Logger {
 }

 export interface ToBnOptions {
+  /**
+   * @description Convert in LE format
+   */
  isLe?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * @description Number is negative, apply two's complement
+   */
  isNegative?: boolean;
 }

+export interface NumberOptions extends ToBnOptions {
+  /**
+   * @description Limit to the specified bitLength, despite input length
+   */
+  bitLength?: number;
+}
+
 export type BnList = {
  0: BN;
  1: BN;
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { getRandomValues } from '@polkadot/x-randomvalues';

 import { arrayRange } from '../array';
 import { performance } from '../test/performance';
-import { u8aConcat } from '.';
+import { u8aConcat, u8aConcatStrict } from '.';

 const ptest = arrayRange(10).map(() => getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(32)));

@@ -34,5 +34,7 @@ describe('u8aConcat', (): void => {
    );
  });

-  performance('u8aConcat', 50000, [[ptest]], u8aConcat);
+  performance('u8aConcat', 10000, [[ptest]], u8aConcat);
+  performance('u8aConcatStrict', 10000, [[[ptest]]], u8aConcatStrict);
+  performance('u8aConcatStrict (len)', 10000, [[[ptest], 320]], u8aConcatStrict);
 });
@@ -23,15 +23,30 @@ import { u8aToU8a } from './toU8a';
 * ```
 */
 export function u8aConcat (...list: U8aLike[]): Uint8Array {
-  let length = 0;
-  let offset = 0;
  const u8as = new Array<Uint8Array>(list.length);
+  let length = 0;

  for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
    u8as[i] = u8aToU8a(list[i]);
    length += u8as[i].length;
  }

+  return u8aConcatStrict(u8as, length);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @name u8aConcatStrict
+ * @description A strict version of [[u8aConcat]], accepting only Uint8Array inputs
+ */
+export function u8aConcatStrict (u8as: Uint8Array[], length = 0): Uint8Array {
+  let offset = 0;
+
+  if (!length) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < u8as.length; i++) {
+      length += u8as[i].length;
+    }
+  }
+
  const result = new Uint8Array(length);

  for (let i = 0; i < u8as.length; i++) {
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 */

 export { u8aCmp } from './cmp';
-export { u8aConcat } from './concat';
+export { u8aConcat, u8aConcatStrict } from './concat';
 export { u8aEmpty } from './empty';
 export { u8aEq } from './eq';
 export { u8aFixLength } from './fixLength';
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

+import { performance } from '../test/performance';
 import { u8aToBigInt } from '.';

 describe('u8aToBigInt', (): void => {
@@ -56,4 +57,6 @@ describe('u8aToBigInt', (): void => {
      )
    ).toEqual(-1234n);
  });
+
+  performance('u8aToBigInt', 500000, [[new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c])]], u8aToBigInt);
 });
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ export function u8aToBigInt (value: Uint8Array, options: ToBnOptions = {}): bigi
    return BigInt(0);
  }

-  const { isLe, isNegative }: ToBnOptions = objectSpread({ isLe: true, isNegative: false }, options);
+  const { isLe, isNegative } = objectSpread<ToBnOptions>({ isLe: true, isNegative: false }, options);
  const u8a = isLe
    ? value.reverse()
    : value;
@@ -1,9 +1,25 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

+import { performance } from '../test/performance';
 import { u8aToBn } from '.';

 describe('u8aToBn', (): void => {
+  it('supports legacy compatibility', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      u8aToBn(
+        new Uint8Array([0x12, 0x34]),
+        true
+      ).toString(16)
+    ).toBe('3412');
+    expect(
+      u8aToBn(
+        new Uint8Array([0x12, 0x34]),
+        false
+      ).toString(16)
+    ).toBe('1234');
+  });
+
  it('converts little-endian by default', (): void => {
    expect(
      u8aToBn(
@@ -11,6 +27,7 @@ describe('u8aToBn', (): void => {
      ).toString(16)
    ).toBe('3412');
  });
+
  it('converts values (big-endian)', (): void => {
    expect(
      u8aToBn(
@@ -20,7 +37,7 @@ describe('u8aToBn', (): void => {
    ).toBe('1234');
  });

-  it('converts values (little-endian)', (): void => {
+  it('converts values (little-endian, u16)', (): void => {
    expect(
      u8aToBn(
        new Uint8Array([0x12, 0x34]),
@@ -29,13 +46,69 @@ describe('u8aToBn', (): void => {
    ).toBe('3412');
  });

-  it('converts empty', (): void => {
+  it('converts values (little-endian, u32)', (): void => {
    expect(
      u8aToBn(
-        new Uint8Array(),
+        new Uint8Array([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]),
        { isLe: true }
      ).toString(16)
-    ).toBe('0');
+    ).toBe('78563412');
+  });
+
+  it('converts values (big-endian, u16)', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      u8aToBn(
+        new Uint8Array([0x12, 0x34]),
+        { isLe: false }
+      ).toString(16)
+    ).toBe('1234');
+  });
+
+  it('converts values (big-endian, u32)', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      u8aToBn(
+        new Uint8Array([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]),
+        { isLe: false }
+      ).toString(16)
+    ).toBe('12345678');
+  });
+
+  describe('empty creation', (): void => {
+    it('handles unsigned (le)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        u8aToBn(
+          new Uint8Array(),
+          { isLe: true }
+        ).toString(16)
+      ).toBe('0');
+    });
+
+    it('handles signed (le)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        u8aToBn(
+          new Uint8Array(),
+          { isLe: true, isNegative: true }
+        ).toString(16)
+      ).toBe('0');
+    });
+
+    it('handles unsigned (be)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        u8aToBn(
+          new Uint8Array(),
+          { isLe: false }
+        ).toString(16)
+      ).toBe('0');
+    });
+
+    it('handles signed (be)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        u8aToBn(
+          new Uint8Array(),
+          { isLe: false, isNegative: true }
+        ).toString(16)
+      ).toBe('0');
+    });
  });

  it('handles negative numbers (little-endian)', (): void => {
@@ -89,4 +162,7 @@ describe('u8aToBn', (): void => {
      )
    ).toBe(true);
  });
+
+  performance('u8aToBn (u32)', 500000, [[new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c])]], u8aToBn);
+  performance('u8aToBn (u64)', 500000, [[new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c])]], u8aToBn);
 });
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-import type { BN } from '../bn/bn';
 import type { ToBnOptions } from '../types';

-import { hexToBn } from '../hex/toBn';
-import { u8aToHex } from './toHex';
-
-const DEFAULT_OPTS: ToBnOptions = { isLe: true, isNegative: false };
+import { BN } from '../bn/bn';
+import { isBoolean } from '../is/boolean';
+import { objectSpread } from '../object/spread';

 /**
 * @name u8aToBn
@@ -16,7 +14,7 @@ const DEFAULT_OPTS: ToBnOptions = { isLe: true, isNegative: false };
 * `UInt8Array` input values return the actual BN. `null` or `undefined` values returns an `0x0` value.
 * @param value The value to convert
 * @param options Options to pass while converting
- * @param options.isLe Convert using Little Endian
+ * @param options.isLe Convert using Little Endian (default)
 * @param options.isNegative Convert using two's complement
 * @example
 * <BR>
@@ -27,9 +25,44 @@ const DEFAULT_OPTS: ToBnOptions = { isLe: true, isNegative: false };
 * u8aToHex(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xf])); // 0x68656c0f
 * ```
 */
-export function u8aToBn (value: Uint8Array, options: ToBnOptions | boolean = DEFAULT_OPTS): BN {
-  return hexToBn(
-    u8aToHex(value),
-    options
+function u8aToBn (value: Uint8Array, options?: ToBnOptions): BN;
+/** @deprecated Use u8aToBn(value: Uint8Array, options?: ToBnOptions) */
+function u8aToBn (value: Uint8Array, options?: boolean): BN;
+/** @deprecated Use hexToBn (value?: string | null, options?: ToBnOptions) */
+function u8aToBn (value: Uint8Array, options: ToBnOptions | boolean = {}): BN {
+  // NOTE: This is the same process as followed in the hexToBn conversion
+  // For Uint8Array, default to LE
+  const { isLe, isNegative } = objectSpread<ToBnOptions>(
+    { isLe: true, isNegative: false },
+    isBoolean(options)
+      ? { isLe: options }
+      : options
  );
+  const count = value.length;
+  let bn: BN;
+
+  // shortcut for <= u48 values - in this case the manual conversion
+  // here seems to be more efficient than passing the full array
+  // (and yes, it can be u48, e.g. in compacts with variable lengths)
+  if (count <= 6) {
+    let result = 0;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      result = (result * 0x1_00) + (
+        isLe
+          ? value[count - 1 - i]
+          : value[i]
+      );
+    }
+
+    bn = new BN(result);
+  } else {
+    bn = new BN(value, isLe ? 'le' : 'be');
+  }
+
+  return isNegative && value.length
+    ? bn.fromTwos(value.length * 8)
+    : bn;
 }
+
+export { u8aToBn };
@@ -5,10 +5,15 @@ import { performanceCmp } from '../test/performance';
 import { u8aToHex as u8aToHexBuffer } from './toHexBuffer';
 import { u8aToHex } from '.';

-const ptest = new Uint8Array(32768);
+const ptest32k = new Uint8Array(32768);
+const ptest256 = new Uint8Array(256);

-for (let i = 0; i < ptest.length; i++) {
-  ptest[i] = i % 256;
+for (let i = 0; i < ptest32k.length; i++) {
+  if (i < ptest256.length) {
+    ptest256[1] = i % 256;
+  }
+
+  ptest32k[i] = i % 256;
 }

 describe('u8aToHex', (): void => {
@@ -66,7 +71,19 @@ describe('u8aToHex', (): void => {
    ).toEqual('0x8000…0c0d');
  });

-  performanceCmp('u8aToHex', ['u8aToHexBuffer', 'u8aToHex'], 2000, [[ptest]], (s: Uint8Array, isSecond) =>
+  it('converts known bytes to their correct values', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      // hello world
+      u8aToHex(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x77, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x6c, 0x64]))
+    ).toEqual('0x68656c6c6f20776f726c64');
+  });
+
+  performanceCmp('u8aToHex (32k)', ['u8aToHexBuffer', 'u8aToHex'], 2000, [[ptest32k]], (s: Uint8Array, isSecond) =>
+    isSecond
+      ? u8aToHex(s)
+      : u8aToHexBuffer(s)
+  );
+  performanceCmp('u8aToHex (128)', ['u8aToHexBuffer', 'u8aToHex'], 100000, [[ptest256]], (s: Uint8Array, isSecond) =>
    isSecond
      ? u8aToHex(s)
      : u8aToHexBuffer(s)
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ function hex (value: Uint8Array): string {
  let result = '';

  for (let i = 0; i < length; i += 2) {
+    // we only use getUint16 here instead of getUint32 - at least in our
+    // tests this is faster to execute (both long & short strings tested)
    result += U16_TO_HEX[dv.getUint16(i)];
  }

@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ export function u8aToHex (value?: Uint8Array | null, bitLength = -1, isPrefixed
  return `${isPrefixed ? '0x' : ''}${
    !value || !value.length
      ? ''
-      : (length > 0 && value.length > length)
+      : (bitLength > 0 && value.length > length)
        ? `${hex(value.subarray(0, length / 2))}…${hex(value.subarray(value.length - length / 2))}`
        : hex(value)
  }` as HexString;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export function u8aToHex (value?: Uint8Array | null, bitLength = -1, isPrefixed
  return `${isPrefixed ? '0x' : ''}${
    !value || !value.length
      ? ''
-      : (length > 0 && value.length > length)
+      : (bitLength > 0 && value.length > length)
        ? `${Buffer.from(value.subarray(0, length / 2)).toString('hex')}…${Buffer.from(value.subarray(value.length - length / 2)).toString('hex')}`
        : Buffer.from(value).toString('hex')
  }` as HexString;
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
 * ```
 */
 export function u8aToString (value?: Uint8Array | null): string {
-  return !value?.length
-    ? ''
-    : decoder.decode(value);
+  return value
+    ? decoder.decode(value)
+    : '';
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2017-2022 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

+import { performance } from '../test/performance';
 import { u8aToU8a } from '.';

 describe('u8aToU8a', (): void => {
@@ -40,14 +41,17 @@ describe('u8aToU8a', (): void => {

  it('creates from a Buffer', (): void => {
    expect(
-      u8aToU8a(Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 128, 0, 10, 11, 12]))
+      u8aToU8a(Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 128, 0, 10, 11, 12])).buffer
    ).toEqual(
-      new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 128, 0, 10, 11, 12])
+      new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 128, 0, 10, 11, 12]).buffer
    );
+  });
+
+  it('creates from a Buffer (hex)', (): void => {
    expect(
-      u8aToU8a(Buffer.from('80000a', 'hex'))
+      u8aToU8a(Buffer.from('80000a', 'hex')).buffer
    ).toEqual(
-      new Uint8Array([128, 0, 10])
+      new Uint8Array([128, 0, 10]).buffer
    );
  });

@@ -65,4 +69,8 @@ describe('u8aToU8a', (): void => {
      u8aToU8a(123 as unknown as Uint8Array)
    ).toEqual(new Uint8Array([49, 50, 51]));
  });
+
+  performance('u8aToU8a (hex)', 250_000, [['0x1234']], u8aToU8a);
+  performance('u8aToU8a (str)', 250_000, [['test']], u8aToU8a);
+  performance('u8aToU8a (u8a)', 1_000_000, [[new Uint8Array()]], u8aToU8a);
 });
@@ -25,13 +25,11 @@ import { stringToU8a } from '../string/toU8a';
 * ```
 */
 export function u8aToU8a (value?: U8aLike | null): Uint8Array {
-  return !value
-    ? new Uint8Array()
-    : Array.isArray(value) || isBuffer(value)
-      ? new Uint8Array(value)
-      : isU8a(value)
-        ? value
-        : isHex(value)
-          ? hexToU8a(value)
-          : stringToU8a(value);
+  return isU8a(value)
+    ? value
+    : isHex(value)
+      ? hexToU8a(value)
+      : isBuffer(value) || Array.isArray(value)
+        ? new Uint8Array(value)
+        : stringToU8a(value);
 }
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@

 import type { U8aLike } from '../types';

-import { u8aConcat } from './concat';
+import { u8aConcatStrict } from './concat';
 import { u8aEq } from './eq';
 import { u8aToU8a } from './toU8a';

@@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ export function u8aWrapBytes (bytes: U8aLike): Uint8Array {
  // if Ethereum-wrapping, we don't add our wrapping bytes
  return u8aIsWrapped(u8a, true)
    ? u8a
-    : u8aConcat(U8A_WRAP_PREFIX, u8a, U8A_WRAP_POSTFIX);
+    : u8aConcatStrict([U8A_WRAP_PREFIX, u8a, U8A_WRAP_POSTFIX]);
 }
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ describe('detectPackage', (): void => {
  const MISMATCH = `@polkadot/util has multiple versions, ensure that there is only one installed.
 Either remove and explicitly install matching versions or dedupe using your package manager.
 The following conflicting packages were found:
-\t    ${VER1}\t${PATH}/01
-\tesm ${VER2}        \tpath/02`;
+\t    ${VER1}\tnode_modules/@polkadot/util
+\tesm ${VER2}        \tnode_modules/@polkadot/api/node_modules/@polkadot/util`;

  it('should not log the first time', (): void => {
    const spy = jest.spyOn(console, 'warn');

-    detectPackage({ name: PKG, version: VER1 }, `${PATH}/01`);
+    detectPackage({ name: PKG, version: VER1 }, PATH);
    expect(spy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
    spy.mockRestore();
  });
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The following conflicting packages were found:
  it('should log the second time', (): void => {
    const spy = jest.spyOn(console, 'warn');

-    detectPackage({ name: PKG, path: 'path/02', type: 'esm', version: VER2 });
+    detectPackage({ name: PKG, path: '/Users/jaco/Projects/polkadot-js/api/node_modules/@polkadot/api/node_modules/@polkadot/util', type: 'esm', version: VER2 });
    expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(MISMATCH);
    spy.mockRestore();
  });
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ The following conflicting packages were found:
  it('should allow for function use', (): void => {
    const spy = jest.spyOn(console, 'warn');

-    detectPackage({ name: PKG, type: 'cjs', version: VER3 }, () => `${PATH}/03`);
+    detectPackage({ name: PKG, type: 'cjs', version: VER3 }, () => PATH);
    expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(`${MISMATCH}
-\tcjs ${VER3}        \t${PATH}/03`);
+\tcjs ${VER3}        \tnode_modules/@polkadot/util`);
    spy.mockRestore();
  });
 });
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 import { xglobal } from '@polkadot/x-global';

 import { isFunction } from './is/function';
-import { isString } from './is/string';
 import { assert } from './assert';

 type This = typeof globalThis;
@@ -26,14 +25,14 @@ interface PjsChecks extends This {
  __polkadotjs: Record<string, VersionPath[]>;
 }

-type PjsWindow = (Window & This) & PjsChecks;
+type PjsGlobal = (Window & This) & PjsChecks;
 type FnString = () => string | undefined;

 const DEDUPE = 'Either remove and explicitly install matching versions or dedupe using your package manager.\nThe following conflicting packages were found:';

 /** @internal */
 function getEntry (name: string): VersionPath[] {
-  const _global = xglobal as PjsWindow;
+  const _global = xglobal as PjsGlobal;

  if (!_global.__polkadotjs) {
    _global.__polkadotjs = {};
@@ -46,37 +45,45 @@ function getEntry (name: string): VersionPath[] {
  return _global.__polkadotjs[name];
 }

-function getVersionLength (all: { version: string }[]): number {
-  let length = 0;
+/** @internal */
+function formatDisplay <T extends { version: string }> (all: T[], fmt: (version: string, data: T) => string[]): string {
+  let max = 0;

-  for (const { version } of all) {
-    length = Math.max(length, version.length);
+  for (let i = 0; i < all.length; i++) {
+    max = Math.max(max, all[i].version.length);
  }

-  return length;
+  return all
+    .map((d) => `\t${fmt(d.version.padEnd(max), d).join('\t')}`)
+    .join('\n');
 }

 /** @internal */
-function flattenInfos (all: PackageJson[]): string {
-  const verLength = getVersionLength(all);
-  const stringify = ({ name, version }: PackageJson) =>
-    `\t${version.padEnd(verLength)}\t${name}`;
-
-  return all.map(stringify).join('\n');
+function formatInfo (version: string, { name }: PackageJson): string[] {
+  return [
+    version,
+    name
+  ];
 }

 /** @internal */
-function flattenVersions (entry: VersionPath[]): string {
-  const toPath = (version: VersionPath | string): VersionPath =>
-    isString(version)
-      ? { version }
-      : version;
-  const all = entry.map(toPath);
-  const verLength = getVersionLength(all);
-  const stringify = ({ path, type, version }: VersionPath) =>
-    `\t${`${type || ''}`.padStart(3)} ${version.padEnd(verLength)}\t${(!path || path.length < 5) ? '<unknown>' : path}`;
+function formatVersion (version: string, { path, type }: VersionPath): string[] {
+  let extracted: string;

-  return all.map(stringify).join('\n');
+  if (path && path.length >= 5) {
+    const nmIndex = path.indexOf('node_modules');
+
+    extracted = nmIndex === -1
+      ? path
+      : path.substring(nmIndex);
+  } else {
+    extracted = '<unknown>';
+  }
+
+  return [
+    `${`${type || ''}`.padStart(3)} ${version}`,
+    extracted
+  ];
 }

 /** @internal */
@@ -94,6 +101,11 @@ function getPath (infoPath?: string, pathOrFn?: FnString | string | false | null
  return pathOrFn || '';
 }

+/** @internal */
+function warn <T extends { version: string }> (pre: string, all: T[], fmt: (version: string, data: T) => string[]): void {
+  console.warn(`${pre}\n${DEDUPE}\n${formatDisplay(all, fmt)}`);
+}
+
 /**
 * @name detectPackage
 * @summary Checks that a specific package is only imported once
@@ -107,12 +119,12 @@ export function detectPackage ({ name, path, type, version }: PackageJson, pathO
  entry.push({ path: getPath(path, pathOrFn), type, version });

  if (entry.length !== 1) {
-    console.warn(`${name} has multiple versions, ensure that there is only one installed.\n${DEDUPE}\n${flattenVersions(entry)}`);
+    warn(`${name} has multiple versions, ensure that there is only one installed.`, entry, formatVersion);
  } else {
    const mismatches = deps.filter((d) => d && d.version !== version);

    if (mismatches.length) {
-      console.warn(`${name} requires direct dependencies exactly matching version ${version}.\n${DEDUPE}\n${flattenInfos(mismatches)}`);
+      warn(`${name} requires direct dependencies exactly matching version ${version}.`, mismatches, formatInfo);
    }
  }
 }
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
    "./shim.cjs"
  ],
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8",
-    "@polkadot/x-global": "8.7.1"
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3",
+    "@polkadot/x-global": "9.3.1"
  }
 }
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/x-bigint', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/x-bigint', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
  },
  "sideEffects": false,
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "main": "index.js",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8",
-    "@polkadot/util": "8.7.1",
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3",
+    "@polkadot/util": "9.3.1",
    "buffer-es6": "^4.9.3"
  }
 }
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/x-bundle', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/x-bundle', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
  },
  "sideEffects": false,
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "browser": "browser.js",
  "main": "node.js",
  "react-native": "react-native.js",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8",
-    "@polkadot/x-global": "8.7.1",
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3",
+    "@polkadot/x-global": "9.3.1",
    "@types/node-fetch": "^2.6.1",
    "node-fetch": "^2.6.7"
  }
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/x-fetch', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/x-fetch', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
  },
  "sideEffects": false,
  "type": "module",
-  "version": "8.7.1",
+  "version": "9.3.1",
  "main": "index.js",
  "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/runtime": "^7.17.8"
+    "@babel/runtime": "^7.18.3"
  }
 }
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@

 // Do not edit, auto-generated by @polkadot/dev

-export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/x-global', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '8.7.1' };
+export const packageInfo = { name: '@polkadot/x-global', path: 'auto', type: 'auto', version: '9.3.1' };
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
github-actions[bot]	cefeb0bb51	[CI Skip] release/stable 9.3.1 skip-checks: true	2022-05-29 06:27:05 +00:00
Jaco	1d675ec803	9.3.1 (#1507 )	2022-05-29 09:23:01 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	7596dfa65c	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-16 skip-checks: true	2022-05-28 10:40:10 +00:00
Jaco	508e997c64	Bump deps (#1506 )	2022-05-28 13:35:56 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	89563ee05c	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-15 skip-checks: true	2022-05-27 08:15:04 +00:00
Jaco	8b72584d53	Add compactFromU8aLim (Remove extraneous Strict) (#1505 ) Add compactFromU8aLim (Remove extraoneous Strict) Fix build	2022-05-27 11:10:56 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	4ae62c114b	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-14 skip-checks: true	2022-05-27 06:20:09 +00:00
Jaco	823fb51d18	Use for loop in string{Came, Pascal}Case conversions (#1504 ) * Use for loop in string{Came, Pascal}Case conversions * Missing +-= (removed as test)	2022-05-27 09:15:56 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	a840b815bd	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-13 skip-checks: true	2022-05-25 07:06:12 +00:00
Jaco	fbf973dc2a	Add u8a-only strict variants (#1503 )	2022-05-25 10:02:01 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	2698f6779f	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-12 skip-checks: true	2022-05-25 04:30:46 +00:00
Jaco	3b5de80c54	Compact loop unrolling (#1502 )	2022-05-25 07:26:07 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	041f5a7c2b	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-11 skip-checks: true	2022-05-24 15:32:58 +00:00
Jaco	cb8f1130af	No indirection via isCompact call (#1501 )	2022-05-24 18:28:43 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	f480df7504	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-10 skip-checks: true	2022-05-24 15:00:08 +00:00
Jaco	51763d3bf9	Adjust instanceof checks (#1500 )	2022-05-24 17:56:01 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	d2b7e88060	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-9 skip-checks: true	2022-05-24 14:31:54 +00:00
Jaco	b20df563ce	Buffer short-circuit (onlky convert when non-Uint8Array) (#1499 )	2022-05-24 17:27:47 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	5ada180d66	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-8 skip-checks: true	2022-05-24 13:47:16 +00:00
Jaco	a4256de444	Small u8aToU8a optimizations (#1498 ) * Small u8aToU8a optimizations * Slight order adjustments * Adjust	2022-05-24 16:42:58 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	bce5553a4b	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-7 skip-checks: true	2022-05-24 11:44:49 +00:00
Carlo Sala	670743cbcf	some changes to KnownLedger (#1497 ) * add `nodle-para` chain * add astar and polkadex to KnownLedger * remove `nodle-chain`	2022-05-24 14:39:50 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	ffed9ceb6d	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-6 skip-checks: true	2022-05-22 08:44:56 +00:00
Jaco	bbacb1b80a	Bump deps (#1496 )	2022-05-22 11:40:09 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	5ea38c9898	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-5 skip-checks: true	2022-05-20 12:21:52 +00:00
Jaco	7177722a49	Fix buffer imports (#1495 )	2022-05-20 15:17:39 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	6083923604	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-4 skip-checks: true	2022-05-20 10:04:53 +00:00
Jaco	7a3e1c23aa	Internal bip32 mnemonicGenerate takes numWords param (#1494 ) * Internal bip32 mnemonicGenerate takes numWords param * Bump deps * Calculate Calculate strength * Remove duplicated assert	2022-05-20 13:00:07 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	cab50dbf7a	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-3 skip-checks: true	2022-05-20 09:01:11 +00:00
Jaco	9964b308ce	Small readability cleanups (#1493 )	2022-05-20 11:56:01 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	247a0e7227	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-2 skip-checks: true	2022-05-20 06:07:23 +00:00
Jaco	f2dba8aff8	Small typo cleanups (#1492 )	2022-05-20 09:02:32 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	2ef18335e3	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-1 skip-checks: true	2022-05-20 05:59:47 +00:00
Jaco	fa0818d088	Small addressToEvm non-local change (#1491 )	2022-05-20 08:55:58 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	2106626f22	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.2.2-0 skip-checks: true	2022-05-16 09:17:38 +00:00
Carlo Sala	fceab0becc	add parallel to KnownLedger (#1490 )	2022-05-16 12:13:31 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	bdf42368f7	[CI Skip] release/stable 9.2.1 skip-checks: true	2022-05-13 19:21:22 +00:00
Jaco	36ab5ea5e2	9.2.1 (#1489 )	2022-05-13 22:16:25 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	c5c8469038	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-11 skip-checks: true	2022-05-13 08:24:30 +00:00
Jaco	83d0121a28	Additional deprecations (#1488 ) * Additional deprecations * Unsigned shift * Adjust * offset calc	2022-05-13 11:19:20 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	aff74ebde3	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-10 skip-checks: true	2022-05-13 06:46:09 +00:00
Jaco	be4619ba3d	MArk deprecated function signatures (#1487 )	2022-05-13 09:40:43 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	17bc2e9fa0	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-9 skip-checks: true	2022-05-13 05:39:36 +00:00
Jaco	66e2382f26	Re-add top-level cryptoWaitReady (#1486 )	2022-05-13 08:34:53 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	6c299f81c6	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-8 skip-checks: true	2022-05-13 04:33:17 +00:00
Nantian	a4fcba6ff6	add acala ledger config (#1485 )	2022-05-13 07:29:10 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	1a3507366e	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-7 skip-checks: true	2022-05-12 09:18:43 +00:00
Jaco	65939dbe9d	Signed conversion on empty u8a (#1484 )	2022-05-12 12:14:34 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	6914411232	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-6 skip-checks: true	2022-05-12 07:59:10 +00:00
Jaco	c79f46aaa2	Bump to beta @polkadot/wasm-* (#1483 )	2022-05-12 10:55:00 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	cea09b2c8b	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-5 skip-checks: true	2022-05-12 05:14:44 +00:00
Jaco	bc23ed9fc9	Bump deps (#1482 )	2022-05-12 08:09:53 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	a4f286e89a	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-4 skip-checks: true	2022-05-10 07:02:34 +00:00
Jaco	f112f9eb5e	Bump deps (#1480 )	2022-05-10 09:57:45 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	010552ca44	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-3 skip-checks: true	2022-05-09 09:54:37 +00:00
Jaco	9ae4b1066e	Change all occurences of `.substr(...)` to `.substring(...)` (#1479 )	2022-05-09 12:50:13 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	1a57abde6e	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-2 skip-checks: true	2022-05-09 08:11:13 +00:00
Jaco	cf4b44940e	Bump dev (#1478 )	2022-05-09 11:05:53 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	81e19aace4	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-1 skip-checks: true	2022-05-07 08:58:12 +00:00
Jaco	7341c32df5	Optimize `u8aToHex` with direct (non-hex) conversion (#1477 ) * Optimize `u8aToHex` with direct (non-hex) conversion * Adjust compactFromU8a tests	2022-05-07 11:54:08 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	bb1ed6cfcd	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.1.2-0 skip-checks: true	2022-05-05 06:07:20 +00:00
Jaco	55dcfb5e18	Bump @polkadot/dev (#1476 )	2022-05-05 09:03:33 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	2fe9e5a125	[CI Skip] release/stable 9.1.1 skip-checks: true	2022-04-30 05:30:01 +00:00
Jaco	e24385213d	9.1.1 (#1473 )	2022-04-30 08:25:32 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	9cd81a23e7	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-11 skip-checks: true	2022-04-30 05:08:24 +00:00
Jaco	64348860cb	Bump dev (#1472 )	2022-04-30 08:04:24 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	ecfceb5d0a	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-10 skip-checks: true	2022-04-29 11:28:19 +00:00
Jaco	cc840c37a2	Bump TS (#1471 )	2022-04-29 14:24:27 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	527af12b0f	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-9 skip-checks: true	2022-04-29 05:40:33 +00:00
Jaco	9f2b98d5a8	New Rococo genesis (#1470 ) * New Rococo genesis * CHANGELOG	2022-04-29 08:35:39 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	4bd767fb62	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-8 skip-checks: true	2022-04-28 10:18:44 +00:00
Jaco	cff29dfd2d	Jg type comments (#1469 ) * Add some field-level comments on the keyring * CHANGELOG	2022-04-28 13:13:32 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	d26b80905c	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-7 skip-checks: true	2022-04-27 17:26:43 +00:00
Carlo Sala	4249679882	feat(networks): add statemint to KnownLedger (#1467 ) * feat(networks): add statemint * feat(hw-ledger): add statemint	2022-04-27 20:21:27 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	ff27055808	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-6 skip-checks: true	2022-04-27 06:57:00 +00:00
Jaco	54f8acb27f	Bump @polkadot/dev (#1466 )	2022-04-27 09:51:59 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	017bebe8bb	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-5 skip-checks: true	2022-04-24 09:21:21 +00:00
Jaco	89f5670d8b	Bump @polkadot/dev (#1464 )	2022-04-24 12:17:18 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	b9e2293bee	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-4 skip-checks: true	2022-04-20 17:40:13 +00:00
xx networkandBernardo Cardoso	3b45418e47	Add xxnetwork genesis hash and ledger app (#1463 ) * Add xxnetwork genesis hash and ledger app * Update test Co-authored-by: Bernardo Cardoso <bernardo@xx.network>	2022-04-20 20:35:20 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	6af7f6ef24	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-3 skip-checks: true	2022-04-19 14:02:14 +00:00
Jaco	a0b85ee7f8	Bump deps (#1462 )	2022-04-19 16:58:00 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	2e0c6c3368	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-2 skip-checks: true	2022-04-14 04:21:59 +00:00
Jaco	1d36284369	Adjust isHex performance test (#1461 )	2022-04-14 07:18:01 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	94788692bb	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-1 skip-checks: true	2022-04-13 05:37:51 +00:00
Jaco	1f3f5d5980	Adjust detectPackage formatting (#1460 )	2022-04-13 08:33:37 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	90c2638221	[CI Skip] release/beta 9.0.2-0 skip-checks: true	2022-04-12 05:02:30 +00:00
Jaco	98e02a0baa	Bump deps (#1459 )	2022-04-12 07:58:00 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	e96a204bb5	[CI Skip] release/stable 9.0.1 skip-checks: true	2022-04-09 07:44:36 +00:00
Jaco	0dc4ec48da	9.0.1 (#1457 )	2022-04-09 10:40:27 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	5d5c7e4c0a	[CI Skip] release/beta 8.7.2-3 skip-checks: true	2022-04-06 08:53:01 +00:00
Jaco	76c973f5c5	Be explicit in re-exports from `@polkadot/networks` (#1455 )	2022-04-06 11:48:34 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	7608f2eed9	[CI Skip] release/beta 8.7.2-2 skip-checks: true	2022-04-06 08:20:38 +00:00
Jaco	e585aa1899	Bump dev (w/ bundleInit shim build) (#1454 )	2022-04-06 11:15:52 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	82152352ea	[CI Skip] release/beta 8.7.2-1 skip-checks: true	2022-04-05 05:29:20 +00:00
Jaco	515e1d62af	Bump to latest @polkadot/dev (#1453 )	2022-04-05 08:25:15 +03:00
github-actions[bot]	2d2e6bc1bf	[CI Skip] release/beta 8.7.2-0 skip-checks: true	2022-04-01 07:50:06 +00:00
Jaco	5bb89db279	Bump dev deps (#1451 )	2022-04-01 10:45:59 +03:00