fix(neuron): TP unload with Arc-shared pool mutex (#98)

cfg(cuda)-only: the unload path moved the pool out of the (previously
owned) mutex; with TpLoadedModel.pool behind Arc for the engine's
owned guard, recover sole ownership via Arc::try_unwrap —
Arc::try_unwrap(tp) succeeding already implies the engine is idle, so
this is the expected case; the fallback (engine guard mid-release
race) unloads through the lock and lets the pool drop with its last
reference.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01TczcGF7JSjJs8r15RSSGpx

.gitea/workflows/build-prerelease.yml

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ jobs:
       build_cortex: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.build_cortex }}
       build_neuron: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.build_neuron }}
       build_bench: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.build_bench }}
+      build_upstream: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.build_upstream }}
       check_rust: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.check_rust }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -86,7 +87,14 @@ jobs:
           # rpmvercmp ranks digit-prefixed segments above alpha ones.
           # The SHA stays only as a debug identifier; sort order is
           # decided entirely by the timestamp.
-          COMMIT_TIMESTAMP=$(git log -1 --format=%cd --date=format:%Y%m%d%H%M%S HEAD)
+          # format-local + TZ=UTC0 renders the stamp in UTC regardless
+          # of the committer's recorded timezone. Plain `format:` uses
+          # each commit's own TZ offset — local commits (UTC+3) and
+          # Gitea server-side merge commits (UTC) interleaved
+          # non-monotonically, letting an older build out-rank newer
+          # ones in RPM EVR comparison (the 2026-07-01 "235959" stamp
+          # that froze the fleet on a stale build).
+          COMMIT_TIMESTAMP=$(TZ=UTC0 git log -1 --format=%cd --date=format-local:%Y%m%d%H%M%S HEAD)
           RELEASE="0.1.${COMMIT_TIMESTAMP}.git${SHORT_SHA}"
           echo "version=${VERSION}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "release=${RELEASE}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
@@ -104,6 +112,7 @@ jobs:
           BUILD_CORTEX=true
           BUILD_NEURON=true
           BUILD_BENCH=true
+          BUILD_UPSTREAM=true
           CHECK_RUST=true
 
           if [ "${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME}" = "push" ]; then
@@ -149,6 +158,7 @@ jobs:
               NEURON_RE='^crates/neuron/|^crates/cortex-core/|^Cargo\.toml$|^Cargo\.lock$|^rpm/helexa-neuron-prerelease\.spec$|^data/neuron|^neuron\.example\.toml$|^\.gitea/workflows/build-prerelease\.yml$'
               CORTEX_RE='^crates/cortex-gateway/|^crates/cortex-cli/|^crates/cortex-core/|^Cargo\.toml$|^Cargo\.lock$|^rpm/cortex-prerelease\.spec$|^data/cortex|^cortex\.example\.toml$|^models\.example\.toml$|^\.gitea/workflows/build-prerelease\.yml$'
               BENCH_RE='^crates/helexa-bench/|^crates/cortex-core/|^Cargo\.toml$|^Cargo\.lock$|^rpm/helexa-bench-prerelease\.spec$|^data/helexa-bench|^helexa-bench\.example\.toml$|^\.gitea/workflows/build-prerelease\.yml$'
+              UPSTREAM_RE='^crates/helexa-upstream/|^crates/cortex-core/|^Cargo\.toml$|^Cargo\.lock$|^rpm/helexa-upstream-prerelease\.spec$|^data/helexa-upstream|^helexa-upstream\.example\.toml$|^\.gitea/workflows/build-prerelease\.yml$'
               # Any Rust change (incl. crates not packaged here, e.g.
               # helexa-acp) still needs lint+test on main.
               RUST_RE='\.rs$|^crates/|Cargo\.toml$|^Cargo\.lock$'
@@ -156,10 +166,12 @@ jobs:
               CORTEX_BASE=$(base_for cortex)
               NEURON_BASE=$(base_for helexa-neuron-blackwell)
               BENCH_BASE=$(base_for helexa-bench)
+              UPSTREAM_BASE=$(base_for helexa-upstream)
               BUILD_CORTEX=$(decide "$CORTEX_BASE" "$CORTEX_RE")
               BUILD_NEURON=$(decide "$NEURON_BASE" "$NEURON_RE")
               BUILD_BENCH=$(decide "$BENCH_BASE" "$BENCH_RE")
-              if [ "$BUILD_CORTEX" = "true" ] || [ "$BUILD_NEURON" = "true" ] || [ "$BUILD_BENCH" = "true" ]; then
+              BUILD_UPSTREAM=$(decide "$UPSTREAM_BASE" "$UPSTREAM_RE")
+              if [ "$BUILD_CORTEX" = "true" ] || [ "$BUILD_NEURON" = "true" ] || [ "$BUILD_BENCH" = "true" ] || [ "$BUILD_UPSTREAM" = "true" ]; then
                 CHECK_RUST=true
               else
                 CHECK_RUST=$(decide "$CORTEX_BASE" "$RUST_RE")
@@ -170,8 +182,9 @@ jobs:
           echo "build_cortex=${BUILD_CORTEX}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "build_neuron=${BUILD_NEURON}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "build_bench=${BUILD_BENCH}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          echo "build_upstream=${BUILD_UPSTREAM}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "check_rust=${CHECK_RUST}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-          echo "### change detection: build_cortex=${BUILD_CORTEX} build_neuron=${BUILD_NEURON} build_bench=${BUILD_BENCH} check_rust=${CHECK_RUST}"
+          echo "### change detection: build_cortex=${BUILD_CORTEX} build_neuron=${BUILD_NEURON} build_bench=${BUILD_BENCH} build_upstream=${BUILD_UPSTREAM} check_rust=${CHECK_RUST}"
 
   # fmt + clippy + test moved here from ci.yml for main pushes so the
   # two workflows stop queueing against each other (ci.yml's checks
@@ -303,6 +316,45 @@ jobs:
           path: artifacts/helexa-bench
           retention-days: 1
 
+  build-upstream:
+    name: Build helexa-upstream binary
+    timeout-minutes: 25
+    needs: prepare
+    if: needs.prepare.outputs.build_upstream == 'true'
+    # Pure-Rust, non-CUDA binary — same runner as cortex/bench.
+    runs-on: rust
+    env:
+      RUSTC_WRAPPER: sccache
+      SCCACHE_BUCKET: sccache
+      SCCACHE_ENDPOINT: http://caveman.kosherinata.internal:9000
+      SCCACHE_REGION: auto
+      SCCACHE_S3_USE_SSL: "false"
+      AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.SCCACHE_S3_ACCESS_KEY }}
+      AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.SCCACHE_S3_SECRET_KEY }}
+      # helexa-upstream uses the sqlx runtime query API (no compile-time
+      # query macros), so it builds without a database or a .sqlx cache.
+      # Set OFFLINE defensively so a stray macro can never reach for a DB.
+      SQLX_OFFLINE: "true"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
+
+      - name: Build helexa-upstream (release, sccache escalation)
+        run: script/ci-cargo-escalate.sh cargo build --release -p helexa-upstream
+
+      - name: Stage binary
+        run: |
+          mkdir --parents artifacts
+          cp target/release/helexa-upstream artifacts/helexa-upstream
+          ./artifacts/helexa-upstream --version || true
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: upstream-fc43
+          path: artifacts/helexa-upstream
+          retention-days: 1
+
   build-neuron:
     name: Build neuron-${{ matrix.flavour }}
     timeout-minutes: 35
@@ -332,7 +384,10 @@ jobs:
             cuda_home: /usr/local/cuda-13.0
             build_jobs: 8
             nvcc_threads: 4
-            cargo_features: "cuda cudnn"
+            # flash-attn on blackwell first (#95): beast carries the
+            # agentic prefill pain; ada/ampere follow once the win is
+            # measured. NEURON_FLASH_ATTN=0 is the runtime rollback.
+            cargo_features: "cuda cudnn flash-attn"
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
     env:
       SCCACHE_BUCKET: sccache
@@ -459,6 +514,44 @@ jobs:
           path: ~/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/*.rpm
           retention-days: 7
 
+  package-upstream:
+    name: Package helexa-upstream RPM
+    timeout-minutes: 20
+    needs: [prepare, build-upstream]
+    runs-on: rpm
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
+
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: upstream-fc43
+          path: artifacts/
+
+      - name: Build RPM
+        run: |
+          set -eux
+          rm -f ~/.rpmmacros
+          rpmdev-setuptree
+          cp artifacts/helexa-upstream ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/
+          cp data/helexa-upstream.service ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/
+          cp data/helexa-upstream-sysusers.conf ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/
+          cp data/helexa-upstream-firewalld.xml ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/
+          cp helexa-upstream.example.toml ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/
+          cp LICENSE ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/
+          rpmbuild -bb rpm/helexa-upstream-prerelease.spec \
+            --define "upstream_version ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}" \
+            --define "upstream_prerelease ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.release }}" \
+            --undefine dist \
+            --define "dist .fc43"
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: rpm-upstream-fc43
+          path: ~/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/*.rpm
+          retention-days: 7
+
   package-neuron:
     name: Package helexa-neuron-${{ matrix.flavour }} RPM
     timeout-minutes: 20
@@ -508,7 +601,7 @@ jobs:
   publish:
     name: Publish to rpm.lair.cafe (unstable)
     timeout-minutes: 25
-    needs: [lint, test, package-cortex, package-neuron, package-bench]
+    needs: [lint, test, package-cortex, package-neuron, package-bench, package-upstream]
     # Runs when at least one package was built and nothing failed.
     # lint/test may be skipped (docs-only refs never get here because
     # no packages build), but a real failure in any blocks the
@@ -518,10 +611,11 @@ jobs:
         !cancelled()
         && (needs.lint.result == 'success' || needs.lint.result == 'skipped')
         && (needs.test.result == 'success' || needs.test.result == 'skipped')
-        && (needs.package-cortex.result == 'success' || needs.package-neuron.result == 'success' || needs.package-bench.result == 'success')
+        && (needs.package-cortex.result == 'success' || needs.package-neuron.result == 'success' || needs.package-bench.result == 'success' || needs.package-upstream.result == 'success')
         && needs.package-cortex.result != 'failure'
         && needs.package-neuron.result != 'failure'
         && needs.package-bench.result != 'failure'
+        && needs.package-upstream.result != 'failure'
       }}
     runs-on: rpm
     concurrency:

.gitea/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -82,7 +82,9 @@ jobs:
   # see commit history).
   cuda-check:
     name: CUDA type-check
-    timeout-minutes: 35
+    # flash-attn kernel compilation dominates the first uncached run;
+    # sccache + the cargo target cache absorb it afterwards.
+    timeout-minutes: 70
     runs-on: cuda-13.0
     # The workflow-level env sets `RUSTC_WRAPPER: sccache`
     # unconditionally, which hard-fails cargo if the CUDA image
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ jobs:
           export PATH="/usr/local/cuda-13.0/bin:${PATH}"
           export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/usr/local/cuda-13.0/targets/x86_64-linux/lib:/usr/local/cuda-13.0/lib64:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}"
           export LIBRARY_PATH="/usr/local/cuda-13.0/targets/x86_64-linux/lib:/usr/local/cuda-13.0/lib64:${LIBRARY_PATH:-}"
-          script/ci-cargo-escalate.sh cargo check -p neuron --features cuda --all-targets
+          script/ci-cargo-escalate.sh cargo check -p neuron --features cuda,flash-attn --all-targets
 
   srpm-cortex:
     name: Build cortex SRPM

.gitea/workflows/deploy.yml

@@ -274,19 +274,52 @@ jobs:
 
           echo "LLM probe against ${model}"
           probe_body=$(printf '{"model":"%s","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"Reply with exactly one word: pineapple"}],"max_tokens":512,"temperature":0}' "${model}")
-          resp=$(curl -fsS --max-time 180 -H "content-type: application/json" \
-            -d "${probe_body}" http://localhost:13131/v1/chat/completions) || {
-            echo "FAIL: probe request errored"
-            exit 1
-          }
-          if printf %s "${resp}" | grep -qi pineapple; then
-            echo "LLM probe passed"
-          else
-            echo "FAIL: probe response missing expected token"
-            printf %s "${resp}" | head -c 2000
-            echo
-            exit 1
-          fi
+          # The probe races real traffic: a deploy publishes a new build
+          # SHA, which is exactly what triggers helexa-bench to re-sweep
+          # every scenario against this neuron — long capability-probe
+          # generations can hold the batch-1 model for minutes. Admission
+          # control answers concurrent requests with 429/503 +
+          # Retry-After (#53/#63); treat those as "busy, try again", not
+          # deploy failure. Overall budget ~6 min.
+          probe_deadline=$(( $(date +%s) + 360 ))
+          attempt=0
+          while :; do
+            attempt=$(( attempt + 1 ))
+            hdrs=$(mktemp)
+            resp=$(curl -sS --max-time 180 -D "${hdrs}" \
+              -H "content-type: application/json" \
+              -d "${probe_body}" http://localhost:13131/v1/chat/completions) || resp=""
+            status=$(awk 'toupper($1) ~ /^HTTP/ {code=$2} END {print code}' "${hdrs}")
+            retry_after=$(awk 'tolower($1) == "retry-after:" {print $2+0; exit}' "${hdrs}")
+            rm -f "${hdrs}"
+            if [ "${status}" = "200" ]; then
+              if printf %s "${resp}" | grep -qi pineapple; then
+                echo "LLM probe passed (attempt ${attempt})"
+                break
+              fi
+              echo "FAIL: probe response missing expected token"
+              printf %s "${resp}" | head -c 2000
+              echo
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            case "${status}" in
+              429|503) ;;  # busy/queue-full — retryable
+              *)
+                echo "FAIL: probe request errored (HTTP ${status:-none})"
+                printf %s "${resp}" | head -c 2000
+                echo
+                exit 1
+                ;;
+            esac
+            if [ "$(date +%s)" -ge "${probe_deadline}" ]; then
+              echo "FAIL: model still busy (HTTP ${status}) after probe budget"
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            wait_s=${retry_after:-15}
+            [ "${wait_s}" -ge 5 ] 2>/dev/null || wait_s=15
+            echo "model busy (HTTP ${status}), retrying in ${wait_s}s (attempt ${attempt})"
+            sleep "${wait_s}"
+          done
           DEPLOY
 
       - name: Ensure firewalld allows helexa-neuron

Cargo.lock

@@ -2972,6 +2972,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "axum",
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "candle-core",
+ "candle-flash-attn",
  "candle-nn",
  "candle-transformers",
  "clap",

asset/helexa-bench/bob.toml

@@ -18,6 +18,35 @@ db_path = "/var/lib/helexa-bench/bench.sqlite"
 [scenarios]
 prompt_sizes = [128, 4096]
 max_tokens = 256
+# Concurrency / agentic-load scenarios (#89), enabled so the 27B baseline
+# carries p95-under-concurrency data before the F3 A/B gate (#94) needs
+# it for comparison. Levels mirror the real a0/hermes/opencode fan-out.
+concurrency_levels = [2, 4, 8]
+concurrency_prompt_tokens = 512
+
+# Capability probes (#91) — the reasoning/planning axis the speed
+# scenarios miss; scored manually via `helexa-bench score` (O7). Enabled
+# for the same reason: the F3 gate compares 80B-A3B variants against the
+# 27B on planning quality, so the 27B needs scored artifacts first.
+[[scenarios.capability_probes]]
+name = "rust-plan"
+max_tokens = 4096
+prompt = """
+Write an implementation plan for adding rate limiting to an Axum service.
+Honor existing conventions, call out trade-offs, and sequence the work.
+"""
+
+[[scenarios.capability_probes]]
+name = "debug-reason"
+max_tokens = 4096
+prompt = """
+A Rust axum server streams SSE responses through a reverse proxy. Clients
+report that streams stall for exactly 60 seconds and then resume, but only
+when response chunks are small and infrequent. Curling the backend directly
+never stalls. List the most likely causes in order of probability, explain
+the mechanism behind each, and describe the smallest experiment that would
+confirm or eliminate each cause.
+"""
 
 # Read-only JSON API consumed by the bench UI (hosted separately) and for
 # programmatic access. Served alongside the sweep loop.

crates/cortex-core/src/node.rs

@@ -147,6 +147,39 @@ pub struct CortexModelEntry {
     /// `true` when any neuron reports this model supports reasoning tokens.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub reasoning: bool,
+    // ── Flat ecosystem context-window fields (issue #78) ──────
+    // Duplicates of `limit` under the flat, vLLM-convention key names
+    // (`max_model_len` et al.) that OpenAI-ecosystem clients (Hermes
+    // Agent, vLLM tooling) probe for — they cannot see `limit.context`.
+    // Additive: `limit` stays the opencode-oriented source of truth.
+    // Derived, never set directly — call [`sync_flat_limit`] after the
+    // final `limit` value is known. Omitted (not `0`) when the window
+    // is unknown; absent-vs-zero is load-bearing, as with `cost`.
+    //
+    // [`sync_flat_limit`]: CortexModelEntry::sync_flat_limit
+    /// Served max-seq-len in tokens — mirrors `limit.context`.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub max_model_len: Option<usize>,
+    /// Usable input budget — mirrors `limit.input` when present.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub max_input_tokens: Option<usize>,
+    /// Maximum generation tokens — mirrors `limit.output`.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub max_output_tokens: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+impl CortexModelEntry {
+    /// Re-derive the flat ecosystem fields (#78) from `limit`.
+    ///
+    /// Must run after the final `limit` is known (post merge/tightening),
+    /// immediately before serialization. Fully overwrites: a `None` limit
+    /// clears the flat fields, so stale values can't survive a merge that
+    /// dropped the limit.
+    pub fn sync_flat_limit(&mut self) {
+        self.max_model_len = self.limit.as_ref().map(|l| l.context);
+        self.max_input_tokens = self.limit.as_ref().and_then(|l| l.input);
+        self.max_output_tokens = self.limit.as_ref().map(|l| l.output);
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]

crates/cortex-core/src/openai.rs

@@ -116,6 +116,23 @@ pub struct Usage {
     /// prompt caching lands (#11); `None` until then.
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub prompt_tokens_details: Option<PromptTokensDetails>,
+    /// helexa extension (non-OpenAI): server-measured prefill/decode
+    /// timing, so the bench harness can compute true prefill vs decode
+    /// tok/s instead of inferring both from client-side SSE arrival
+    /// (#85). Additive and optional — standard OpenAI clients ignore
+    /// it; cortex forwards usage verbatim so it survives proxying.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub helexa_timing: Option<HelexaTiming>,
+}
+
+/// helexa extension carried on [`Usage::helexa_timing`]. Mirrors
+/// neuron's internal `FinishTiming`. All fields are server-measured;
+/// `prefill_tokens` is the prefill-rate denominator.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct HelexaTiming {
+    pub prefill_ms: u64,
+    pub decode_ms: u64,
+    pub prefill_tokens: u64,
 }
 
 /// Sub-counts of `Usage::completion_tokens`.

crates/cortex-core/src/responses.rs

@@ -66,14 +66,48 @@ pub struct ResponsesRequest {
     pub extra: Value,
 }
 
-/// `input` is either a single string or an array of typed items.
+/// `input` is either a single string or an array of items.
 /// `#[serde(untagged)]` so the wire shape `"input": "hi"` and
 /// `"input": [{...}]` both deserialize.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(untagged)]
 pub enum ResponsesInput {
     Text(String),
-    Items(Vec<ResponsesInputItem>),
+    Items(Vec<ResponsesInputElement>),
+}
+
+/// One element of an `input` array.
+///
+/// OpenAI's Responses API accepts three shapes here, and real clients
+/// use all of them — most notably agent-zero (via litellm), which
+/// sends the bare "easy message" form. We must tolerate every shape,
+/// because `input` is an `#[serde(untagged)]` array: a single element
+/// that matches no variant fails the *entire* request with a 422
+/// (`did not match any variant of untagged enum ResponsesInput`).
+///
+/// 1. [`Self::Typed`] — an item carrying an explicit `"type"`
+///    discriminant (`message`, `function_call`, `function_call_output`,
+///    `reasoning`).
+/// 2. [`Self::EasyMessage`] — a bare `{role, content}` with **no**
+///    `type` field. This is OpenAI's `EasyInputMessage` and what
+///    litellm emits for every turn. `content` is optional so an
+///    assistant turn carrying only tool calls (`content: null`) still
+///    parses.
+/// 3. [`Self::Other`] — anything else, captured as raw JSON and
+///    dropped during translation. This is the forward-compat escape
+///    hatch that mirrors [`ResponsesRequest::extra`] at the item
+///    level: an unmodeled item type can never again reject the whole
+///    request.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+pub enum ResponsesInputElement {
+    Typed(ResponsesInputItem),
+    EasyMessage {
+        role: String,
+        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        content: Option<ResponsesMessageContent>,
+    },
+    Other(Value),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -91,8 +125,11 @@ pub enum ResponsesInputItem {
         name: String,
         arguments: String,
     },
-    /// User is feeding a tool result back into the model.
-    FunctionCallOutput { call_id: String, output: String },
+    /// User is feeding a tool result back into the model. `output`
+    /// is a `Value` because OpenAI allows it to be either a plain
+    /// string or an array of content parts; the translator renders
+    /// either form to text rather than losing the tool result.
+    FunctionCallOutput { call_id: String, output: Value },
     /// Reasoning items emitted by o-series models. Accepted but
     /// not forwarded to the model — neuron's candle path doesn't
     /// surface reasoning separately yet.
@@ -132,6 +169,11 @@ pub enum ResponsesContentPart {
         #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
         annotations: Vec<Value>,
     },
+    /// Any content-part type we don't model (e.g. `refusal`, audio).
+    /// Captured as a unit so an unknown part can't reject the whole
+    /// request; dropped during translation.
+    #[serde(other)]
+    Unknown,
 }
 
 // ── Response (non-streaming) ─────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -277,20 +319,116 @@ mod tests {
             ResponsesInput::Items(items) => {
                 assert_eq!(items.len(), 1);
                 match &items[0] {
-                    ResponsesInputItem::Message { role, content } => {
+                    ResponsesInputElement::Typed(ResponsesInputItem::Message { role, content }) => {
                         assert_eq!(role, "user");
                         match content {
                             ResponsesMessageContent::Text(t) => assert_eq!(t, "hi"),
                             other => panic!("expected Text content, got {other:?}"),
                         }
                     }
-                    other => panic!("expected Message item, got {other:?}"),
+                    other => panic!("expected typed Message item, got {other:?}"),
                 }
             }
             other => panic!("expected Items, got {other:?}"),
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn deserialises_bare_easy_message_without_type() {
+        // The shape agent-zero (via litellm) actually sends: `input`
+        // items are bare `{role, content}` with NO `type` field. This
+        // is the exact payload that was returning 422.
+        let raw = r#"{
+            "model": "Qwen/Qwen3.6-27B",
+            "store": true,
+            "tools": [{"type": "function", "name": "x", "description": "d", "parameters": {}}],
+            "input": [
+                {"role": "system", "content": "you are helpful"},
+                {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"tool_name\":\"response\"}"},
+                {"role": "user", "content": "hi"}
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let req: ResponsesRequest = serde_json::from_str(raw).unwrap();
+        let items = match req.input {
+            ResponsesInput::Items(i) => i,
+            other => panic!("expected Items, got {other:?}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 3);
+        for el in &items {
+            assert!(
+                matches!(el, ResponsesInputElement::EasyMessage { .. }),
+                "expected EasyMessage, got {el:?}"
+            );
+        }
+        // `tools` / `store` ride through `extra`, not `input`.
+        assert!(req.extra.get("tools").is_some());
+        assert_eq!(req.extra.get("store"), Some(&Value::Bool(true)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tolerates_null_content_and_unknown_item_types() {
+        // An assistant turn carrying only tool calls has `content: null`;
+        // and a future/unmodeled item type must not 422 the request.
+        let raw = r#"{
+            "model": "m",
+            "input": [
+                {"role": "assistant", "content": null},
+                {"type": "item_reference", "id": "abc"},
+                {"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": "c1",
+                 "output": [{"type": "output_text", "text": "result"}]},
+                {"role": "user", "content": "go"}
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let req: ResponsesRequest = serde_json::from_str(raw).unwrap();
+        let items = match req.input {
+            ResponsesInput::Items(i) => i,
+            other => panic!("expected Items, got {other:?}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 4);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &items[0],
+            ResponsesInputElement::EasyMessage { content: None, .. }
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(&items[1], ResponsesInputElement::Other(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &items[2],
+            ResponsesInputElement::Typed(ResponsesInputItem::FunctionCallOutput { .. })
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &items[3],
+            ResponsesInputElement::EasyMessage { .. }
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tolerates_unknown_content_part_type() {
+        // A `refusal` (or any unmodeled) content part must parse, not 422.
+        let raw = r#"{
+            "model": "m",
+            "input": [
+                {"role": "assistant", "content": [
+                    {"type": "refusal", "refusal": "no"},
+                    {"type": "output_text", "text": "ok"}
+                ]}
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let req: ResponsesRequest = serde_json::from_str(raw).unwrap();
+        let items = match req.input {
+            ResponsesInput::Items(i) => i,
+            other => panic!("expected Items, got {other:?}"),
+        };
+        let parts = match &items[0] {
+            ResponsesInputElement::EasyMessage {
+                content: Some(ResponsesMessageContent::Parts(p)),
+                ..
+            } => p,
+            other => panic!("expected EasyMessage with Parts, got {other:?}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(parts.len(), 2);
+        assert!(matches!(&parts[0], ResponsesContentPart::Unknown));
+        assert!(matches!(&parts[1], ResponsesContentPart::OutputText { .. }));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn deserialises_input_with_image() {
         let raw = r#"{
@@ -308,10 +446,10 @@ mod tests {
             other => panic!("expected Items, got {other:?}"),
         };
         let parts = match &items[0] {
-            ResponsesInputItem::Message {
+            ResponsesInputElement::Typed(ResponsesInputItem::Message {
                 content: ResponsesMessageContent::Parts(p),
                 ..
-            } => p,
+            }) => p,
             other => panic!("expected Parts, got {other:?}"),
         };
         assert_eq!(parts.len(), 2);

crates/cortex-core/src/translate.rs

@@ -400,6 +400,7 @@ pub fn openai_to_anthropic(resp: ChatCompletionResponse) -> MessagesResponse {
         total_tokens: 0,
         completion_tokens_details: None,
         prompt_tokens_details: None,
+        helexa_timing: None,
     });
 
     MessagesResponse {
@@ -772,6 +773,7 @@ mod stream_tests {
             total_tokens: 267,
             completion_tokens_details: None,
             prompt_tokens_details: None,
+            helexa_timing: None,
         });
         t.on_chunk(&usage_chunk);
         let fin = t.finish();

crates/cortex-gateway/src/handlers.rs

@@ -581,6 +581,11 @@ async fn list_models(State(fleet): State<Arc<CortexState>>) -> Json<Value> {
                 // Runtime-detected — will be OR-ed in Pass 2 from neuron data.
                 tool_call: false,
                 reasoning: false,
+                // Flat #78 fields are derived from `limit` in the final
+                // sync pass, once merging is done.
+                max_model_len: None,
+                max_input_tokens: None,
+                max_output_tokens: None,
             },
         );
     }
@@ -638,6 +643,9 @@ async fn list_models(State(fleet): State<Arc<CortexState>>) -> Json<Value> {
                     cost: None,
                     tool_call: entry.tool_call,
                     reasoning: entry.reasoning,
+                    max_model_len: None,
+                    max_input_tokens: None,
+                    max_output_tokens: None,
                 });
         }
     }
@@ -694,6 +702,9 @@ async fn list_models(State(fleet): State<Arc<CortexState>>) -> Json<Value> {
                     cost: None,
                     tool_call: false,
                     reasoning: false,
+                    max_model_len: None,
+                    max_input_tokens: None,
+                    max_output_tokens: None,
                 });
         }
     }
@@ -728,11 +739,24 @@ async fn list_models(State(fleet): State<Arc<CortexState>>) -> Json<Value> {
                 cost: target_entry.cost.clone(),
                 tool_call: target_entry.tool_call,
                 reasoning: target_entry.reasoning,
+                max_model_len: None,
+                max_input_tokens: None,
+                max_output_tokens: None,
             },
         );
     }
 
-    let data: Vec<Value> = entries.values().map(|e| json!(e)).collect();
+    // Final pass: derive the flat ecosystem context-window fields (#78)
+    // from each entry's now-settled `limit`, so vLLM-convention clients
+    // (Hermes Agent et al.) can read the window without knowing helexa's
+    // `limit` schema.
+    let data: Vec<Value> = entries
+        .values_mut()
+        .map(|e| {
+            e.sync_flat_limit();
+            json!(e)
+        })
+        .collect();
     Json(json!({
         "object": "list",
         "data": data,

crates/cortex-gateway/tests/model_limits.rs

@@ -8,8 +8,11 @@
 //!   - `cost` from the catalogue profile (operator-set pricing).
 //!   - `tool_call` / `reasoning` from the neuron's runtime detection (OR-ed in)
 //!
-//! Also a regression guard for the removal of `max_model_len` — the misnamed,
-//! unconsumed vLLM-ism that this contract replaces.
+//! Also asserts the flat, vLLM-convention duplicates (`max_model_len`,
+//! `max_input_tokens`, `max_output_tokens`) mirror `limit` (#78): the
+//! earlier removal of `max_model_len` as "unconsumed" was wrong — Hermes
+//! Agent (and the wider OpenAI client ecosystem) probes those flat keys
+//! and cannot see `limit.context`.
 
 use cortex_core::config::{
     EvictionSettings, EvictionStrategy, GatewayConfig, GatewaySettings, NeuronEndpoint,
@@ -85,6 +88,21 @@ capabilities = ["text"]
                 }),
             },
         );
+        // A model with no derivable limit: the flat #78 fields must be
+        // OMITTED (absent-vs-zero is load-bearing), never 0 or a guess.
+        node.models.insert(
+            "no-limit-model".into(),
+            ModelEntry {
+                id: "no-limit-model".into(),
+                status: ModelStatus::Loaded,
+                last_accessed: None,
+                vram_estimate_mb: None,
+                capabilities: vec!["text".into()],
+                tool_call: false,
+                reasoning: false,
+                limit: None,
+            },
+        );
     }
 
     let app = cortex_gateway::build_app(Arc::clone(&fleet));
@@ -123,11 +141,26 @@ capabilities = ["text"]
     assert_eq!(entry["tool_call"], true);
     assert_eq!(entry["reasoning"], true);
 
-    // Regression guard: the removed, unconsumed vLLM-ism must not reappear.
-    assert!(
-        entry.get("max_model_len").is_none(),
-        "max_model_len was removed; /v1/models must not advertise it"
-    );
+    // Flat ecosystem duplicates (#78) mirror the advertised `limit` so
+    // vLLM-convention probes (Hermes Agent) auto-detect the window.
+    assert_eq!(entry["max_model_len"], 49152);
+    assert_eq!(entry["max_input_tokens"], 40960);
+    assert_eq!(entry["max_output_tokens"], 8192);
+
+    // No limit → flat fields omitted entirely, never 0 or a guess.
+    let unknown = body["data"]
+        .as_array()
+        .unwrap()
+        .iter()
+        .find(|m| m["id"] == "no-limit-model")
+        .expect("no-limit-model present in /v1/models");
+    assert!(unknown.get("limit").is_none());
+    for key in ["max_model_len", "max_input_tokens", "max_output_tokens"] {
+        assert!(
+            unknown.get(key).is_none(),
+            "{key} must be omitted when the window is unknown"
+        );
+    }
 
     let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&cat_path);
 }

crates/helexa-bench/src/api.rs

@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ pub fn api_routes(state: ApiState) -> Router {
         .route("/api/health", get(health))
         .route("/api/dimensions", get(dimensions))
         .route("/api/summary", get(summary))
+        .route("/api/scaling", get(scaling))
+        .route("/api/swap", get(swap))
+        .route("/api/capability", get(capability))
         .route("/api/series", get(series))
         .route("/api/runs", get(runs))
         .layer(CorsLayer::permissive())
@@ -73,6 +76,30 @@ async fn summary(
     store.summary().map(Json).map_err(err500)
 }
 
+/// Context-length scaling curves per (target, model) — prefill & decode
+/// tok/s vs context, with decode-flatness (#88).
+async fn scaling(
+    State(s): State<ApiState>,
+) -> Result<Json<Vec<crate::store::ScalingCurve>>, ApiError> {
+    let store = s.lock().await;
+    store.scaling().map(Json).map_err(err500)
+}
+
+/// Cold-load / model-swap costs per (target, model) — reload latency + cold
+/// first-request (#90).
+async fn swap(State(s): State<ApiState>) -> Result<Json<Vec<crate::store::SwapCost>>, ApiError> {
+    let store = s.lock().await;
+    store.swap_costs().map(Json).map_err(err500)
+}
+
+/// Capability-probe runs — stored artifacts + quality scores (#91).
+async fn capability(
+    State(s): State<ApiState>,
+) -> Result<Json<Vec<crate::store::CapabilityRun>>, ApiError> {
+    let store = s.lock().await;
+    store.capability_runs(false).map(Json).map_err(err500)
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
 struct SeriesQuery {
     /// Optional — when omitted the store resolves the host serving this model.

crates/helexa-bench/src/client.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 //! `openai` targets use the OpenAI-compatible surface (preliminary).
 
 use crate::config::{TargetConfig, TargetKind};
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result, anyhow};
 use cortex_core::build_info::BuildInfo;
-use cortex_core::discovery::DiscoveryResponse;
-use cortex_core::harness::ModelInfo;
+use cortex_core::discovery::{DiscoveryResponse, HealthResponse};
+use cortex_core::harness::{ModelInfo, ModelSpec};
 use cortex_core::openai::ModelsResponse;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
@@ -94,6 +94,84 @@ impl TargetClient {
         Ok(Some(disco))
     }
 
+    /// Runtime device health (neuron only): per-GPU VRAM used/free,
+    /// utilization, and temperature from `GET /health`. Bench samples this
+    /// around each measured run to record VRAM high-water + GPU telemetry
+    /// (#87). Returns `Ok(None)` for non-neuron targets; a soft `Ok(None)`
+    /// (not an error) on transport failure so a flaky `/health` never fails
+    /// a measurement.
+    pub async fn fetch_health(&self, target: &TargetConfig) -> Result<Option<HealthResponse>> {
+        if target.kind != TargetKind::Neuron {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        let base = target.endpoint.trim_end_matches('/');
+        let health = self
+            .http
+            .get(format!("{base}/health"))
+            .timeout(META_TIMEOUT)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .context("GET /health")?
+            .error_for_status()
+            .context("GET /health status")?
+            .json::<HealthResponse>()
+            .await
+            .context("decoding /health")?;
+        Ok(Some(health))
+    }
+
+    /// Unload a model (neuron only): `POST /models/unload {model_id}`.
+    /// Used by the deliberate swap-cost measurement (#90), never the sweep.
+    pub async fn unload_model(&self, target: &TargetConfig, model_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let base = target.endpoint.trim_end_matches('/');
+        self.http
+            .post(format!("{base}/models/unload"))
+            .json(&serde_json::json!({ "model_id": model_id }))
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .context("POST /models/unload")?
+            .error_for_status()
+            .context("POST /models/unload status")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Load a model from a spec (neuron only): `POST /models/load`. neuron
+    /// returns synchronously once loaded, so the call duration is the reload
+    /// cost the swap-cost measurement records (#90).
+    pub async fn load_model(&self, target: &TargetConfig, spec: &ModelSpec) -> Result<()> {
+        let base = target.endpoint.trim_end_matches('/');
+        self.http
+            .post(format!("{base}/models/load"))
+            .json(spec)
+            // A cold load can take tens of seconds; use the full request
+            // timeout rather than the short metadata one.
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .context("POST /models/load")?
+            .error_for_status()
+            .context("POST /models/load status")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Reconstruct a reload [`ModelSpec`] from a model's `/models` entry.
+    /// Tensor-parallel is inferred from the device count; `quant` is left
+    /// `None` for neuron to resolve from the catalogue / its prior load.
+    pub fn spec_from_info(info: &ModelInfo) -> Result<ModelSpec> {
+        if info.devices.is_empty() {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "model '{}' reports no devices; cannot reconstruct a load spec",
+                info.id
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(ModelSpec {
+            model_id: info.id.clone(),
+            harness: info.harness.clone(),
+            quant: None,
+            tensor_parallel: (info.devices.len() > 1).then_some(info.devices.len() as u32),
+            devices: Some(info.devices.clone()),
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Warm models — those ready to serve without a cold load.
     ///
     /// Neuron: `GET /models` filtered to `status == "loaded"` (skips

crates/helexa-bench/src/config.rs

@@ -104,6 +104,37 @@ pub struct ScenarioConfig {
     /// Max generated tokens per request.
     #[serde(default = "default_max_tokens")]
     pub max_tokens: u64,
+    /// Concurrency levels (#89): one `concurrency:<n>` scenario per entry,
+    /// each firing N simultaneous streams. Defaults to empty (opt-in) — a
+    /// burst puts real load on a serving fleet, so operators enable it
+    /// deliberately, e.g. `concurrency_levels = [2, 4, 8]`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub concurrency_levels: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Approximate prompt size (tokens) used by the concurrency scenarios.
+    #[serde(default = "default_concurrency_prompt_tokens")]
+    pub concurrency_prompt_tokens: u32,
+    /// Capability probes (#91): one `capability:<name>` scenario per entry,
+    /// each running a fixed prompt and storing the full output artifact for
+    /// quality scoring (manual now, LLM-judge later). Defaults to empty
+    /// (opt-in) — these generate long outputs and exist to compare reasoning
+    /// quality across models, not to run on every sweep by default.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub capability_probes: Vec<CapabilityProbe>,
+}
+
+/// One capability probe: a named prompt whose output is stored and scored
+/// for quality (#91). The probe is deterministic (temperature 0) so the
+/// same model+build produces a stable artifact to score.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CapabilityProbe {
+    /// Stable id fragment — the scenario becomes `capability:<name>`.
+    pub name: String,
+    /// The prompt sent verbatim as the user message.
+    pub prompt: String,
+    /// Generation budget for the probe (planning answers are long; the
+    /// default 256 is too small). Defaults to 2048.
+    #[serde(default = "default_capability_max_tokens")]
+    pub max_tokens: u64,
 }
 
 impl Default for ScenarioConfig {
@@ -111,6 +142,9 @@ impl Default for ScenarioConfig {
         ScenarioConfig {
             prompt_sizes: default_prompt_sizes(),
             max_tokens: default_max_tokens(),
+            concurrency_levels: Vec::new(),
+            concurrency_prompt_tokens: default_concurrency_prompt_tokens(),
+            capability_probes: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -187,6 +221,12 @@ fn default_prompt_sizes() -> Vec<u32> {
 fn default_max_tokens() -> u64 {
     256
 }
+fn default_concurrency_prompt_tokens() -> u32 {
+    512
+}
+fn default_capability_max_tokens() -> u64 {
+    2048
+}
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 // Jail's closure must return figment::Result; the large-Err type is

crates/helexa-bench/src/main.rs

@@ -43,6 +43,33 @@ enum Command {
         #[arg(short, long, default_value = "helexa-bench.toml")]
         config: String,
     },
+    /// Measure cold-load / model-swap cost (#90): for each neuron target's
+    /// warm models, unload → time reload → time a cold first request, recorded
+    /// under scenario "swap". DELIBERATE — takes each model offline for its
+    /// reload, so run it in a maintenance window, not against live traffic.
+    SwapCost {
+        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "helexa-bench.toml")]
+        config: String,
+    },
+    /// Attach a quality score to a capability-probe run (#91). Find run ids
+    /// with `report --capability`. `--scorer` records who scored it
+    /// (defaults to "manual"); a future LLM-judge would set e.g. "llm:…".
+    Score {
+        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "helexa-bench.toml")]
+        config: String,
+        /// Override the SQLite path (skips reading the config file).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        db: Option<String>,
+        /// The run id to score.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        id: i64,
+        /// The quality score to attach (scale is the operator's rubric).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        score: f64,
+        /// Who/what produced the score.
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "manual")]
+        scorer: String,
+    },
     /// Render recorded results. Uses `--db` if given, else the db_path
     /// from `--config`.
     Report {
@@ -54,6 +81,19 @@ enum Command {
         /// Output format.
         #[arg(long, default_value = "md")]
         format: Format,
+        /// Render the context-length scaling view (prefill & decode tok/s
+        /// vs context per model, with decode-flatness) instead of the flat
+        /// results table (#88).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        scaling: bool,
+        /// Render the cold-load / model-swap cost view (#90) instead of the
+        /// flat results table.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        swap: bool,
+        /// Render the capability-probe view (#91): stored artifacts + quality
+        /// scores, with per-model median.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        capability: bool,
     },
 }
 
@@ -122,16 +162,79 @@ async fn run(cli: Cli) -> Result<()> {
             );
             Ok(())
         }
-        Command::Report { config, db, format } => {
+        Command::SwapCost { config } => {
+            let cfg = load_config(&config)?;
+            require_targets(&cfg)?;
+            let sweeper = Sweeper::new(cfg)?;
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "swap-cost: cycling each warm model (unload → reload → cold request); models go offline during reload"
+            );
+            let summary = sweeper.swap_cost_once().await?;
+            tracing::info!(
+                measured = summary.measured,
+                failed = summary.failed,
+                unreachable = summary.targets_unreachable,
+                "swap-cost measurement complete"
+            );
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Command::Score {
+            config,
+            db,
+            id,
+            score,
+            scorer,
+        } => {
             let db_path = match db {
                 Some(p) => p,
                 None => load_config(&config)?.bench.db_path,
             };
             let store = Store::open(&db_path)?;
-            let rows = store.report_rows()?;
-            let rendered = match format {
-                Format::Md => report::render_markdown(&rows),
-                Format::Json => report::render_json(&rows)?,
+            match store.set_score(id, score, &scorer)? {
+                0 => anyhow::bail!("no run with id {id}"),
+                _ => {
+                    println!("scored run {id}: {score} ({scorer})");
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Command::Report {
+            config,
+            db,
+            format,
+            scaling,
+            swap,
+            capability,
+        } => {
+            let db_path = match db {
+                Some(p) => p,
+                None => load_config(&config)?.bench.db_path,
+            };
+            let store = Store::open(&db_path)?;
+            let rendered = if capability {
+                let runs = store.capability_runs(false)?;
+                match format {
+                    Format::Md => report::render_capability_markdown(&runs),
+                    Format::Json => report::render_capability_json(&runs)?,
+                }
+            } else if swap {
+                let costs = store.swap_costs()?;
+                match format {
+                    Format::Md => report::render_swap_markdown(&costs),
+                    Format::Json => report::render_swap_json(&costs)?,
+                }
+            } else if scaling {
+                let curves = store.scaling()?;
+                match format {
+                    Format::Md => report::render_scaling_markdown(&curves),
+                    Format::Json => report::render_scaling_json(&curves)?,
+                }
+            } else {
+                let rows = store.report_rows()?;
+                match format {
+                    Format::Md => report::render_markdown(&rows),
+                    Format::Json => report::render_json(&rows)?,
+                }
             };
             println!("{rendered}");
             Ok(())

crates/helexa-bench/src/report.rs

@@ -3,28 +3,36 @@
 //! doc: engine, model, prompt tok, TTFT (s), decode tok/s, total (s),
 //! plus the build SHA each cell was measured against.
 
-use crate::store::ReportRow;
+use crate::store::{CapabilityRun, ReportRow, ScalingCurve, SwapCost};
 use anyhow::Result;
 
 pub fn render_markdown(rows: &[ReportRow]) -> String {
     let mut out = String::new();
     out.push_str(
-        "| engine | model | prompt tok | TTFT (s) | decode tok/s | total (s) | build | n |\n",
+        "| engine | model | prompt tok | prefill tok/s | TTFT (s) | TTFT p95 | \
+         decode tok/s | total (s) | total p95 | VRAM (GB) | conc | queue ms | rej | build | n |\n",
     );
-    out.push_str("|---|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---|---:|\n");
+    out.push_str("|---|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---|---:|\n");
     for r in rows {
         let ptok = r
             .prompt_tokens
             .map(|t| t.to_string())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("~{}", r.prompt_size_approx));
         out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | `{}` | {} |\n",
+            "| {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | `{}` | {} |\n",
             r.target_name,
             r.model_id,
             ptok,
+            fmt_opt(r.prefill_tps_median, 1),
             fmt_opt(r.ttft_s_median, 3),
+            fmt_opt(r.ttft_s_p95, 3),
             fmt_opt(r.decode_tps_median, 1),
             fmt_opt(r.total_s_median, 3),
+            fmt_opt(r.total_s_p95, 3),
+            fmt_vram(r.vram_used_mb_median, r.vram_total_mb),
+            fmt_u64(r.concurrency),
+            fmt_opt(r.queue_wait_ms_median, 0),
+            fmt_opt(r.rejected_median, 0),
             r.git_sha,
             r.samples,
         ));
@@ -43,8 +51,23 @@ pub fn render_json(rows: &[ReportRow]) -> Result<String> {
                 "prompt_size_approx": r.prompt_size_approx,
                 "prompt_tokens": r.prompt_tokens,
                 "ttft_s_median": r.ttft_s_median,
+                "ttft_s_p95": r.ttft_s_p95,
+                "ttft_s_p99": r.ttft_s_p99,
                 "decode_tps_median": r.decode_tps_median,
                 "total_s_median": r.total_s_median,
+                "total_s_p95": r.total_s_p95,
+                "total_s_p99": r.total_s_p99,
+                "prefill_ms_median": r.prefill_ms_median,
+                "decode_ms_median": r.decode_ms_median,
+                "prefill_tps_median": r.prefill_tps_median,
+                "vram_used_mb_median": r.vram_used_mb_median,
+                "vram_total_mb": r.vram_total_mb,
+                "gpu_util_pct_median": r.gpu_util_pct_median,
+                "gpu_temp_c_median": r.gpu_temp_c_median,
+                "concurrency": r.concurrency,
+                "ttft_p95_load_s": r.ttft_p95_load_s,
+                "queue_wait_ms_median": r.queue_wait_ms_median,
+                "rejected_median": r.rejected_median,
                 "git_sha": r.git_sha,
                 "samples": r.samples,
                 "gpu": r.gpu,
@@ -54,6 +77,179 @@ pub fn render_json(rows: &[ReportRow]) -> Result<String> {
     Ok(serde_json::to_string_pretty(&arr)?)
 }
 
+/// Context-length scaling view (#88): one block per (target, model) with
+/// prefill & decode tok/s vs context, then the decode-flatness verdict.
+pub fn render_scaling_markdown(curves: &[ScalingCurve]) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    for c in curves {
+        let gpu = c.gpu.as_deref().unwrap_or("");
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "### {} · {}  (`{}`{})\n\n",
+            c.target_name,
+            c.model_id,
+            c.git_sha,
+            if gpu.is_empty() {
+                String::new()
+            } else {
+                format!(", {gpu}")
+            },
+        ));
+        out.push_str("| ctx tok | prefill tok/s | decode tok/s | n |\n");
+        out.push_str("|---:|---:|---:|---:|\n");
+        for p in &c.points {
+            let ctx = p
+                .prompt_tokens
+                .map(|t| t.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("~{}", p.prompt_size));
+            out.push_str(&format!(
+                "| {} | {} | {} | {} |\n",
+                ctx,
+                fmt_opt(p.prefill_tps, 1),
+                fmt_opt(p.decode_tps, 1),
+                p.samples,
+            ));
+        }
+        match c.decode_flatness {
+            Some(f) => out.push_str(&format!(
+                "\ndecode flatness: {f:.2} — decode tok/s {} across the context range \
+                 ({})\n\n",
+                if f >= 0.9 {
+                    "holds"
+                } else if f >= 0.7 {
+                    "softens"
+                } else {
+                    "drops sharply"
+                },
+                if f >= 0.9 {
+                    "Gated-DeltaNet O(1) decode confirmed"
+                } else {
+                    "investigate where it breaks"
+                },
+            )),
+            None => out.push_str("\ndecode flatness: — (need ≥2 context points)\n\n"),
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+pub fn render_scaling_json(curves: &[ScalingCurve]) -> Result<String> {
+    Ok(serde_json::to_string_pretty(curves)?)
+}
+
+/// Cold-load / model-swap cost view (#90): reload latency + cold
+/// first-request per model.
+pub fn render_swap_markdown(costs: &[SwapCost]) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    out.push_str(
+        "| engine | model | unload (s) | reload (s) | cold TTFT (s) | cold total (s) | build | n |\n",
+    );
+    out.push_str("|---|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---|---:|\n");
+    for c in costs {
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | {} | `{}` | {} |\n",
+            c.target_name,
+            c.model_id,
+            fmt_ms_as_s(c.unload_ms_median),
+            fmt_ms_as_s(c.load_ms_median),
+            fmt_opt(c.cold_ttft_s_median, 3),
+            fmt_opt(c.cold_total_s_median, 3),
+            c.git_sha,
+            c.samples,
+        ));
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+pub fn render_swap_json(costs: &[SwapCost]) -> Result<String> {
+    Ok(serde_json::to_string_pretty(costs)?)
+}
+
+/// Capability-probe view (#91): per (model, probe) the median quality score
+/// (the A/B number), then each run's id, score, and an artifact snippet so
+/// unscored runs can be located and scored (`helexa-bench score --id …`).
+pub fn render_capability_markdown(runs: &[CapabilityRun]) -> String {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+    let mut groups: BTreeMap<(String, String, String), Vec<&CapabilityRun>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for r in runs {
+        groups
+            .entry((
+                r.target_name.clone(),
+                r.model_id.clone(),
+                r.scenario_id.clone(),
+            ))
+            .or_default()
+            .push(r);
+    }
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    for ((target, model, scenario), rs) in groups {
+        let scores: Vec<f64> = rs.iter().filter_map(|r| r.quality_score).collect();
+        let median = median_slice(&scores);
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "### {target} · {model} · {scenario} — median score {} ({}/{} scored)\n\n",
+            median
+                .map(|m| format!("{m:.1}"))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "—".into()),
+            scores.len(),
+            rs.len(),
+        ));
+        out.push_str("| run | score | scorer | build | artifact (snippet) |\n");
+        out.push_str("|---:|---:|---|---|---|\n");
+        for r in rs {
+            out.push_str(&format!(
+                "| {} | {} | {} | `{}` | {} |\n",
+                r.id,
+                r.quality_score
+                    .map(|s| format!("{s:.1}"))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "—".into()),
+                r.scorer.as_deref().unwrap_or("—"),
+                r.git_sha,
+                snippet(r.artifact.as_deref()),
+            ));
+        }
+        out.push('\n');
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+pub fn render_capability_json(runs: &[CapabilityRun]) -> Result<String> {
+    Ok(serde_json::to_string_pretty(runs)?)
+}
+
+/// First ~80 chars of an artifact on one line, for the table cell.
+fn snippet(artifact: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    match artifact {
+        Some(a) => {
+            let one_line: String = a.split_whitespace().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" ");
+            let trimmed: String = one_line.chars().take(80).collect();
+            if one_line.chars().count() > 80 {
+                format!("{trimmed}…")
+            } else {
+                trimmed
+            }
+        }
+        None => "—".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn median_slice(v: &[f64]) -> Option<f64> {
+    if v.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut s = v.to_vec();
+    s.sort_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal));
+    let lo = (s.len() - 1) / 2;
+    let hi = s.len() / 2;
+    Some((s[lo] + s[hi]) / 2.0)
+}
+
+/// Milliseconds rendered as seconds (reload costs read naturally in s).
+fn fmt_ms_as_s(ms: Option<f64>) -> String {
+    match ms {
+        Some(x) => format!("{:.2}", x / 1000.0),
+        None => "—".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
 fn fmt_opt(v: Option<f64>, places: usize) -> String {
     match v {
         Some(x) => format!("{x:.places$}"),
@@ -61,9 +257,113 @@ fn fmt_opt(v: Option<f64>, places: usize) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+/// Integer cell (concurrency width); `—` when unset (non-concurrency rows).
+fn fmt_u64(v: Option<u64>) -> String {
+    match v {
+        Some(x) => x.to_string(),
+        None => "—".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// `used/total` in GB (e.g. `42.0/64.0`) — the headroom-at-a-glance cell.
+/// `used` alone if the node total is unknown; `—` if no telemetry.
+fn fmt_vram(used_mb: Option<f64>, total_mb: Option<u64>) -> String {
+    match (used_mb, total_mb) {
+        (Some(u), Some(t)) => format!("{:.1}/{:.1}", u / 1024.0, t as f64 / 1024.0),
+        (Some(u), None) => format!("{:.1}", u / 1024.0),
+        _ => "—".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use crate::store::{ScalingCurve, ScalingPoint};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn capability_markdown_groups_with_median_and_snippet() {
+        let runs = vec![
+            CapabilityRun {
+                id: 7,
+                ts: "t".into(),
+                target_name: "beast".into(),
+                model_id: "m".into(),
+                scenario_id: "capability:plan".into(),
+                git_sha: "abc".into(),
+                quality_score: Some(8.0),
+                scorer: Some("manual".into()),
+                artifact: Some("A detailed plan with trade-offs and sequencing.".into()),
+            },
+            CapabilityRun {
+                id: 8,
+                ts: "t".into(),
+                target_name: "beast".into(),
+                model_id: "m".into(),
+                scenario_id: "capability:plan".into(),
+                git_sha: "abc".into(),
+                quality_score: Some(6.0),
+                scorer: Some("manual".into()),
+                artifact: Some("Shorter plan.".into()),
+            },
+        ];
+        let md = render_capability_markdown(&runs);
+        assert!(md.contains("capability:plan"));
+        assert!(md.contains("median score 7.0")); // median(8,6)
+        assert!(md.contains("trade-offs"));
+        assert!(md.contains("| 7 |"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn swap_markdown_renders_reload_and_cold_costs() {
+        let costs = vec![SwapCost {
+            target_name: "beast".into(),
+            model_id: "Qwen/Qwen3.6-27B".into(),
+            git_sha: "abc1234".into(),
+            gpu: Some("2× RTX 5090".into()),
+            unload_ms_median: Some(320.0),
+            load_ms_median: Some(25000.0),
+            cold_ttft_s_median: Some(2.5),
+            cold_total_s_median: Some(5.0),
+            samples: 3,
+        }];
+        let md = render_swap_markdown(&costs);
+        assert!(md.contains("reload (s)"));
+        assert!(md.contains("beast"));
+        assert!(md.contains("25.00")); // 25000 ms → 25.00 s
+        assert!(md.contains("2.500"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn scaling_markdown_renders_curve_and_flatness() {
+        let curves = vec![ScalingCurve {
+            target_name: "beast".into(),
+            model_id: "Qwen/Qwen3.6-27B".into(),
+            git_sha: "abc1234".into(),
+            gpu: Some("2× RTX 5090".into()),
+            points: vec![
+                ScalingPoint {
+                    prompt_size: 128,
+                    prompt_tokens: Some(130),
+                    prefill_tps: Some(900.0),
+                    decode_tps: Some(50.0),
+                    samples: 5,
+                },
+                ScalingPoint {
+                    prompt_size: 4096,
+                    prompt_tokens: Some(4100),
+                    prefill_tps: Some(2800.0),
+                    decode_tps: Some(48.0),
+                    samples: 5,
+                },
+            ],
+            decode_flatness: Some(0.96),
+        }];
+        let md = render_scaling_markdown(&curves);
+        assert!(md.contains("### beast · Qwen/Qwen3.6-27B"));
+        assert!(md.contains("ctx tok"));
+        assert!(md.contains("decode flatness: 0.96"));
+        assert!(md.contains("holds"));
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn markdown_has_header_and_row() {
@@ -77,14 +377,36 @@ mod tests {
             ttft_s_median: Some(0.123),
             decode_tps_median: Some(45.6),
             total_s_median: Some(1.234),
+            ttft_s_p95: Some(0.222),
+            ttft_s_p99: Some(0.250),
+            total_s_p95: Some(1.5),
+            total_s_p99: Some(1.6),
+            prefill_ms_median: Some(120.0),
+            decode_ms_median: Some(1100.0),
+            prefill_tps_median: Some(1066.7),
+            vram_used_mb_median: Some(43008.0),
+            vram_total_mb: Some(65536),
+            gpu_util_pct_median: Some(89.0),
+            gpu_temp_c_median: Some(64.0),
+            concurrency: None,
+            ttft_p95_load_s: None,
+            queue_wait_ms_median: None,
+            rejected_median: None,
             samples: 5,
             gpu: Some("2× RTX 5090".into()),
         }];
         let md = render_markdown(&rows);
         assert!(md.contains("| engine |"));
+        assert!(md.contains("prefill tok/s"));
+        assert!(md.contains("VRAM (GB)"));
+        assert!(md.contains("conc"));
         assert!(md.contains("beast"));
         assert!(md.contains("`30d50d6`"));
         assert!(md.contains("0.123"));
+        // p95 column rendered.
+        assert!(md.contains("0.222"));
+        // VRAM used/total in GB (43008/65536 MiB → 42.0/64.0).
+        assert!(md.contains("42.0/64.0"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -99,6 +421,21 @@ mod tests {
             ttft_s_median: Some(0.1),
             decode_tps_median: None,
             total_s_median: Some(0.5),
+            ttft_s_p95: Some(0.1),
+            ttft_s_p99: Some(0.1),
+            total_s_p95: Some(0.5),
+            total_s_p99: Some(0.5),
+            prefill_ms_median: None,
+            decode_ms_median: None,
+            prefill_tps_median: None,
+            vram_used_mb_median: None,
+            vram_total_mb: None,
+            gpu_util_pct_median: None,
+            gpu_temp_c_median: None,
+            concurrency: None,
+            ttft_p95_load_s: None,
+            queue_wait_ms_median: None,
+            rejected_median: None,
             samples: 1,
             gpu: None,
         }];

crates/helexa-bench/src/scenario.rs

@@ -62,6 +62,41 @@ pub struct ScenarioMetrics {
     pub prompt_tokens: Option<u64>,
     /// Completion tokens: from `usage` when present, else content-chunk count.
     pub completion_tokens: u64,
+    /// Server-measured prefill duration (ms), from the `usage.helexa_timing`
+    /// extension (#85). `None` when the server didn't emit it (external
+    /// engines, non-instrumented paths). The honest prefill-phase number,
+    /// distinct from client-observed `ttft_s` which also includes request
+    /// setup + first-byte network latency.
+    pub prefill_ms: Option<u64>,
+    /// Server-measured decode duration (ms), from `usage.helexa_timing`.
+    pub decode_ms: Option<u64>,
+    /// Tokens submitted to prefill — the denominator for prefill tok/s.
+    pub prefill_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    // ── Concurrency / agentic-load fields (#89) ──────────────────────────
+    // Set only by the concurrency scenario, which fans out N simultaneous
+    // streams to characterize the real a0/hermes/opencode workload that
+    // batch-1 single-request measurement can't see. `None` for single
+    // requests. For a concurrency burst, the inherited fields carry the
+    // aggregate: `ttft_s` = median TTFT across streams, `decode_tps` = node
+    // throughput (total tokens / burst window), `total_s` = burst wall-clock,
+    // `completion_tokens` = total across streams.
+    /// Number of simultaneous streams in the burst (the cell dimension).
+    pub concurrency: Option<u32>,
+    /// p95 of per-stream TTFT within the burst — the tail under simultaneous
+    /// load, where batch-1 serialization actually hurts.
+    pub ttft_p95_s: Option<f64>,
+    /// Median per-stream admission queue-wait (ms), approximated as
+    /// `ttft − prefill_ms` (#85): on a batch-1 server, later streams wait for
+    /// earlier ones, so TTFT inflates while server prefill stays constant —
+    /// the gap is the wait. `None` if streams didn't report `helexa_timing`.
+    pub queue_wait_ms_median: Option<f64>,
+    /// Streams shed by admission control (HTTP 429/503) during the burst —
+    /// honest backpressure, not silent failures.
+    pub rejected: Option<u32>,
+    /// Full generated text, captured only by the capability probe (#91) so
+    /// the output can be quality-scored later (manual or LLM-judge). `None`
+    /// for latency/throughput scenarios, which discard the text.
+    pub artifact: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -85,10 +120,13 @@ pub trait Scenario: Send + Sync {
     async fn run(&self, ctx: &RunCtx) -> Result<ScenarioMetrics>;
 }
 
-/// Build the active scenario set from config. One chat-latency scenario
-/// per configured prompt size.
+/// Build the active scenario set from config: one chat-latency scenario per
+/// prompt size, plus one concurrency scenario per configured level (#89).
+/// Concurrency levels default to empty (opt-in), since a burst puts real
+/// simultaneous load on a serving fleet — operators enable it deliberately.
 pub fn build_scenarios(cfg: &ScenarioConfig) -> Vec<Box<dyn Scenario>> {
-    cfg.prompt_sizes
+    let mut scenarios: Vec<Box<dyn Scenario>> = cfg
+        .prompt_sizes
         .iter()
         .map(|&size| {
             Box::new(ChatLatencyScenario {
@@ -96,7 +134,46 @@ pub fn build_scenarios(cfg: &ScenarioConfig) -> Vec<Box<dyn Scenario>> {
                 approx_prompt_tokens: size,
             }) as Box<dyn Scenario>
         })
-        .collect()
+        .collect();
+    for &n in &cfg.concurrency_levels {
+        scenarios.push(Box::new(ConcurrencyScenario {
+            id: format!("concurrency:{n}"),
+            concurrency: n,
+            approx_prompt_tokens: cfg.concurrency_prompt_tokens,
+        }) as Box<dyn Scenario>);
+    }
+    for probe in &cfg.capability_probes {
+        scenarios.push(Box::new(CapabilityScenario {
+            id: format!("capability:{}", probe.name),
+            prompt: probe.prompt.clone(),
+            max_tokens: probe.max_tokens,
+        }) as Box<dyn Scenario>);
+    }
+    scenarios
+}
+
+/// A single small streamed request, timed like a chat-latency run. Used by
+/// the swap-cost measurement (#90) to capture the cold first-request latency
+/// straight after a reload. Reuses the shared SSE-timing core.
+pub async fn cold_probe(ctx: &RunCtx<'_>) -> Result<ScenarioMetrics> {
+    let prompt = build_prompt(128);
+    let payload = chat_payload(ctx, &prompt);
+    tokio::time::timeout(ctx.timeout, stream_and_measure(ctx, &payload))
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow!("cold probe timed out after {:?}", ctx.timeout))?
+}
+
+/// The chat-completions request body shared by the latency and concurrency
+/// scenarios — streamed, deterministic (temperature 0), usage included.
+fn chat_payload(ctx: &RunCtx, prompt: &str) -> serde_json::Value {
+    json!({
+        "model": ctx.model_id,
+        "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": prompt}],
+        "max_tokens": ctx.max_tokens,
+        "temperature": 0,
+        "stream": true,
+        "stream_options": {"include_usage": true},
+    })
 }
 
 /// Streamed single-request chat-completions latency probe — the batch-1
@@ -118,15 +195,7 @@ impl Scenario for ChatLatencyScenario {
 
     async fn run(&self, ctx: &RunCtx) -> Result<ScenarioMetrics> {
         let prompt = build_prompt(self.approx_prompt_tokens);
-        let payload = json!({
-            "model": ctx.model_id,
-            "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": prompt}],
-            "max_tokens": ctx.max_tokens,
-            "temperature": 0,
-            "stream": true,
-            "stream_options": {"include_usage": true},
-        });
-
+        let payload = chat_payload(ctx, &prompt);
         let fut = stream_and_measure(ctx, &payload);
         tokio::time::timeout(ctx.timeout, fut)
             .await
@@ -134,11 +203,182 @@ impl Scenario for ChatLatencyScenario {
     }
 }
 
+/// Fan-out load probe: fire `concurrency` identical streams at once and
+/// measure how the fleet behaves under simultaneous pressure (#89). This is
+/// the only scenario that exercises the real a0/hermes/opencode pattern —
+/// many agentic requests per user turn — which batch-1 single-request
+/// timing cannot characterize. On a batch-1 serialized server, aggregate
+/// throughput stays ~flat while TTFT/queue-wait inflate with `concurrency`;
+/// that gap is the evidence for/against continuous batching.
+pub struct ConcurrencyScenario {
+    id: String,
+    concurrency: u32,
+    approx_prompt_tokens: u32,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl Scenario for ConcurrencyScenario {
+    fn id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.id
+    }
+
+    fn prompt_size(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.approx_prompt_tokens
+    }
+
+    async fn run(&self, ctx: &RunCtx) -> Result<ScenarioMetrics> {
+        let prompt = build_prompt(self.approx_prompt_tokens);
+        let payload = chat_payload(ctx, &prompt);
+
+        // Fire all streams at once; each is independently timed and capped by
+        // the per-request timeout so one hung stream can't stall the burst.
+        let burst_start = Instant::now();
+        let futs = (0..self.concurrency).map(|_| async {
+            tokio::time::timeout(ctx.timeout, stream_and_measure(ctx, &payload)).await
+        });
+        let results = futures::future::join_all(futs).await;
+        let burst_window = burst_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+
+        let mut streams: Vec<ScenarioMetrics> = Vec::new();
+        let mut rejected: u32 = 0;
+        for r in results {
+            match r {
+                Ok(Ok(m)) => streams.push(m),
+                // Admission backpressure (429/503) is shed load, counted
+                // separately from genuine failures/timeouts.
+                Ok(Err(e)) if is_admission_reject(&e) => rejected += 1,
+                Ok(Err(_)) | Err(_) => {}
+            }
+        }
+        if streams.is_empty() {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "all {} concurrent streams failed ({rejected} shed by admission)",
+                self.concurrency
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let total_tokens: u64 = streams.iter().map(|m| m.completion_tokens).sum();
+        let ttfts: Vec<f64> = streams.iter().map(|m| m.ttft_s).collect();
+        // queue-wait ≈ TTFT − server prefill (#85); only for streams that
+        // reported helexa_timing.
+        let queue_waits: Vec<f64> = streams
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|m| {
+                m.prefill_ms
+                    .map(|p| (m.ttft_s * 1000.0 - p as f64).max(0.0))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        // Aggregate decode throughput across the whole node for the burst.
+        let aggregate_tps = if burst_window > 0.0 {
+            Some(total_tokens as f64 / burst_window)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        Ok(ScenarioMetrics {
+            ttft_s: median(&ttfts).unwrap_or(0.0),
+            decode_tps: aggregate_tps,
+            total_s: burst_window,
+            prompt_tokens: streams.iter().find_map(|m| m.prompt_tokens),
+            completion_tokens: total_tokens,
+            prefill_ms: None,
+            decode_ms: None,
+            prefill_tokens: None,
+            concurrency: Some(self.concurrency),
+            ttft_p95_s: percentile(&ttfts, 95.0),
+            queue_wait_ms_median: median(&queue_waits),
+            rejected: Some(rejected),
+            artifact: None,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Quality probe (#91): runs a fixed prompt and stores the full generated
+/// text as an artifact for later scoring (manual now, LLM-judge later). The
+/// point is to compare reasoning/planning quality across models — the axis
+/// speed-only scenarios miss — so the frontier A/B (F3) picks on capability,
+/// not just throughput.
+pub struct CapabilityScenario {
+    id: String,
+    prompt: String,
+    max_tokens: u64,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl Scenario for CapabilityScenario {
+    fn id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.id
+    }
+
+    /// Capability probes have no synthetic prompt-token target; the cell is
+    /// keyed by the scenario id alone.
+    fn prompt_size(&self) -> u32 {
+        0
+    }
+
+    async fn run(&self, ctx: &RunCtx) -> Result<ScenarioMetrics> {
+        let payload = json!({
+            "model": ctx.model_id,
+            "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": self.prompt}],
+            "max_tokens": self.max_tokens,
+            "temperature": 0,
+            "stream": true,
+            "stream_options": {"include_usage": true},
+        });
+        let fut = stream_and_measure_inner(ctx, &payload, true);
+        tokio::time::timeout(ctx.timeout, fut)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("capability probe timed out after {:?}", ctx.timeout))?
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether a stream error was admission backpressure (HTTP 429/503) rather
+/// than a genuine failure. `stream_and_measure` renders the upstream status
+/// into the error string, so a substring check is sufficient.
+fn is_admission_reject(e: &anyhow::Error) -> bool {
+    let s = e.to_string();
+    s.contains("429") || s.contains("503")
+}
+
+/// Median of a slice (sorted copy). `None` if empty.
+fn median(values: &[f64]) -> Option<f64> {
+    if values.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut v = values.to_vec();
+    v.sort_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal));
+    let lo = (v.len() - 1) / 2;
+    let hi = v.len() / 2;
+    Some((v[lo] + v[hi]) / 2.0)
+}
+
+/// Nearest-rank percentile of a slice (`p` in 0..=100). `None` if empty.
+fn percentile(values: &[f64], p: f64) -> Option<f64> {
+    if values.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut v = values.to_vec();
+    v.sort_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal));
+    let rank = (p / 100.0 * v.len() as f64).ceil() as usize;
+    Some(v[rank.clamp(1, v.len()) - 1])
+}
+
 /// The SSE-timing core, ported from `bench.py::one_run`. Kept free of the
 /// `Scenario` trait so it's unit-testable against a mock byte stream.
 async fn stream_and_measure(
     ctx: &RunCtx<'_>,
     payload: &serde_json::Value,
+) -> Result<ScenarioMetrics> {
+    stream_and_measure_inner(ctx, payload, false).await
+}
+
+/// As [`stream_and_measure`] but accumulates the full visible text when
+/// `capture_text` is set — used by the capability probe (#91) to store the
+/// generated artifact for later quality scoring.
+async fn stream_and_measure_inner(
+    ctx: &RunCtx<'_>,
+    payload: &serde_json::Value,
+    capture_text: bool,
 ) -> Result<ScenarioMetrics> {
     let start = Instant::now();
     let resp = ctx
@@ -160,6 +400,10 @@ async fn stream_and_measure(
     let mut chunk_count: u64 = 0;
     let mut prompt_tokens: Option<u64> = None;
     let mut completion_tokens: Option<u64> = None;
+    let mut prefill_ms: Option<u64> = None;
+    let mut decode_ms: Option<u64> = None;
+    let mut prefill_tokens: Option<u64> = None;
+    let mut captured = String::new();
 
     while let Some(event) = stream.next().await {
         let event = event.context("reading SSE stream")?;
@@ -172,46 +416,86 @@ async fn stream_and_measure(
             Ok(c) => c,
             Err(_) => continue, // tolerate non-JSON keepalive frames
         };
-        if let Some(choice) = chunk.choices.first()
-            && choice
+        if let Some(choice) = chunk.choices.first() {
+            // Liveness counts ANY generated delta (#117). Thinking
+            // models (Qwen3-Next-Thinking, Qwen3 with thinking on)
+            // stream `reasoning_content` first — sometimes for their
+            // entire budget — and a content-only view misread that as
+            // a dead stream ("no content chunks received") while also
+            // producing impossible client-side rates (reasoning-
+            // inclusive token counts over a visible-content-only
+            // window; observed: "244 tok/s" on a 3060). For
+            // non-thinking models the first delta IS content, so
+            // `ttft_s` semantics are unchanged for them.
+            let content = choice
                 .delta
                 .get("content")
                 .and_then(|c| c.as_str())
-                .is_some_and(|s| !s.is_empty())
-        {
-            if first.is_none() {
-                first = Some(now);
+                .filter(|c| !c.is_empty());
+            let reasoning = choice
+                .delta
+                .get("reasoning_content")
+                .and_then(|c| c.as_str())
+                .filter(|c| !c.is_empty());
+            if content.is_some() || reasoning.is_some() {
+                if first.is_none() {
+                    first = Some(now);
+                }
+                last = Some(now);
+                chunk_count += 1;
+            }
+            if capture_text && let Some(text) = content {
+                captured.push_str(text);
             }
-            last = Some(now);
-            chunk_count += 1;
         }
         if let Some(usage) = chunk.usage {
             prompt_tokens = Some(usage.prompt_tokens);
             completion_tokens = Some(usage.completion_tokens);
+            if let Some(t) = usage.helexa_timing {
+                prefill_ms = Some(t.prefill_ms);
+                decode_ms = Some(t.decode_ms);
+                prefill_tokens = Some(t.prefill_tokens);
+            }
         }
     }
     let end = Instant::now();
 
-    let first = first.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("no content chunks received"))?;
+    let first = first.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("no generated chunks received"))?;
 
-    // neuron emits one SSE chunk per visible token, so chunk_count is an
-    // engine-truth count when no usage frame is sent.
+    // neuron emits one SSE chunk per generated token, so chunk_count is
+    // an engine-truth count when no usage frame is sent.
     let tokens = completion_tokens.filter(|&t| t > 0).unwrap_or(chunk_count);
-    // decode rate is only meaningful over a real inter-chunk window.
+    // Decode rate: prefer the server-measured split (#85) — it counts
+    // every generated token over the actual decode window, immune to
+    // reasoning-suppression frame mismatches. Fall back to the client
+    // inter-chunk window with the CHUNK count (same frame) — never
+    // usage.completion_tokens over the chunk window, which mixes a
+    // reasoning-inclusive numerator with a visible-only denominator.
     let window = last
         .filter(|&l| l > first)
         .map(|l| (l - first).as_secs_f64())
         .unwrap_or(0.0);
+    let decode_tps = match decode_ms {
+        Some(ms) if ms > 200 && tokens > 0 => Some(tokens as f64 / (ms as f64 / 1000.0)),
+        _ if window > 0.2 => Some(chunk_count as f64 / window),
+        _ => None,
+    };
     Ok(ScenarioMetrics {
         ttft_s: (first - start).as_secs_f64(),
-        decode_tps: if window > 0.2 {
-            Some(tokens as f64 / window)
-        } else {
-            None
-        },
+        decode_tps,
         total_s: (end - start).as_secs_f64(),
         prompt_tokens,
         completion_tokens: tokens,
+        prefill_ms,
+        decode_ms,
+        prefill_tokens,
+        // Concurrency fields unset on the single-request path; the
+        // concurrency scenario builds its own aggregate (#89).
+        concurrency: None,
+        ttft_p95_s: None,
+        queue_wait_ms_median: None,
+        rejected: None,
+        artifact: if capture_text { Some(captured) } else { None },
     })
 }
 
@@ -229,6 +513,54 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(small.ends_with("/no_think"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn median_and_percentile_basics() {
+        assert_eq!(median(&[3.0, 1.0, 2.0]), Some(2.0));
+        assert_eq!(median(&[]), None);
+        let v = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
+        assert_eq!(percentile(&v, 50.0), Some(3.0));
+        assert_eq!(percentile(&v, 95.0), Some(5.0)); // nearest-rank → max with n=5
+        assert_eq!(percentile(&[], 95.0), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn admission_rejects_detected_by_status() {
+        assert!(is_admission_reject(&anyhow!(
+            "upstream returned 429 Too Many Requests"
+        )));
+        assert!(is_admission_reject(&anyhow!(
+            "upstream returned 503 Service Unavailable"
+        )));
+        assert!(!is_admission_reject(&anyhow!(
+            "upstream returned 500 Internal"
+        )));
+        assert!(!is_admission_reject(&anyhow!("connection refused")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn concurrency_scenarios_built_from_config() {
+        use crate::config::{CapabilityProbe, ScenarioConfig};
+        let cfg = ScenarioConfig {
+            prompt_sizes: vec![128],
+            max_tokens: 64,
+            concurrency_levels: vec![2, 8],
+            concurrency_prompt_tokens: 512,
+            capability_probes: vec![CapabilityProbe {
+                name: "plan".into(),
+                prompt: "Write a plan.".into(),
+                max_tokens: 2048,
+            }],
+        };
+        let ids: Vec<String> = build_scenarios(&cfg)
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.id().to_string())
+            .collect();
+        assert!(ids.contains(&"chat:128".to_string()));
+        assert!(ids.contains(&"concurrency:2".to_string()));
+        assert!(ids.contains(&"concurrency:8".to_string()));
+        assert!(ids.contains(&"capability:plan".to_string()));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn prompt_floor_for_tiny_targets() {
         // max(approx,16) floor means even 0 yields a non-trivial prompt.

crates/helexa-bench/src/store.rs

@@ -51,6 +51,35 @@ pub struct RunRecord {
     pub decode_tps: Option<f64>,
     pub total_s: Option<f64>,
     pub completion_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    // server-measured prefill/decode split (#85), null on engines/paths
+    // that don't emit `usage.helexa_timing`.
+    pub prefill_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub decode_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub prefill_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    // GPU telemetry sampled from /health around the run (#87), null for
+    // non-neuron targets or when /health was unreachable. vram_used_mb is
+    // the node sum; util/temp are the hottest single device.
+    pub vram_used_mb: Option<u64>,
+    pub gpu_util_pct: Option<u32>,
+    pub gpu_temp_c: Option<u32>,
+    // concurrency / agentic-load burst metrics (#89), null for single-request
+    // scenarios. For a burst, ttft_s/decode_tps/total_s carry the aggregate.
+    pub concurrency: Option<u32>,
+    pub ttft_p95_s: Option<f64>,
+    pub queue_wait_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub rejected: Option<u32>,
+    // cold-load / model-swap cost (#90), set only by the deliberate
+    // `swap-cost` measurement (scenario_id = "swap"). The other metric
+    // fields carry the cold first-request after reload.
+    pub swap_unload_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub swap_load_ms: Option<u64>,
+    // capability probe (#91): the full generated text (scenario_id =
+    // "capability:<name>"), scored for quality later. `quality_score` /
+    // `scorer` are null at insert — set by `score` (manual) or a future
+    // LLM-judge.
+    pub artifact: Option<String>,
+    pub quality_score: Option<f64>,
+    pub scorer: Option<String>,
     // outcome
     pub ok: bool,
     pub error: Option<String>,
@@ -123,6 +152,21 @@ impl Store {
                 decode_tps           REAL,
                 total_s              REAL,
                 completion_tokens    INTEGER,
+                prefill_ms           INTEGER,
+                decode_ms            INTEGER,
+                prefill_tokens       INTEGER,
+                vram_used_mb         INTEGER,
+                gpu_util_pct         INTEGER,
+                gpu_temp_c           INTEGER,
+                concurrency          INTEGER,
+                ttft_p95_s           REAL,
+                queue_wait_ms        REAL,
+                rejected             INTEGER,
+                swap_unload_ms       INTEGER,
+                swap_load_ms         INTEGER,
+                artifact             TEXT,
+                quality_score        REAL,
+                scorer               TEXT,
                 ok                   INTEGER NOT NULL,
                 error                TEXT
             );
@@ -133,6 +177,51 @@ impl Store {
             "#,
         )
         .context("initialising sqlite schema")?;
+        // Additive migrations for DBs created before a column existed.
+        // `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS` above only seeds fresh DBs; existing
+        // ones need the columns backfilled (as NULL) so older rows coexist
+        // with new metrics. There is no migration framework — each entry is
+        // an idempotent "add if missing".
+        Self::ensure_columns(
+            conn,
+            "runs",
+            &[
+                ("prefill_ms", "INTEGER"),
+                ("decode_ms", "INTEGER"),
+                ("prefill_tokens", "INTEGER"),
+                ("vram_used_mb", "INTEGER"),
+                ("gpu_util_pct", "INTEGER"),
+                ("gpu_temp_c", "INTEGER"),
+                ("concurrency", "INTEGER"),
+                ("ttft_p95_s", "REAL"),
+                ("queue_wait_ms", "REAL"),
+                ("rejected", "INTEGER"),
+                ("swap_unload_ms", "INTEGER"),
+                ("swap_load_ms", "INTEGER"),
+                ("artifact", "TEXT"),
+                ("quality_score", "REAL"),
+                ("scorer", "TEXT"),
+            ],
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Add any of `columns` that the table is missing (`ALTER TABLE ADD
+    /// COLUMN`). Idempotent: existing columns are read from
+    /// `PRAGMA table_info` and skipped, so this is safe to run on every open.
+    fn ensure_columns(conn: &Connection, table: &str, columns: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut existing = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        let mut stmt = conn.prepare(&format!("PRAGMA table_info({table})"))?;
+        let names = stmt.query_map([], |row| row.get::<_, String>(1))?;
+        for name in names {
+            existing.insert(name?);
+        }
+        for (name, ty) in columns {
+            if !existing.contains(*name) {
+                conn.execute_batch(&format!("ALTER TABLE {table} ADD COLUMN {name} {ty};"))
+                    .with_context(|| format!("adding column {table}.{name}"))?;
+            }
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -166,6 +255,11 @@ impl Store {
                 model_id, harness, capabilities_json, devices_json,
                 scenario_id, prompt_size_approx, prompt_tokens_actual, max_tokens,
                 ttft_s, decode_tps, total_s, completion_tokens,
+                prefill_ms, decode_ms, prefill_tokens,
+                vram_used_mb, gpu_util_pct, gpu_temp_c,
+                concurrency, ttft_p95_s, queue_wait_ms, rejected,
+                swap_unload_ms, swap_load_ms,
+                artifact, quality_score, scorer,
                 ok, error
             ) VALUES (
                 ?1, ?2, ?3, ?4,
@@ -176,7 +270,12 @@ impl Store {
                 ?20, ?21, ?22, ?23,
                 ?24, ?25, ?26, ?27,
                 ?28, ?29, ?30, ?31,
-                ?32, ?33
+                ?32, ?33, ?34,
+                ?35, ?36, ?37,
+                ?38, ?39, ?40, ?41,
+                ?42, ?43,
+                ?44, ?45, ?46,
+                ?47, ?48
             )",
             params![
                 r.ts,
@@ -210,6 +309,21 @@ impl Store {
                 r.decode_tps,
                 r.total_s,
                 r.completion_tokens,
+                r.prefill_ms,
+                r.decode_ms,
+                r.prefill_tokens,
+                r.vram_used_mb,
+                r.gpu_util_pct,
+                r.gpu_temp_c,
+                r.concurrency,
+                r.ttft_p95_s,
+                r.queue_wait_ms,
+                r.rejected,
+                r.swap_unload_ms,
+                r.swap_load_ms,
+                r.artifact,
+                r.quality_score,
+                r.scorer,
                 r.ok as i64,
                 r.error,
             ],
@@ -224,7 +338,10 @@ impl Store {
         // successful run, then median that SHA's samples.
         let mut stmt = self.conn.prepare(
             "SELECT target_name, model_id, scenario_id, prompt_size_approx, git_sha,
-                    ttft_s, decode_tps, total_s, prompt_tokens_actual, gpus_json
+                    ttft_s, decode_tps, total_s, prompt_tokens_actual, gpus_json,
+                    prefill_ms, decode_ms, prefill_tokens,
+                    vram_used_mb, gpu_util_pct, gpu_temp_c,
+                    concurrency, ttft_p95_s, queue_wait_ms, rejected
              FROM runs
              WHERE ok=1
              ORDER BY target_name, model_id, scenario_id, id",
@@ -241,12 +358,188 @@ impl Store {
                 total_s: row.get(7)?,
                 prompt_tokens_actual: row.get(8)?,
                 gpus_json: row.get(9)?,
+                prefill_ms: row.get(10)?,
+                decode_ms: row.get(11)?,
+                prefill_tokens: row.get(12)?,
+                vram_used_mb: row.get(13)?,
+                gpu_util_pct: row.get(14)?,
+                gpu_temp_c: row.get(15)?,
+                concurrency: row.get(16)?,
+                ttft_p95_s: row.get(17)?,
+                queue_wait_ms: row.get(18)?,
+                rejected: row.get(19)?,
             })
         })?;
         let raws: Vec<RawRow> = rows.collect::<rusqlite::Result<_>>()?;
         Ok(aggregate(raws))
     }
 
+    /// Context-length scaling curves (#88): per (target, model), the latest
+    /// build's `chat:<n>` cells pivoted by prompt size into prefill & decode
+    /// tok/s vs context. The headline is `decode_flatness` — decode tok/s at
+    /// the largest context divided by the smallest. Near 1.0 confirms the
+    /// Gated-DeltaNet O(1)-in-sequence-length decode; a sharp drop locates
+    /// where the model stops scaling for free.
+    pub fn scaling(&self) -> Result<Vec<ScalingCurve>> {
+        use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+        // Reuse the already-aggregated report cells; the chat:<n> rows are
+        // exactly the per-context measurement points.
+        let mut by_model: BTreeMap<(String, String), Vec<ReportRow>> = BTreeMap::new();
+        for r in self.report_rows()? {
+            if r.scenario_id.starts_with("chat:") {
+                by_model
+                    .entry((r.target_name.clone(), r.model_id.clone()))
+                    .or_default()
+                    .push(r);
+            }
+        }
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for ((target_name, model_id), mut rows) in by_model {
+            rows.sort_by_key(|r| r.prompt_size_approx);
+            let points: Vec<ScalingPoint> = rows
+                .iter()
+                .map(|r| ScalingPoint {
+                    prompt_size: r.prompt_size_approx,
+                    prompt_tokens: r.prompt_tokens,
+                    prefill_tps: r.prefill_tps_median,
+                    decode_tps: r.decode_tps_median,
+                    samples: r.samples,
+                })
+                .collect();
+            // Flatness across the smallest→largest points that both have a
+            // decode rate (skips cells where the decode window was too short).
+            let with_decode: Vec<&ScalingPoint> =
+                points.iter().filter(|p| p.decode_tps.is_some()).collect();
+            let decode_flatness = match (with_decode.first(), with_decode.last()) {
+                (Some(lo), Some(hi)) if with_decode.len() >= 2 => {
+                    match (lo.decode_tps, hi.decode_tps) {
+                        (Some(a), Some(b)) if a > 0.0 => Some(b / a),
+                        _ => None,
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            };
+            out.push(ScalingCurve {
+                target_name,
+                model_id,
+                git_sha: rows.first().map(|r| r.git_sha.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                gpu: rows.iter().find_map(|r| r.gpu.clone()),
+                points,
+                decode_flatness,
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    /// Cold-load / model-swap costs (#90): per (target, model) at the latest
+    /// build, the median unload→reload latency and the cold first-request
+    /// latency after reload (the `scenario_id = "swap"` rows).
+    pub fn swap_costs(&self) -> Result<Vec<SwapCost>> {
+        use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+        let mut stmt = self.conn.prepare(
+            "SELECT target_name, model_id, git_sha, gpus_json,
+                    swap_unload_ms, swap_load_ms, ttft_s, total_s
+             FROM runs
+             WHERE ok=1 AND scenario_id='swap'
+             ORDER BY target_name, model_id, id",
+        )?;
+        struct Raw {
+            target: String,
+            model: String,
+            sha: String,
+            gpus_json: Option<String>,
+            unload_ms: Option<f64>,
+            load_ms: Option<f64>,
+            ttft_s: Option<f64>,
+            total_s: Option<f64>,
+        }
+        let raws: Vec<Raw> = stmt
+            .query_map([], |r| {
+                Ok(Raw {
+                    target: r.get(0)?,
+                    model: r.get(1)?,
+                    sha: r.get(2)?,
+                    gpus_json: r.get(3)?,
+                    unload_ms: r.get::<_, Option<i64>>(4)?.map(|v| v as f64),
+                    load_ms: r.get::<_, Option<i64>>(5)?.map(|v| v as f64),
+                    ttft_s: r.get(6)?,
+                    total_s: r.get(7)?,
+                })
+            })?
+            .collect::<rusqlite::Result<_>>()?;
+        let mut by: BTreeMap<(String, String), Vec<Raw>> = BTreeMap::new();
+        for r in raws {
+            by.entry((r.target.clone(), r.model.clone()))
+                .or_default()
+                .push(r);
+        }
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for ((target, model), rows) in by {
+            let latest = rows.last().map(|r| r.sha.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+            let cell: Vec<&Raw> = rows.iter().filter(|r| r.sha == latest).collect();
+            out.push(SwapCost {
+                target_name: target,
+                model_id: model,
+                git_sha: latest,
+                gpu: cell
+                    .iter()
+                    .find_map(|r| r.gpus_json.as_deref().and_then(gpu_label)),
+                unload_ms_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.unload_ms)),
+                load_ms_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.load_ms)),
+                cold_ttft_s_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.ttft_s)),
+                cold_total_s_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.total_s)),
+                samples: cell.len(),
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    /// Capability-probe runs (#91): the stored output artifacts and their
+    /// quality scores. `unscored_only` filters to runs awaiting a score —
+    /// the worklist for manual scoring or a future LLM-judge.
+    pub fn capability_runs(&self, unscored_only: bool) -> Result<Vec<CapabilityRun>> {
+        let sql = format!(
+            "SELECT id, ts, target_name, model_id, scenario_id, git_sha,
+                    quality_score, scorer, artifact
+             FROM runs
+             WHERE ok=1 AND scenario_id LIKE 'capability:%'{}
+             ORDER BY id DESC",
+            if unscored_only {
+                " AND quality_score IS NULL"
+            } else {
+                ""
+            },
+        );
+        let mut stmt = self.conn.prepare(&sql)?;
+        let rows = stmt
+            .query_map([], |r| {
+                Ok(CapabilityRun {
+                    id: r.get(0)?,
+                    ts: r.get(1)?,
+                    target_name: r.get(2)?,
+                    model_id: r.get(3)?,
+                    scenario_id: r.get(4)?,
+                    git_sha: r.get(5)?,
+                    quality_score: r.get(6)?,
+                    scorer: r.get(7)?,
+                    artifact: r.get(8)?,
+                })
+            })?
+            .collect::<rusqlite::Result<_>>()?;
+        Ok(rows)
+    }
+
+    /// Attach a quality score to one capability run (#91). `scorer` records
+    /// who/what scored it ("manual", "llm:claude-…"). Returns the row count
+    /// updated (0 if the id doesn't exist).
+    pub fn set_score(&self, run_id: i64, score: f64, scorer: &str) -> Result<usize> {
+        let n = self.conn.execute(
+            "UPDATE runs SET quality_score=?1, scorer=?2 WHERE id=?3",
+            params![score, scorer, run_id],
+        )?;
+        Ok(n)
+    }
+
     // ── Read API surface (consumed by api.rs) ─────────────────────────
 
     /// Total recorded runs (for `/api/health`).
@@ -379,7 +672,10 @@ impl Store {
             "SELECT id, ts, target_name, hostname, git_sha, build_timestamp, package_version,
                     model_id, harness, scenario_id, prompt_size_approx, prompt_tokens_actual,
                     max_tokens, ttft_s, decode_tps, total_s, completion_tokens, ok, error,
-                    gpus_json
+                    gpus_json, prefill_ms, decode_ms, prefill_tokens,
+                    vram_used_mb, gpu_util_pct, gpu_temp_c,
+                    concurrency, ttft_p95_s, queue_wait_ms, rejected,
+                    swap_unload_ms, swap_load_ms
              FROM runs",
         );
         let mut conds: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
@@ -435,6 +731,18 @@ impl Store {
                     completion_tokens: r.get(16)?,
                     ok: r.get::<_, i64>(17)? != 0,
                     error: r.get(18)?,
+                    prefill_ms: r.get(20)?,
+                    decode_ms: r.get(21)?,
+                    prefill_tokens: r.get(22)?,
+                    vram_used_mb: r.get(23)?,
+                    gpu_util_pct: r.get(24)?,
+                    gpu_temp_c: r.get(25)?,
+                    concurrency: r.get(26)?,
+                    ttft_p95_s: r.get(27)?,
+                    queue_wait_ms: r.get(28)?,
+                    rejected: r.get(29)?,
+                    swap_unload_ms: r.get(30)?,
+                    swap_load_ms: r.get(31)?,
                 })
             })?
             .collect::<rusqlite::Result<_>>()?;
@@ -554,6 +862,18 @@ pub struct RunRow {
     pub decode_tps: Option<f64>,
     pub total_s: Option<f64>,
     pub completion_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub prefill_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub decode_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub prefill_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub vram_used_mb: Option<u64>,
+    pub gpu_util_pct: Option<u64>,
+    pub gpu_temp_c: Option<u64>,
+    pub concurrency: Option<u64>,
+    pub ttft_p95_s: Option<f64>,
+    pub queue_wait_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub rejected: Option<u64>,
+    pub swap_unload_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub swap_load_ms: Option<u64>,
     pub ok: bool,
     pub error: Option<String>,
 }
@@ -569,6 +889,16 @@ struct RawRow {
     total_s: Option<f64>,
     prompt_tokens_actual: Option<u64>,
     gpus_json: Option<String>,
+    prefill_ms: Option<u64>,
+    decode_ms: Option<u64>,
+    prefill_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    vram_used_mb: Option<u64>,
+    gpu_util_pct: Option<u64>,
+    gpu_temp_c: Option<u64>,
+    concurrency: Option<u64>,
+    ttft_p95_s: Option<f64>,
+    queue_wait_ms: Option<f64>,
+    rejected: Option<u64>,
 }
 
 /// An aggregated cell ready for the report table.
@@ -583,11 +913,100 @@ pub struct ReportRow {
     pub ttft_s_median: Option<f64>,
     pub decode_tps_median: Option<f64>,
     pub total_s_median: Option<f64>,
+    /// Latency tail percentiles — where batch-1 pain actually shows up, and
+    /// invisible behind a bare median. p95/p99 nearest-rank; with few
+    /// samples they collapse toward the max (honest, not interpolated).
+    pub ttft_s_p95: Option<f64>,
+    pub ttft_s_p99: Option<f64>,
+    pub total_s_p95: Option<f64>,
+    pub total_s_p99: Option<f64>,
+    /// Server-measured prefill/decode split (#85). `prefill_tps_median` is
+    /// the true prompt-encoding rate (prefill_tokens / prefill_ms),
+    /// complementing `decode_tps_median` (the generation rate).
+    pub prefill_ms_median: Option<f64>,
+    pub decode_ms_median: Option<f64>,
+    pub prefill_tps_median: Option<f64>,
+    /// GPU telemetry sampled from /health around the run (#87). `vram_used_mb`
+    /// is the node sum; `vram_total_mb` (from discovery) lets the report show
+    /// real headroom — the "2/3 used" hunch as a number. util/temp are the
+    /// hottest device. All `None` for non-neuron targets.
+    pub vram_used_mb_median: Option<f64>,
+    pub vram_total_mb: Option<u64>,
+    pub gpu_util_pct_median: Option<f64>,
+    pub gpu_temp_c_median: Option<f64>,
+    /// Concurrency / agentic-load burst metrics (#89). `concurrency` is the
+    /// burst width (constant per cell). `ttft_p95_load_s` is the within-burst
+    /// TTFT tail; `queue_wait_ms_median` the admission wait; `rejected_median`
+    /// the per-burst shed count. All `None` for non-concurrency scenarios.
+    pub concurrency: Option<u64>,
+    pub ttft_p95_load_s: Option<f64>,
+    pub queue_wait_ms_median: Option<f64>,
+    pub rejected_median: Option<f64>,
     pub samples: usize,
     /// Public-facing resource name (the host's GPU(s)), e.g. "2× RTX 5090".
     pub gpu: Option<String>,
 }
 
+/// One context-length scaling curve for a (target, model) at its latest
+/// build — the points ordered by prompt size, plus the decode-flatness
+/// summary (#88).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct ScalingCurve {
+    pub target_name: String,
+    pub model_id: String,
+    pub git_sha: String,
+    pub gpu: Option<String>,
+    pub points: Vec<ScalingPoint>,
+    /// decode tok/s at the largest context ÷ at the smallest. ~1.0 = flat
+    /// (GDN O(1) decode); <1 quantifies the drop-off. `None` with <2 points.
+    pub decode_flatness: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// Cold-load / model-swap cost for a (target, model) at its latest build
+/// (#90): the reload latency and the cold first-request after it.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct SwapCost {
+    pub target_name: String,
+    pub model_id: String,
+    pub git_sha: String,
+    pub gpu: Option<String>,
+    /// Time to free the model (`POST /models/unload`), ms.
+    pub unload_ms_median: Option<f64>,
+    /// Time to reload it (`POST /models/load`, synchronous), ms — the
+    /// headline swap cost feeding the vision cold-swap policy (F4e).
+    pub load_ms_median: Option<f64>,
+    /// TTFT of the first request after reload (cold caches), seconds.
+    pub cold_ttft_s_median: Option<f64>,
+    /// Total wall-clock of that cold first request, seconds.
+    pub cold_total_s_median: Option<f64>,
+    pub samples: usize,
+}
+
+/// One capability-probe run (#91): the stored output artifact plus its
+/// quality score (null until scored manually or by a future LLM-judge).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct CapabilityRun {
+    pub id: i64,
+    pub ts: String,
+    pub target_name: String,
+    pub model_id: String,
+    pub scenario_id: String,
+    pub git_sha: String,
+    pub quality_score: Option<f64>,
+    pub scorer: Option<String>,
+    pub artifact: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// One point on a [`ScalingCurve`]: the throughput at a given context size.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct ScalingPoint {
+    pub prompt_size: u32,
+    pub prompt_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub prefill_tps: Option<f64>,
+    pub decode_tps: Option<f64>,
+    pub samples: usize,
+}
+
 /// Group by (target, model, scenario), keep only the latest SHA's rows
 /// (latest = the SHA of the last-inserted row, since input is id-ordered),
 /// and median each metric.
@@ -611,6 +1030,11 @@ fn aggregate(raws: Vec<RawRow>) -> Vec<ReportRow> {
         let latest_sha = rows.last().map(|r| r.git_sha.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
         let cell: Vec<&RawRow> = rows.iter().filter(|r| r.git_sha == latest_sha).collect();
         let prompt_size_approx = cell.first().map(|r| r.prompt_size_approx).unwrap_or(0);
+        // Per-row prefill tok/s, derived from the server-measured split.
+        let prefill_tps = |r: &&RawRow| match (r.prefill_tokens, r.prefill_ms) {
+            (Some(tok), Some(ms)) if ms > 0 => Some(tok as f64 * 1000.0 / ms as f64),
+            _ => None,
+        };
         out.push(ReportRow {
             target_name,
             model_id,
@@ -621,6 +1045,27 @@ fn aggregate(raws: Vec<RawRow>) -> Vec<ReportRow> {
             ttft_s_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.ttft_s)),
             decode_tps_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.decode_tps)),
             total_s_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.total_s)),
+            ttft_s_p95: percentile(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.ttft_s), 95.0),
+            ttft_s_p99: percentile(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.ttft_s), 99.0),
+            total_s_p95: percentile(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.total_s), 95.0),
+            total_s_p99: percentile(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.total_s), 99.0),
+            prefill_ms_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.prefill_ms.map(|m| m as f64))),
+            decode_ms_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.decode_ms.map(|m| m as f64))),
+            prefill_tps_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(prefill_tps)),
+            vram_used_mb_median: median(
+                cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.vram_used_mb.map(|v| v as f64)),
+            ),
+            vram_total_mb: cell
+                .iter()
+                .find_map(|r| r.gpus_json.as_deref().and_then(gpu_total_vram_mb)),
+            gpu_util_pct_median: median(
+                cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.gpu_util_pct.map(|v| v as f64)),
+            ),
+            gpu_temp_c_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.gpu_temp_c.map(|v| v as f64))),
+            concurrency: cell.iter().find_map(|r| r.concurrency),
+            ttft_p95_load_s: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.ttft_p95_s)),
+            queue_wait_ms_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.queue_wait_ms)),
+            rejected_median: median(cell.iter().filter_map(|r| r.rejected.map(|v| v as f64))),
             samples: cell.len(),
             gpu: cell
                 .iter()
@@ -630,6 +1075,19 @@ fn aggregate(raws: Vec<RawRow>) -> Vec<ReportRow> {
     out
 }
 
+/// Node total VRAM in MB, summed across the devices in a run's stored
+/// `gpus_json` (the discovery `DeviceInfo` list, each with `vram_total_mb`).
+/// Pairs with the sampled `vram_used_mb` to report real headroom (#87).
+/// `None` when empty/absent or no device declares a total.
+fn gpu_total_vram_mb(gpus_json: &str) -> Option<u64> {
+    let devices: Vec<serde_json::Value> = serde_json::from_str(gpus_json).ok()?;
+    let total: u64 = devices
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|d| d.get("vram_total_mb").and_then(|v| v.as_u64()))
+        .sum();
+    (total > 0).then_some(total)
+}
+
 /// Compact GPU label from a run's stored `gpus_json` (the discovery device
 /// list) — e.g. "2× RTX 5090", "RTX 4090". `None` when empty/absent. Used
 /// as the public-facing resource name in place of internal hostnames.
@@ -680,6 +1138,22 @@ fn median(values: impl Iterator<Item = f64>) -> Option<f64> {
     Some((v[lo] + v[hi]) / 2.0)
 }
 
+/// Nearest-rank percentile (`p` in 0..=100). Chosen over interpolation
+/// because bench cells hold only a handful of samples: with n=5, p95/p99
+/// resolve to the max, which honestly says "this is the worst we saw"
+/// rather than inventing a value between samples we never observed.
+fn percentile(values: impl Iterator<Item = f64>, p: f64) -> Option<f64> {
+    let mut v: Vec<f64> = values.collect();
+    if v.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    v.sort_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal));
+    // rank = ceil(p/100 * n), clamped to [1, n]; index is rank-1.
+    let rank = (p / 100.0 * v.len() as f64).ceil() as usize;
+    let idx = rank.clamp(1, v.len()) - 1;
+    Some(v[idx])
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -717,6 +1191,21 @@ mod tests {
             decode_tps: Some(50.0),
             total_s: Some(1.0),
             completion_tokens: Some(50),
+            prefill_ms: Some(200),
+            decode_ms: Some(1000),
+            prefill_tokens: Some(130),
+            vram_used_mb: Some(42000),
+            gpu_util_pct: Some(88),
+            gpu_temp_c: Some(64),
+            concurrency: None,
+            ttft_p95_s: None,
+            queue_wait_ms: None,
+            rejected: None,
+            swap_unload_ms: None,
+            swap_load_ms: None,
+            artifact: None,
+            quality_score: None,
+            scorer: None,
             ok,
             error: if ok { None } else { Some("boom".into()) },
         }
@@ -755,6 +1244,197 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((rows[0].ttft_s_median.unwrap() - 0.3).abs() < 1e-9);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn report_surfaces_percentiles_and_prefill_split() {
+        let s = Store::open_in_memory().unwrap();
+        // Five samples on one cell with spread TTFT so percentiles differ
+        // from the median, plus a server-measured prefill/decode split.
+        for (i, ttft) in [0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.50].iter().enumerate() {
+            let mut r = rec("beast", "sha", "m", "chat:128", true);
+            r.ttft_s = Some(*ttft);
+            r.total_s = Some(ttft + 1.0);
+            r.prefill_ms = Some(200 + i as u64);
+            r.prefill_tokens = Some(400);
+            s.insert_run(&r).unwrap();
+        }
+        let rows = s.report_rows().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(rows.len(), 1);
+        let row = &rows[0];
+        assert_eq!(row.samples, 5);
+        // p50 is the middle value; p95/p99 (nearest-rank, n=5) hit the max.
+        assert!((row.ttft_s_median.unwrap() - 0.14).abs() < 1e-9);
+        assert!((row.ttft_s_p95.unwrap() - 0.50).abs() < 1e-9);
+        assert!((row.ttft_s_p99.unwrap() - 0.50).abs() < 1e-9);
+        // prefill tok/s = 400 tok / ~0.2 s ≈ 2000 tok/s.
+        assert!(row.prefill_tps_median.unwrap() > 1900.0);
+        assert!(row.prefill_ms_median.is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn report_surfaces_vram_and_gpu_telemetry() {
+        let s = Store::open_in_memory().unwrap();
+        let mut r = rec("beast", "sha", "m", "chat:128", true);
+        // Node total VRAM from discovery devices → headroom denominator.
+        r.gpus_json =
+            Some(r#"[{"name":"RTX 5090","vram_total_mb":32000},{"name":"RTX 5090","vram_total_mb":32000}]"#.into());
+        r.vram_used_mb = Some(42000);
+        r.gpu_util_pct = Some(90);
+        r.gpu_temp_c = Some(66);
+        s.insert_run(&r).unwrap();
+        let rows = s.report_rows().unwrap();
+        let row = &rows[0];
+        assert_eq!(row.vram_used_mb_median, Some(42000.0));
+        assert_eq!(row.vram_total_mb, Some(64000)); // 2× 32000
+        assert_eq!(row.gpu_util_pct_median, Some(90.0));
+        assert_eq!(row.gpu_temp_c_median, Some(66.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn report_surfaces_concurrency_burst_metrics() {
+        let s = Store::open_in_memory().unwrap();
+        // Two concurrency:8 burst-runs with shed load and a queue-wait tail.
+        for (qw, rej) in [(120.0, 1u32), (180.0, 3u32)] {
+            let mut r = rec("beast", "sha", "m", "concurrency:8", true);
+            r.concurrency = Some(8);
+            r.ttft_p95_s = Some(0.9);
+            r.queue_wait_ms = Some(qw);
+            r.rejected = Some(rej);
+            s.insert_run(&r).unwrap();
+        }
+        let row = s
+            .report_rows()
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|r| r.scenario_id == "concurrency:8")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(row.concurrency, Some(8));
+        assert_eq!(row.queue_wait_ms_median, Some(150.0)); // median(120,180)
+        assert_eq!(row.rejected_median, Some(2.0)); // median(1,3)
+        assert_eq!(row.ttft_p95_load_s, Some(0.9));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn capability_runs_store_artifact_and_accept_scores() {
+        let s = Store::open_in_memory().unwrap();
+        let mut r = rec("beast", "sha", "m", "capability:plan", true);
+        r.artifact = Some("a thorough implementation plan...".into());
+        s.insert_run(&r).unwrap();
+        // A non-capability row must not appear in capability_runs.
+        s.insert_run(&rec("beast", "sha", "m", "chat:128", true))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let unscored = s.capability_runs(true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(unscored.len(), 1);
+        let id = unscored[0].id;
+        assert!(unscored[0].artifact.as_deref().unwrap().contains("plan"));
+        assert!(unscored[0].quality_score.is_none());
+
+        // Score it; it then drops off the unscored worklist.
+        assert_eq!(s.set_score(id, 7.5, "manual").unwrap(), 1);
+        assert!(s.capability_runs(true).unwrap().is_empty());
+        let all = s.capability_runs(false).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(all[0].quality_score, Some(7.5));
+        assert_eq!(all[0].scorer.as_deref(), Some("manual"));
+        // Unknown id updates nothing.
+        assert_eq!(s.set_score(999_999, 1.0, "manual").unwrap(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn swap_costs_pivots_swap_rows() {
+        let s = Store::open_in_memory().unwrap();
+        for (unload, load) in [(300u64, 24000u64), (340, 26000)] {
+            let mut r = rec("beast", "sha", "m", "swap", true);
+            r.swap_unload_ms = Some(unload);
+            r.swap_load_ms = Some(load);
+            r.ttft_s = Some(2.5); // cold first-request
+            r.total_s = Some(5.0);
+            s.insert_run(&r).unwrap();
+        }
+        // A non-swap row must be ignored by swap_costs.
+        s.insert_run(&rec("beast", "sha", "m", "chat:128", true))
+            .unwrap();
+        let costs = s.swap_costs().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(costs.len(), 1);
+        let c = &costs[0];
+        assert_eq!(c.unload_ms_median, Some(320.0)); // median(300,340)
+        assert_eq!(c.load_ms_median, Some(25000.0)); // median(24000,26000)
+        assert_eq!(c.cold_ttft_s_median, Some(2.5));
+        assert_eq!(c.samples, 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn scaling_pivots_chat_cells_and_computes_flatness() {
+        let s = Store::open_in_memory().unwrap();
+        // Two context points for one model: decode tok/s 50 @128, 45 @4096.
+        let mut small = rec("beast", "sha", "m", "chat:128", true);
+        small.prompt_size_approx = 128;
+        small.decode_tps = Some(50.0);
+        small.prefill_ms = Some(100);
+        small.prefill_tokens = Some(128);
+        s.insert_run(&small).unwrap();
+        let mut big = rec("beast", "sha", "m", "chat:4096", true);
+        big.prompt_size_approx = 4096;
+        big.decode_tps = Some(45.0);
+        big.prefill_ms = Some(1000);
+        big.prefill_tokens = Some(4096);
+        s.insert_run(&big).unwrap();
+        // A concurrency cell must NOT leak into the scaling curve.
+        let mut conc = rec("beast", "sha", "m", "concurrency:8", true);
+        conc.concurrency = Some(8);
+        s.insert_run(&conc).unwrap();
+
+        let curves = s.scaling().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(curves.len(), 1);
+        let c = &curves[0];
+        assert_eq!(c.points.len(), 2); // only the two chat:<n> points
+        assert_eq!(c.points[0].prompt_size, 128); // ordered ascending
+        assert_eq!(c.points[1].prompt_size, 4096);
+        // flatness = decode@largest / decode@smallest = 45/50 = 0.9
+        assert!((c.decode_flatness.unwrap() - 0.9).abs() < 1e-9);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gpu_total_vram_sums_devices() {
+        let j = r#"[{"vram_total_mb":32000},{"vram_total_mb":32000}]"#;
+        assert_eq!(gpu_total_vram_mb(j), Some(64000));
+        assert_eq!(gpu_total_vram_mb("[]"), None);
+        assert_eq!(gpu_total_vram_mb("not json"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn percentile_nearest_rank() {
+        let vals = || [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0].into_iter();
+        assert_eq!(percentile(vals(), 50.0), Some(3.0));
+        assert_eq!(percentile(vals(), 95.0), Some(5.0));
+        assert_eq!(percentile(vals(), 99.0), Some(5.0));
+        assert_eq!(percentile(std::iter::empty(), 95.0), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn migration_is_idempotent_and_backfills() {
+        // A DB whose `runs` table predates the prefill columns: create the
+        // pre-#85 shape, insert a row, then run ensure_columns twice.
+        let conn = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
+        conn.execute_batch(
+            "CREATE TABLE runs (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, ttft_s REAL);
+             INSERT INTO runs (ttft_s) VALUES (0.1);",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            Store::ensure_columns(
+                &conn,
+                "runs",
+                &[("prefill_ms", "INTEGER"), ("decode_ms", "INTEGER")],
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        }
+        // Columns now exist and the old row reads them back as NULL.
+        let got: Option<i64> = conn
+            .query_row("SELECT prefill_ms FROM runs", [], |r| r.get(0))
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(got, None);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn gpu_label_formats() {
         let two = r#"[{"name":"NVIDIA GeForce RTX 5090"},{"name":"NVIDIA GeForce RTX 5090"}]"#;

crates/helexa-bench/src/sweep.rs

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
 
 use crate::client::TargetClient;
 use crate::config::{BenchConfig, TargetConfig, TargetKind};
-use crate::scenario::{RunCtx, build_scenarios};
+use crate::scenario::{RunCtx, ScenarioMetrics, build_scenarios};
 use crate::store::{RunRecord, Store};
 use anyhow::Result;
 use cortex_core::build_info::BuildInfo;
-use cortex_core::discovery::DiscoveryResponse;
+use cortex_core::discovery::{DiscoveryResponse, HealthResponse};
 use cortex_core::harness::ModelInfo;
 
 /// helexa-bench's own build version.
@@ -38,6 +38,38 @@ pub struct SweepSummary {
     pub targets_unreachable: usize,
 }
 
+/// Node-level GPU telemetry folded from one `/health` snapshot (#87):
+/// VRAM used summed across the node's devices, and the hottest/busiest
+/// single device for utilization and temperature.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct HealthAgg {
+    vram_used_mb: u64,
+    gpu_util_pct: u32,
+    gpu_temp_c: u32,
+}
+
+/// Cold-load / model-swap timing for one measure_swap cycle (#90).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct SwapTiming {
+    unload_ms: u64,
+    load_ms: u64,
+}
+
+impl HealthAgg {
+    fn from_health(h: &HealthResponse) -> Self {
+        HealthAgg {
+            vram_used_mb: h.devices.iter().map(|d| d.vram_used_mb).sum(),
+            gpu_util_pct: h
+                .devices
+                .iter()
+                .map(|d| d.utilization_pct)
+                .max()
+                .unwrap_or(0),
+            gpu_temp_c: h.devices.iter().map(|d| d.temp_c).max().unwrap_or(0),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct Sweeper {
     cfg: BenchConfig,
     client: TargetClient,
@@ -72,6 +104,105 @@ impl Sweeper {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deliberate cold-load / model-swap cost measurement (#90), invoked by
+    /// the `swap-cost` subcommand — **never** the continuous sweep. For each
+    /// neuron target and each currently-warm model: unload it, time the
+    /// reload, then time a cold first request. This takes the model offline
+    /// for the reload, so it is an explicit operator action (maintenance
+    /// window), recorded under `scenario_id = "swap"`.
+    pub async fn swap_cost_once(&self) -> Result<SweepSummary> {
+        let mut summary = SweepSummary::default();
+        for target in &self.cfg.targets {
+            if target.kind != TargetKind::Neuron {
+                continue; // load/unload is a neuron-native operation
+            }
+            let build = match self.client.fetch_version(target).await {
+                Ok(b) => b,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    summary.targets_unreachable += 1;
+                    tracing::warn!(target = %target.name, error = %format!("{e:#}"), "swap: target unreachable");
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+            let discovery = self.client.fetch_discovery(target).await.unwrap_or(None);
+            let models = self.client.warm_models(target).await.unwrap_or_default();
+            for model in &models {
+                match self
+                    .measure_swap(target, &build, discovery.as_ref(), model)
+                    .await
+                {
+                    Ok(()) => summary.measured += 1,
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        summary.failed += 1;
+                        tracing::warn!(target = %target.name, model = %model.id, error = %format!("{e:#}"), "swap: measurement failed");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(summary)
+    }
+
+    /// Unload → timed reload → timed cold first request for one model.
+    async fn measure_swap(
+        &self,
+        target: &TargetConfig,
+        build: &BuildInfo,
+        discovery: Option<&DiscoveryResponse>,
+        model: &ModelInfo,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let spec = TargetClient::spec_from_info(model)?;
+        tracing::warn!(target = %target.name, model = %model.id, "swap: unloading (model goes offline until reload)");
+
+        let t0 = std::time::Instant::now();
+        self.client.unload_model(target, &model.id).await?;
+        let unload_ms = t0.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
+
+        let t1 = std::time::Instant::now();
+        self.client.load_model(target, &spec).await?;
+        let load_ms = t1.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
+        tracing::info!(target = %target.name, model = %model.id, unload_ms, load_ms, "swap: reloaded; measuring cold first request");
+
+        // Cold first request — caches empty straight after the load.
+        let ctx = RunCtx {
+            client: self.client.http(),
+            chat_url: self.client.chat_url(target),
+            model_id: model.id.clone(),
+            max_tokens: self.cfg.scenarios.max_tokens,
+            timeout: self.cfg.bench.request_timeout(),
+        };
+        let cold = crate::scenario::cold_probe(&ctx).await;
+        let swap = SwapTiming { unload_ms, load_ms };
+        let rec = match &cold {
+            Ok(m) => self.build_record(
+                target,
+                build,
+                discovery,
+                model,
+                "swap",
+                0,
+                Ok(m),
+                None,
+                Some(swap),
+            ),
+            Err(e) => {
+                let msg = format!("{e:#}");
+                self.build_record(
+                    target,
+                    build,
+                    discovery,
+                    model,
+                    "swap",
+                    0,
+                    Err(&msg),
+                    None,
+                    Some(swap),
+                )
+            }
+        };
+        self.store.insert_run(&rec)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// One full pass over all targets.
     pub async fn run_once(&self) -> Result<SweepSummary> {
         let mut summary = SweepSummary::default();
@@ -131,7 +262,21 @@ impl Sweeper {
                 }
 
                 for i in 0..need {
-                    match scenario.run(&ctx).await {
+                    let result = scenario.run(&ctx).await;
+                    // Sample GPU telemetry right after the run, while the
+                    // model is loaded and decode VRAM is at its recent peak
+                    // (#87). neuron's /health is ~5s-cached, so this is a
+                    // coarse high-water proxy, not an instantaneous peak — but
+                    // it's the headroom signal we can read over the wire. A
+                    // flaky /health degrades to None, never a failed run.
+                    let health = self
+                        .client
+                        .fetch_health(target)
+                        .await
+                        .ok()
+                        .flatten()
+                        .map(|h| HealthAgg::from_health(&h));
+                    match result {
                         Ok(m) => {
                             let rec = self.build_record(
                                 target,
@@ -141,6 +286,8 @@ impl Sweeper {
                                 scenario.id(),
                                 scenario.prompt_size(),
                                 Ok(&m),
+                                health,
+                                None,
                             );
                             self.store.insert_run(&rec)?;
                             summary.measured += 1;
@@ -160,6 +307,8 @@ impl Sweeper {
                                 scenario.id(),
                                 scenario.prompt_size(),
                                 Err(&msg),
+                                health,
+                                None,
                             );
                             self.store.insert_run(&rec)?;
                             summary.failed += 1;
@@ -186,19 +335,14 @@ impl Sweeper {
         scenario_id: &str,
         prompt_size: u32,
         result: Result<&crate::scenario::ScenarioMetrics, &str>,
+        health: Option<HealthAgg>,
+        swap: Option<SwapTiming>,
     ) -> RunRecord {
-        let (ok, error, ttft, decode, total, prompt_tokens, completion) = match result {
-            Ok(m) => (
-                true,
-                None,
-                Some(m.ttft_s),
-                m.decode_tps,
-                Some(m.total_s),
-                m.prompt_tokens,
-                Some(m.completion_tokens),
-            ),
-            Err(e) => (false, Some(e.to_string()), None, None, None, None, None),
+        let (m, error): (Option<&ScenarioMetrics>, Option<String>) = match result {
+            Ok(m) => (Some(m), None),
+            Err(e) => (None, Some(e.to_string())),
         };
+        let ok = m.is_some();
 
         RunRecord {
             ts: chrono::Utc::now().to_rfc3339(),
@@ -230,12 +374,29 @@ impl Sweeper {
                 .unwrap_or_else(|_| "[]".to_string()),
             scenario_id: scenario_id.to_string(),
             prompt_size_approx: prompt_size,
-            prompt_tokens_actual: prompt_tokens,
+            prompt_tokens_actual: m.and_then(|m| m.prompt_tokens),
             max_tokens: self.cfg.scenarios.max_tokens,
-            ttft_s: ttft,
-            decode_tps: decode,
-            total_s: total,
-            completion_tokens: completion,
+            ttft_s: m.map(|m| m.ttft_s),
+            decode_tps: m.and_then(|m| m.decode_tps),
+            total_s: m.map(|m| m.total_s),
+            completion_tokens: m.map(|m| m.completion_tokens),
+            prefill_ms: m.and_then(|m| m.prefill_ms),
+            decode_ms: m.and_then(|m| m.decode_ms),
+            prefill_tokens: m.and_then(|m| m.prefill_tokens),
+            vram_used_mb: health.map(|h| h.vram_used_mb),
+            gpu_util_pct: health.map(|h| h.gpu_util_pct),
+            gpu_temp_c: health.map(|h| h.gpu_temp_c),
+            concurrency: m.and_then(|m| m.concurrency),
+            ttft_p95_s: m.and_then(|m| m.ttft_p95_s),
+            queue_wait_ms: m.and_then(|m| m.queue_wait_ms_median),
+            rejected: m.and_then(|m| m.rejected),
+            swap_unload_ms: swap.map(|s| s.unload_ms),
+            swap_load_ms: swap.map(|s| s.load_ms),
+            // Capability artifact (#91); score/scorer are attached later by
+            // the `score` subcommand or a future LLM-judge.
+            artifact: m.and_then(|m| m.artifact.clone()),
+            quality_score: None,
+            scorer: None,
             ok,
             error,
         }

crates/helexa-bench/tests/api.rs

@@ -46,6 +46,21 @@ fn rec(
         decode_tps: if ok { Some(30.0) } else { None },
         total_s: if ok { Some(2.0) } else { None },
         completion_tokens: if ok { Some(60) } else { None },
+        prefill_ms: if ok { Some(150) } else { None },
+        decode_ms: if ok { Some(1800) } else { None },
+        prefill_tokens: if ok { Some(130) } else { None },
+        vram_used_mb: if ok { Some(42000) } else { None },
+        gpu_util_pct: if ok { Some(85) } else { None },
+        gpu_temp_c: if ok { Some(63) } else { None },
+        concurrency: None,
+        ttft_p95_s: None,
+        queue_wait_ms: None,
+        rejected: None,
+        swap_unload_ms: None,
+        swap_load_ms: None,
+        artifact: None,
+        quality_score: None,
+        scorer: None,
         ok,
         error: if ok { None } else { Some("boom".into()) },
     }

crates/helexa-bench/tests/sweep_integration.rs

@@ -89,6 +89,9 @@ fn config_for(endpoint: String, db_path: String) -> BenchConfig {
         scenarios: ScenarioConfig {
             prompt_sizes: vec![128], // single scenario keeps assertions simple
             max_tokens: 16,
+            concurrency_levels: Vec::new(),
+            concurrency_prompt_tokens: 512,
+            capability_probes: Vec::new(),
         },
         api: Default::default(),
         targets: vec![TargetConfig {

crates/helexa-router/src/catalogue.rs

@@ -55,6 +55,12 @@ pub fn aggregate_models(topology: &HashMap<String, CortexTopology>) -> Vec<Corte
 
     let mut out: Vec<CortexModelEntry> = merged.into_values().collect();
     out.sort_by(|a, b| a.id.cmp(&b.id));
+    // Re-derive the flat ecosystem fields (#78) from the merged (tightest)
+    // limit — the values deserialized from each cortex are per-operator and
+    // may not match the federation-wide merge.
+    for e in &mut out {
+        e.sync_flat_limit();
+    }
     out
 }
 
@@ -74,6 +80,10 @@ fn router_entry(cortex: &str, e: &CortexModelEntry) -> CortexModelEntry {
         cost: e.cost.clone(),
         tool_call: e.tool_call,
         reasoning: e.reasoning,
+        // Derived from `limit` by the final sync pass in aggregate_models.
+        max_model_len: None,
+        max_input_tokens: None,
+        max_output_tokens: None,
     }
 }
 
@@ -151,6 +161,9 @@ mod tests {
             cost: None,
             tool_call: false,
             reasoning: false,
+            max_model_len: None,
+            max_input_tokens: None,
+            max_output_tokens: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -239,5 +252,9 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(out.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(out[0].limit.as_ref().unwrap().context, 16_384);
         assert_eq!(out[0].cost.as_ref().unwrap().input, 0.20);
+        // Flat #78 fields re-derived from the merged (tightest) limit.
+        assert_eq!(out[0].max_model_len, Some(16_384));
+        assert_eq!(out[0].max_input_tokens, None);
+        assert_eq!(out[0].max_output_tokens, Some(4096));
     }
 }

crates/helexa-router/tests/dispatch.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ fn model_entry(loaded: bool, feasible: bool) -> CortexModelEntry {
         cost: None,
         tool_call: false,
         reasoning: false,
+        max_model_len: None,
+        max_input_tokens: None,
+        max_output_tokens: None,
     }
 }
 

crates/neuron/Cargo.toml

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ cudnn = [
 flash-attn = [
     "cuda",
     "candle-transformers/flash-attn",
+    "dep:candle-flash-attn",
 ]
 # Reserved for GPU-only integration tests in later stages.
 cuda-integration = ["cuda"]
@@ -71,6 +72,10 @@ rayon = "1"
 candle-core = "0.10.2"
 candle-nn = "0.10.2"
 candle-transformers = "0.10.2"
+# Direct dependency so `candle_flash_attn::flash_attn` is nameable in
+# the attention core (#95); the candle-transformers feature alone only
+# enables flash inside ITS models.
+candle-flash-attn = { version = "0.10.2", optional = true }
 # Direct dep on cudarc (matching candle's transitive version) so the
 # TP worker pool can call cudarc::nccl::{Comm, Id} directly. Gated on
 # the `cuda` feature; same toolchain requirement as candle's CUDA path.

crates/neuron/src/api.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use cortex_core::discovery::{DiscoveryResponse, HealthResponse};
 use cortex_core::entitlements::{HEADER_ACCOUNT_ID, HEADER_KEY_ID};
 use cortex_core::harness::ModelSpec;
 use cortex_core::openai::{ChatCompletionRequest, MessageContent};
-use cortex_core::responses::{ResponsesRequest, ResponsesUsage};
+use cortex_core::responses::{OutputTokensDetails, ResponsesRequest, ResponsesUsage};
 use futures::stream::{self, StreamExt};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 use std::convert::Infallible;
@@ -418,8 +418,14 @@ async fn responses(
                     input_tokens: u.prompt_tokens,
                     output_tokens: u.completion_tokens,
                     total_tokens: u.prompt_tokens + u.completion_tokens,
-                    // Non-streaming reasoning accounting deferred (#64).
-                    output_tokens_details: None,
+                    // Carry the reasoning sub-count through from the chat
+                    // usage — the non-streaming path now splits off the
+                    // `<think>` span and counts it (see `split_off_reasoning`).
+                    output_tokens_details: u.completion_tokens_details.as_ref().map(|d| {
+                        OutputTokensDetails {
+                            reasoning_tokens: d.reasoning_tokens,
+                        }
+                    }),
                     input_tokens_details: None,
                 });
                 let meta = openai_responses::ResponseMeta {

crates/neuron/src/harness/admission.rs

@@ -94,13 +94,24 @@ impl AdmissionController {
     /// overall queue is full or the principal is over its fair-share cap —
     /// then waits up to `max_wait` for an in-flight slot. The returned permit
     /// must be held for the request's lifetime; dropping it frees the slots.
+    ///
+    /// CANCELLATION SAFETY: the semaphore wait below is where a client
+    /// disconnect lands — axum drops the request future mid-await. The
+    /// reservation therefore lives in a RAII [`PendingReservation`] taken
+    /// BEFORE the await: if this future is dropped while queued, the
+    /// guard's Drop rolls the counts back. (The original version
+    /// incremented raw counters and only decremented on the timeout
+    /// branch — every abandoned wait leaked a `pending` + per-principal
+    /// slot, ratcheting the model into a permanent instant-429 state
+    /// under client retry storms. Observed live 2026-07-02:
+    /// `queue_depth: 1` pinned on an idle model.)
     pub async fn enter(
         &self,
         principal: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<AdmissionPermit, AdmissionRejection> {
         // Decision + reservation under one brief lock so concurrent callers
         // can't both slip past the thresholds. No await is held here.
-        {
+        let reservation = {
             let mut st = self.state.lock().expect("admission state poisoned");
             if st.pending >= self.max_pending {
                 return Err(AdmissionRejection::QueueFull {
@@ -119,31 +130,25 @@ impl AdmissionController {
             if let Some(p) = principal {
                 *st.per_principal.entry(p.to_string()).or_insert(0) += 1;
             }
-        }
+            PendingReservation {
+                state: Arc::clone(&self.state),
+                principal: principal.map(str::to_string),
+            }
+        };
 
         match tokio::time::timeout(self.max_wait, Arc::clone(&self.slots).acquire_owned()).await {
             Ok(Ok(permit)) => Ok(AdmissionPermit {
                 _permit: permit,
-                state: Arc::clone(&self.state),
-                principal: principal.map(str::to_string),
+                _reservation: reservation,
+            }),
+            // Semaphore is never closed; treat a closed/elapsed wait the
+            // same. `reservation` drops here, rolling back the counts.
+            Ok(Err(_)) | Err(_) => Err(AdmissionRejection::Timeout {
+                retry_after_secs: self.retry_hint(self.max_pending),
             }),
-            // Semaphore is never closed; treat a closed/elapsed wait the same.
-            Ok(Err(_)) | Err(_) => {
-                self.release(principal);
-                Err(AdmissionRejection::Timeout {
-                    retry_after_secs: self.retry_hint(self.max_pending),
-                })
-            }
         }
     }
 
-    /// Roll back a reserved-but-not-admitted slot (wait timed out).
-    fn release(&self, principal: Option<&str>) {
-        let mut st = self.state.lock().expect("admission state poisoned");
-        st.pending = st.pending.saturating_sub(1);
-        decrement_principal(&mut st.per_principal, principal);
-    }
-
     /// Requests currently running (holding an in-flight slot).
     pub fn in_flight(&self) -> usize {
         self.max_in_flight
@@ -177,16 +182,17 @@ fn decrement_principal(map: &mut HashMap<String, usize>, principal: Option<&str>
     }
 }
 
-/// Held for a request's lifetime; frees the in-flight + queue slot (and the
-/// principal's fair-share slot) on drop.
+/// RAII accounting for one reserved slot (queued or in-flight): decrements
+/// `pending` and the principal's fair-share count on drop, whichever way
+/// the reservation ends — admitted-and-finished, wait timeout, or the
+/// caller's future being dropped mid-queue (client disconnect).
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct AdmissionPermit {
-    _permit: OwnedSemaphorePermit,
+struct PendingReservation {
     state: Arc<Mutex<AdmissionState>>,
     principal: Option<String>,
 }
 
-impl Drop for AdmissionPermit {
+impl Drop for PendingReservation {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         let mut st = self.state.lock().expect("admission state poisoned");
         st.pending = st.pending.saturating_sub(1);
@@ -194,6 +200,14 @@ impl Drop for AdmissionPermit {
     }
 }
 
+/// Held for a request's lifetime; frees the in-flight slot (semaphore
+/// permit) and the queue + fair-share accounting (reservation) on drop.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AdmissionPermit {
+    _permit: OwnedSemaphorePermit,
+    _reservation: PendingReservation,
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -295,4 +309,65 @@ mod tests {
         drop(_a1);
         b.await.unwrap().expect("B is served after A releases");
     }
+
+    /// Regression for the 2026-07-02 retry-storm incident: a client that
+    /// disconnects while QUEUED drops the `enter()` future mid-await.
+    /// The reservation must roll back — the original implementation
+    /// leaked `pending` + the per-principal count on this path, pinning
+    /// the model in a permanent instant-429 state.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn cancelled_queued_waiter_rolls_back_accounting() {
+        let cfg = AdmissionConfig {
+            max_in_flight: 1,
+            max_queue_depth: 2,
+            max_wait_secs: 30,
+            // Cap 3 lets the runner + both waiters coexist; if the two
+            // cancelled waiters leaked their counts, the principal would
+            // sit at 3 == cap and the post-cancel enter below would hit
+            // PrincipalCap instead of queueing.
+            max_per_principal: 3,
+        };
+        let ctrl = Arc::new(AdmissionController::new(&cfg));
+        let running = ctrl.enter(Some("acct/key")).await.expect("admit running");
+
+        // Two waiters from the same principal park in the queue…
+        let mut waiters = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let c = Arc::clone(&ctrl);
+            waiters.push(tokio::spawn(async move {
+                c.enter(Some("acct/key")).await.map(drop)
+            }));
+        }
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+        assert_eq!(ctrl.queue_depth(), 2);
+
+        // …and both clients vanish (abort = the dropped request future).
+        for w in &waiters {
+            w.abort();
+        }
+        for w in waiters {
+            let _ = w.await;
+        }
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            ctrl.queue_depth(),
+            0,
+            "cancelled waiters must not leak queue slots"
+        );
+
+        // The principal's fair-share count must also be clean: with the
+        // runner still holding 1 of its cap of 3, a new request from the
+        // same principal queues instead of hitting PrincipalCap (which a
+        // leak of the two cancelled counts would trigger).
+        let c = Arc::clone(&ctrl);
+        let retry = tokio::spawn(async move { c.enter(Some("acct/key")).await.map(drop) });
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+        assert_eq!(ctrl.queue_depth(), 1, "post-cancel request queues normally");
+        drop(running);
+        retry
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("post-cancel request is served — no leaked principal count");
+    }
 }

crates/neuron/src/harness/arch/qwen3_5/decoder.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use super::TextConfig;
 use super::full_attn::Qwen3_5Attention;
 use super::linear_attn::GatedDeltaNet;
 use super::mlp::Qwen3_5MLP;
+use super::moe::Qwen3_5MoeBlock;
 use super::rmsnorm::Qwen3_5RmsNorm;
 use super::rope::RotaryEmbedding;
 use super::snapshot::LayerKvSnapshot;
@@ -35,10 +36,27 @@ enum AttentionKind {
     Linear(GatedDeltaNet),
 }
 
+/// The FFN slot: dense SwiGLU (Qwen3.6) or the high-sparsity MoE block
+/// (qwen3_next 80B-A3B family, #92), selected per layer by
+/// [`TextConfig::layer_uses_moe`].
+enum MlpKind {
+    Dense(Qwen3_5MLP),
+    Moe(Qwen3_5MoeBlock),
+}
+
+impl Module for MlpKind {
+    fn forward(&self, x: &Tensor) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+        match self {
+            MlpKind::Dense(mlp) => mlp.forward(x),
+            MlpKind::Moe(moe) => moe.forward(x),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct Qwen3_5DecoderLayer {
     input_layernorm: Qwen3_5RmsNorm,
     post_attention_layernorm: Qwen3_5RmsNorm,
-    mlp: Qwen3_5MLP,
+    mlp: MlpKind,
     attention: AttentionKind,
 }
 
@@ -73,7 +91,11 @@ impl Qwen3_5DecoderLayer {
             ),
         };
 
-        let mlp = Qwen3_5MLP::load(cfg, &vb.pp("mlp"))?;
+        let mlp = if cfg.layer_uses_moe(layer_idx) {
+            MlpKind::Moe(Qwen3_5MoeBlock::load(cfg, &vb.pp("mlp"))?)
+        } else {
+            MlpKind::Dense(Qwen3_5MLP::load(cfg, &vb.pp("mlp"))?)
+        };
         let input_layernorm =
             Qwen3_5RmsNorm::load(&vb.pp("input_layernorm"), cfg.hidden_size, cfg.rms_norm_eps)?;
         let post_attention_layernorm = Qwen3_5RmsNorm::load(

crates/neuron/src/harness/arch/qwen3_5/full_attn.rs

@@ -29,6 +29,86 @@ use super::TextConfig;
 use super::rmsnorm::Qwen3_5RmsNorm;
 use super::rope::RotaryEmbedding;
 
+/// Runtime kill-switch for the FlashAttention path (#95):
+/// `NEURON_FLASH_ATTN=0` (or `false`) forces the eager fallback
+/// without a rebuild — the A/B lever and the rollback if the kernels
+/// misbehave on some device. Read once.
+#[cfg(feature = "flash-attn")]
+fn flash_attn_enabled() -> bool {
+    static ENABLED: std::sync::OnceLock<bool> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
+    *ENABLED.get_or_init(|| {
+        let on = !std::env::var("NEURON_FLASH_ATTN").is_ok_and(|v| v == "0" || v == "false");
+        tracing::info!(enabled = on, "FlashAttention path (#95)");
+        on
+    })
+}
+
+/// Attention core shared by the single-GPU and TP full-attention
+/// layers (#95): `(B, H, L, D)` query and `(B, H_kv, S, D)` key/value
+/// (post-KV-cache, NOT GQA-repeated) → `(B, H, L, D)` context.
+///
+/// With the `flash-attn` feature on a CUDA device in f16/bf16, this
+/// dispatches to the FlashAttention kernel: GQA is native (no
+/// repeated-K/V materialisation) and causality is a kernel flag, so
+/// the O(L²) mask/score tensors never exist. The kernels align the
+/// causal mask to the BOTTOM-RIGHT when `seqlen_q != seqlen_k`
+/// (flash-attention v2.1+ semantics), which is exactly what chunked
+/// prefill continuation needs: a chunk of L new queries against
+/// `offset + L` cached keys masks correctly.
+///
+/// INVARIANT: `attn_mask` is either `None` (decode / single position)
+/// or the standard causal mask — the only mask the qwen3_5 forward
+/// constructs. The flash path encodes it as `causal = attn_mask
+/// .is_some()`; a future non-causal mask must extend this signature,
+/// not silently pass through.
+///
+/// Falls back to the eager matmul→softmax→matmul everywhere else
+/// (CPU, f32, feature off, or `NEURON_FLASH_ATTN=0`).
+pub(crate) fn attention_context(
+    q: &Tensor,
+    k: &Tensor,
+    v: &Tensor,
+    attn_mask: Option<&Tensor>,
+    num_kv_groups: usize,
+    scale: f64,
+) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+    #[cfg(feature = "flash-attn")]
+    {
+        use candle_core::DType;
+        let dtype = q.dtype();
+        // Prefill only (q_len > 1): measured on beast (27B, 30k-token
+        // prompt, 2x RTX 5090), flash cuts prefill 24.8s → 22.1s but
+        // REGRESSES decode ~20% (50 → 60 ms/token at 30k KV) — FA2
+        // without flash-decoding is weak at query-length 1 and the
+        // per-step layout transposes add overhead. Greedy outputs are
+        // byte-identical either way, so this split is purely a
+        // performance routing decision.
+        if flash_attn_enabled()
+            && q.dim(2)? > 1
+            && q.device().is_cuda()
+            && (dtype == DType::F16 || dtype == DType::BF16)
+        {
+            // flash_attn wants (B, L, H, D); the callers carry (B, H, L, D).
+            let qf = q.transpose(1, 2)?.contiguous()?;
+            let kf = k.transpose(1, 2)?.contiguous()?;
+            let vf = v.transpose(1, 2)?.contiguous()?;
+            let causal = attn_mask.is_some();
+            let ctx = candle_flash_attn::flash_attn(&qf, &kf, &vf, scale as f32, causal)?;
+            return ctx.transpose(1, 2)?.contiguous();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Eager fallback: materialise GQA-repeated K/V and the score matrix.
+    let k = repeat_kv(k.clone(), num_kv_groups)?.contiguous()?;
+    let v = repeat_kv(v.clone(), num_kv_groups)?.contiguous()?;
+    let mut scores = (q.matmul(&k.transpose(2, 3)?)? * scale)?;
+    if let Some(m) = attn_mask {
+        scores = scores.broadcast_add(m)?;
+    }
+    let probs = candle_nn::ops::softmax_last_dim(&scores)?;
+    probs.matmul(&v)
+}
+
 pub struct Qwen3_5Attention {
     q_proj: Linear,
     k_proj: Linear,
@@ -139,18 +219,10 @@ impl Qwen3_5Attention {
         // 4. KV cache.
         let (k, v) = self.kv_cache.append(&k, &v)?;
 
-        // 5. GQA repeat (cheap shape op).
-        let k = repeat_kv(k, self.num_kv_groups)?.contiguous()?;
-        let v = repeat_kv(v, self.num_kv_groups)?.contiguous()?;
-
-        // 6. Scaled dot-product + causal mask.
+        // 5+6. Attention core — FlashAttention when available, eager
+        // GQA-repeat + masked softmax otherwise (#95).
         let scale = 1.0_f64 / (self.head_dim as f64).sqrt();
-        let mut scores = (q.matmul(&k.transpose(2, 3)?)? * scale)?;
-        if let Some(m) = attn_mask {
-            scores = scores.broadcast_add(m)?;
-        }
-        let probs = candle_nn::ops::softmax_last_dim(&scores)?;
-        let ctx = probs.matmul(&v)?; // (B, H, L, D)
+        let ctx = attention_context(&q, &k, &v, attn_mask, self.num_kv_groups, scale)?; // (B, H, L, D)
 
         // 7. Reshape back, apply the output gate, project.
         let ctx = ctx

crates/neuron/src/harness/arch/qwen3_5/linear_attn.rs

@@ -139,10 +139,42 @@ impl GatedDeltaNet {
         let conv_dim = key_dim * 2 + value_dim;
 
         // ----- Linear projections (all `bias=False` in the reference). -----
-        let in_proj_qkv = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "in_proj_qkv", cfg.hidden_size, conv_dim)?;
-        let in_proj_z = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "in_proj_z", cfg.hidden_size, value_dim)?;
-        let in_proj_b = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "in_proj_b", cfg.hidden_size, num_v_heads)?;
-        let in_proj_a = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "in_proj_a", cfg.hidden_size, num_v_heads)?;
+        // Two checkpoint layouts exist for the input projections:
+        // - Qwen3.6 (qwen3_5): separate `in_proj_qkv` / `in_proj_z` /
+        //   `in_proj_b` / `in_proj_a`, with qkv stored as contiguous
+        //   [Q | K | V] blocks — loads directly.
+        // - Qwen3-Next 80B-A3B (qwen3_next, #92): fused `in_proj_qkvz`
+        //   + `in_proj_ba`, **interleaved per key-head group** (see
+        //   `split_fused_qkvz`/`split_fused_ba`) — de-interleaved once
+        //   at load into the same contiguous layout, so the forward
+        //   path (incl. the conv over [Q|K|V] channels) is unchanged.
+        let (in_proj_qkv, in_proj_z, in_proj_b, in_proj_a) =
+            if vb.contains_tensor("in_proj_qkvz.weight") {
+                let qkvz = vb
+                    .pp("in_proj_qkvz")
+                    .get((2 * key_dim + 2 * value_dim, cfg.hidden_size), "weight")
+                    .with_context(|| format!("load '{}/in_proj_qkvz/weight'", vb.prefix()))?;
+                let ba = vb
+                    .pp("in_proj_ba")
+                    .get((2 * num_v_heads, cfg.hidden_size), "weight")
+                    .with_context(|| format!("load '{}/in_proj_ba/weight'", vb.prefix()))?;
+                let (qkv_w, z_w) =
+                    split_fused_qkvz(&qkvz, num_k_heads, num_v_heads, head_k_dim, head_v_dim)?;
+                let (b_w, a_w) = split_fused_ba(&ba, num_k_heads, num_v_heads)?;
+                (
+                    Linear::new(qkv_w, None),
+                    Linear::new(z_w, None),
+                    Linear::new(b_w, None),
+                    Linear::new(a_w, None),
+                )
+            } else {
+                (
+                    load_linear_no_bias(vb, "in_proj_qkv", cfg.hidden_size, conv_dim)?,
+                    load_linear_no_bias(vb, "in_proj_z", cfg.hidden_size, value_dim)?,
+                    load_linear_no_bias(vb, "in_proj_b", cfg.hidden_size, num_v_heads)?,
+                    load_linear_no_bias(vb, "in_proj_a", cfg.hidden_size, num_v_heads)?,
+                )
+            };
         let out_proj = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "out_proj", value_dim, cfg.hidden_size)?;
 
         // ----- Conv1d weight (depthwise, bias=False). -----
@@ -889,6 +921,61 @@ fn load_linear_no_bias(
     Ok(Linear::new(weight, None))
 }
 
+/// De-interleave a fused `in_proj_qkvz.weight` (qwen3_next layout, #92)
+/// into a contiguous `[Q | K | V]` qkv weight plus a `Z` weight.
+///
+/// The fused rows are grouped **per key head**: for each of the
+/// `num_k_heads` groups (`r = num_v_heads / num_k_heads`, group stride
+/// `s = 2*head_k + 2*head_v*r`), the group holds
+/// `[q (head_k) | k (head_k) | v (head_v*r) | z (head_v*r)]` — the
+/// reshape in upstream `fix_query_key_value_ordering`
+/// `(num_k_heads, 2*head_k + 2*head_v*num_v/num_k)`. Concatenating the
+/// per-group regions restores the global-contiguous layout the rest of
+/// this module (incl. the conv over `[Q|K|V]` channels) expects.
+pub(crate) fn split_fused_qkvz(
+    qkvz: &Tensor,
+    num_k_heads: usize,
+    num_v_heads: usize,
+    head_k_dim: usize,
+    head_v_dim: usize,
+) -> Result<(Tensor, Tensor)> {
+    let r = num_v_heads / num_k_heads;
+    let stride = 2 * head_k_dim + 2 * head_v_dim * r;
+    let (mut qs, mut ks, mut vs, mut zs) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for g in 0..num_k_heads {
+        let base = g * stride;
+        qs.push(qkvz.narrow(0, base, head_k_dim)?);
+        ks.push(qkvz.narrow(0, base + head_k_dim, head_k_dim)?);
+        vs.push(qkvz.narrow(0, base + 2 * head_k_dim, head_v_dim * r)?);
+        zs.push(qkvz.narrow(0, base + 2 * head_k_dim + head_v_dim * r, head_v_dim * r)?);
+    }
+    let parts: Vec<Tensor> = qs.into_iter().chain(ks).chain(vs).collect();
+    let qkv = Tensor::cat(&parts, 0)?.contiguous()?;
+    let z = Tensor::cat(&zs, 0)?.contiguous()?;
+    Ok((qkv, z))
+}
+
+/// De-interleave a fused `in_proj_ba.weight` (qwen3_next layout, #92)
+/// into per-v-head `b` (beta) and `a` (decay) weights. Same per-key-head
+/// grouping as [`split_fused_qkvz`]: each group holds `[b (r) | a (r)]`
+/// rows, `r = num_v_heads / num_k_heads`.
+pub(crate) fn split_fused_ba(
+    ba: &Tensor,
+    num_k_heads: usize,
+    num_v_heads: usize,
+) -> Result<(Tensor, Tensor)> {
+    let r = num_v_heads / num_k_heads;
+    let (mut bs, mut r#as) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for g in 0..num_k_heads {
+        let base = g * 2 * r;
+        bs.push(ba.narrow(0, base, r)?);
+        r#as.push(ba.narrow(0, base + r, r)?);
+    }
+    let b = Tensor::cat(&bs, 0)?.contiguous()?;
+    let a = Tensor::cat(&r#as, 0)?.contiguous()?;
+    Ok((b, a))
+}
+
 /// Numerically-stable `softplus(x) = ln(1 + exp(x))`. Matches PyTorch's
 /// `F.softplus` default (beta=1, threshold=20: for large positive x,
 /// returns x as-is to avoid overflow in the exp).
@@ -1138,6 +1225,13 @@ mod tests {
             linear_key_head_dim: 4,
             linear_value_head_dim: 4,
             linear_conv_kernel_dim: 4,
+            num_experts: 0,
+            num_experts_per_tok: 0,
+            moe_intermediate_size: 0,
+            shared_expert_intermediate_size: 0,
+            decoder_sparse_step: 1,
+            mlp_only_layers: Vec::new(),
+            norm_topk_prob: false,
         };
 
         // Build a synthetic VarBuilder with all-zeros weights.
@@ -1179,4 +1273,115 @@ mod tests {
         let v: Vec<f32> = y.flatten_all().unwrap().to_vec1().unwrap();
         assert!(v.iter().all(|x| x.is_finite()));
     }
+
+    /// Interleave known per-head Q/K/V/Z (and B/A) rows into the fused
+    /// qwen3_next layout, split, and expect the original contiguous
+    /// blocks back. Layout under test: per key-head group g,
+    /// `[q_g | k_g | v_g | z_g]` with r = num_v/num_k value heads per
+    /// group (upstream `fix_query_key_value_ordering`).
+    #[test]
+    fn split_fused_qkvz_and_ba_roundtrip() {
+        let dev = Device::Cpu;
+        let (num_k, num_v, head_k, head_v, hidden) = (2usize, 4usize, 3usize, 2usize, 5usize);
+        let r = num_v / num_k;
+
+        // Distinct constant per logical row so any mis-slicing shows.
+        let row = |tag: f32| Tensor::full(tag, (1, hidden), &dev).unwrap();
+        let mut fused_rows: Vec<Tensor> = Vec::new();
+        let (mut q_rows, mut k_rows, mut v_rows, mut z_rows) =
+            (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+        for g in 0..num_k {
+            let base = 1000.0 * (g as f32 + 1.0);
+            for i in 0..head_k {
+                let t = row(base + i as f32);
+                fused_rows.push(t.clone());
+                q_rows.push(t);
+            }
+            for i in 0..head_k {
+                let t = row(base + 100.0 + i as f32);
+                fused_rows.push(t.clone());
+                k_rows.push(t);
+            }
+            for i in 0..head_v * r {
+                let t = row(base + 200.0 + i as f32);
+                fused_rows.push(t.clone());
+                v_rows.push(t);
+            }
+            for i in 0..head_v * r {
+                let t = row(base + 300.0 + i as f32);
+                fused_rows.push(t.clone());
+                z_rows.push(t);
+            }
+        }
+        let fused = Tensor::cat(&fused_rows, 0).unwrap();
+        let expected_qkv = Tensor::cat(
+            &q_rows
+                .iter()
+                .chain(k_rows.iter())
+                .chain(v_rows.iter())
+                .cloned()
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            0,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let expected_z = Tensor::cat(&z_rows, 0).unwrap();
+
+        let (qkv, z) = split_fused_qkvz(&fused, num_k, num_v, head_k, head_v).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(qkv.dims(), &[2 * num_k * head_k + num_v * head_v, hidden]);
+        let diff_qkv: f32 = (qkv - expected_qkv)
+            .unwrap()
+            .abs()
+            .unwrap()
+            .max_all()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_scalar()
+            .unwrap();
+        let diff_z: f32 = (z - expected_z)
+            .unwrap()
+            .abs()
+            .unwrap()
+            .max_all()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_scalar()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(diff_qkv, 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(diff_z, 0.0);
+
+        // ba: per group, [b (r rows) | a (r rows)].
+        let mut ba_rows = Vec::new();
+        let (mut b_rows, mut a_rows) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+        for g in 0..num_k {
+            let base = 10.0 * (g as f32 + 1.0);
+            for i in 0..r {
+                let t = row(base + i as f32);
+                ba_rows.push(t.clone());
+                b_rows.push(t);
+            }
+            for i in 0..r {
+                let t = row(base + 5.0 + i as f32);
+                ba_rows.push(t.clone());
+                a_rows.push(t);
+            }
+        }
+        let ba = Tensor::cat(&ba_rows, 0).unwrap();
+        let (b, a) = split_fused_ba(&ba, num_k, num_v).unwrap();
+        let diff_b: f32 = (b - Tensor::cat(&b_rows, 0).unwrap())
+            .unwrap()
+            .abs()
+            .unwrap()
+            .max_all()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_scalar()
+            .unwrap();
+        let diff_a: f32 = (a - Tensor::cat(&a_rows, 0).unwrap())
+            .unwrap()
+            .abs()
+            .unwrap()
+            .max_all()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_scalar()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(diff_b, 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(diff_a, 0.0);
+    }
 }

crates/neuron/src/harness/arch/qwen3_5/mlp.rs

@@ -17,12 +17,32 @@ pub struct Qwen3_5MLP {
 }
 
 impl Qwen3_5MLP {
+    /// Construct directly from pre-built projections (MoE-block tests).
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn from_weights(gate_proj: Linear, up_proj: Linear, down_proj: Linear) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            gate_proj,
+            up_proj,
+            down_proj,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn load(cfg: &TextConfig, vb: &ShardedVarBuilder) -> Result<Self> {
-        let h = cfg.hidden_size;
-        let i = cfg.intermediate_size;
-        let gate_proj = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "gate_proj", h, i)?;
-        let up_proj = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "up_proj", h, i)?;
-        let down_proj = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "down_proj", i, h)?;
+        Self::load_with_dims(vb, cfg.hidden_size, cfg.intermediate_size)
+    }
+
+    /// Load with explicit dims — the MoE block (#92) reuses this SwiGLU
+    /// shape for routed experts (`moe_intermediate_size`) and the shared
+    /// expert (`shared_expert_intermediate_size`), both narrower than
+    /// the dense `intermediate_size`.
+    pub fn load_with_dims(
+        vb: &ShardedVarBuilder,
+        hidden: usize,
+        intermediate: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let gate_proj = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "gate_proj", hidden, intermediate)?;
+        let up_proj = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "up_proj", hidden, intermediate)?;
+        let down_proj = load_linear_no_bias(vb, "down_proj", intermediate, hidden)?;
         Ok(Self {
             gate_proj,
             up_proj,

crates/neuron/src/harness/arch/qwen3_5/mod.rs

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ pub mod decoder;
 pub mod full_attn;
 pub mod linear_attn;
 pub mod mlp;
+pub mod moe;
 pub mod rmsnorm;
 pub mod rope;
 pub mod snapshot;
@@ -90,6 +91,13 @@ use rope::RotaryEmbedding;
 /// magic strings.
 pub const MODEL_TYPE: &str = "qwen3_5";
 
+/// `model_type` of the MoE sibling family (Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B /
+/// Qwen3-Coder-Next): the same Gated DeltaNet hybrid layer stack with
+/// a high-sparsity MoE FFN per layer. Served by this same arch module —
+/// [`Config::from_config_json`] normalises the flat qwen3_next
+/// `config.json` layout into the nested shape used here.
+pub const MODEL_TYPE_NEXT: &str = "qwen3_next";
+
 /// Top-level shape of Qwen3-Next's `config.json`. The real
 /// hyperparameters live in `text_config`; the rest is multimodal /
 /// tokeniser glue we don't need for the language-model forward.
@@ -117,6 +125,79 @@ pub struct Config {
     pub image_token_id: Option<u32>,
 }
 
+impl Config {
+    /// Parse a `config.json` for either family this arch serves,
+    /// normalising layout differences (#92):
+    ///
+    /// - `model_type == "qwen3_5"` (Qwen3.6): hyperparameters nested
+    ///   under `text_config`, RoPE nested under `rope_parameters` —
+    ///   deserialises directly.
+    /// - `model_type == "qwen3_next"` (Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B family):
+    ///   **flat** layout — hyperparameters at the top level,
+    ///   `rope_theta`/`partial_rotary_factor` flat, no vision block.
+    ///   Wrapped into the nested shape here. The output gate on full
+    ///   attention is unconditional in the upstream qwen3_next
+    ///   implementation (the config carries no flag), so
+    ///   `attn_output_gate` is forced on.
+    ///
+    /// Both variants may omit `layer_types` (qwen3_next always does);
+    /// it is derived from `full_attention_interval` using the upstream
+    /// convention: layer `i` is `full_attention` iff
+    /// `(i + 1) % interval == 0`, else `linear_attention`.
+    pub fn from_config_json(json: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let v: serde_json::Value =
+            serde_json::from_str(json).context("parse config.json as JSON")?;
+        let model_type = v
+            .get("model_type")
+            .and_then(|m| m.as_str())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .to_string();
+
+        let mut cfg: Config = if model_type == MODEL_TYPE_NEXT {
+            let mut text = v.clone();
+            if text.get("rope_parameters").is_none() {
+                let mut rope = serde_json::Map::new();
+                for key in ["rope_theta", "partial_rotary_factor", "rope_type"] {
+                    if let Some(val) = v.get(key) {
+                        rope.insert(key.to_string(), val.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+                text["rope_parameters"] = serde_json::Value::Object(rope);
+            }
+            let mut text_config: TextConfig = serde_json::from_value(text)
+                .context("parse flat qwen3_next config.json hyperparameters")?;
+            text_config.attn_output_gate = true;
+            Config {
+                model_type,
+                text_config,
+                vision_config: None,
+                image_token_id: None,
+            }
+        } else {
+            serde_json::from_str(json).context("parse nested qwen3_5 config.json")?
+        };
+
+        if cfg.text_config.layer_types.is_empty() {
+            let interval = cfg.text_config.full_attention_interval.unwrap_or(4);
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                interval > 0,
+                "full_attention_interval must be >= 1 to derive layer_types"
+            );
+            cfg.text_config.layer_types = (0..cfg.text_config.num_hidden_layers)
+                .map(|i| {
+                    if (i + 1).is_multiple_of(interval) {
+                        "full_attention".to_string()
+                    } else {
+                        "linear_attention".to_string()
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect();
+        }
+
+        Ok(cfg)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Inner config (the `text_config` block). Mirrors the Qwen3 layout
 /// but with the extras Qwen3-Next adds (`attn_output_gate`,
 /// `layer_types`, `full_attention_interval`, larger `head_dim`).
@@ -185,6 +266,56 @@ pub struct TextConfig {
     /// (Qwen3.6-27B: 4).
     #[serde(default)]
     pub linear_conv_kernel_dim: usize,
+
+    // --- High-sparsity MoE FFN (Qwen3-Next 80B-A3B family, #92) --------
+    // All default to the dense case (0 experts) so existing dense
+    // configs (Qwen3.6-27B) deserialise unchanged. A layer gets the MoE
+    // FFN iff `layer_uses_moe` says so; otherwise the dense SwiGLU.
+    /// Total routed experts per MoE layer (80B-A3B: 512). `0` → dense
+    /// model, no MoE anywhere.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub num_experts: usize,
+    /// Experts activated per token (80B-A3B: 10).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub num_experts_per_tok: usize,
+    /// Per-expert FFN width (80B-A3B: 512). Distinct from the dense
+    /// `intermediate_size`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub moe_intermediate_size: usize,
+    /// Width of the always-on shared expert (80B-A3B: 512). `0` → no
+    /// shared expert (Qwen3-30B-A3B style).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub shared_expert_intermediate_size: usize,
+    /// Every `decoder_sparse_step`-th layer is MoE (1 → all layers,
+    /// the 80B-A3B case). Follows the upstream `(i+1) % step == 0`
+    /// convention.
+    #[serde(default = "default_decoder_sparse_step")]
+    pub decoder_sparse_step: usize,
+    /// Layer indices forced to the dense MLP even when MoE is on.
+    /// Empty for 80B-A3B.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub mlp_only_layers: Vec<usize>,
+    /// Renormalise the top-k routing weights to sum to 1 (80B-A3B:
+    /// true). Upstream selects top-k *after* softmax over all experts.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub norm_topk_prob: bool,
+}
+
+impl TextConfig {
+    /// Whether decoder layer `layer_idx` carries the MoE FFN (vs the
+    /// dense SwiGLU). Mirrors upstream `Qwen3NextDecoderLayer`:
+    /// experts configured, layer not in `mlp_only_layers`, and on the
+    /// `decoder_sparse_step` grid.
+    pub fn layer_uses_moe(&self, layer_idx: usize) -> bool {
+        self.num_experts > 0
+            && self.decoder_sparse_step > 0
+            && !self.mlp_only_layers.contains(&layer_idx)
+            && (layer_idx + 1).is_multiple_of(self.decoder_sparse_step)
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_decoder_sparse_step() -> usize {
+    1
 }
 
 fn default_hidden_act() -> String {
@@ -330,17 +461,20 @@ pub struct Qwen3_5Model {
 }
 
 impl Qwen3_5Model {
-    pub fn load(cfg: &TextConfig, vb: &ShardedVarBuilder) -> Result<Self> {
+    /// `text_prefix` is where the text core lives in the checkpoint:
+    /// - Qwen3.6 (multimodal, `model_type = "qwen3_5"`):
+    ///   `model.language_model` — sibling to `model.visual.*` (the
+    ///   vision tower) and top-level `lm_head` / `mtp.*`.
+    /// - Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B (text-only, `model_type = "qwen3_next"`):
+    ///   plain `model`.
+    ///
+    /// [`Qwen3_5ForCausalLM::new`] picks by `Config::model_type` via
+    /// [`text_weight_prefix`].
+    pub fn load(cfg: &TextConfig, vb: &ShardedVarBuilder, text_prefix: &str) -> Result<Self> {
         let dtype = vb.dtype();
         let device = vb.device().clone();
 
-        // Qwen3-Next is a multimodal architecture whose text core lives
-        // under `model.language_model.*` — sibling to `model.visual.*`
-        // (the vision tower) and to top-level `lm_head` / `mtp.*`.
-        // Every text-side tensor in the safetensors files is under
-        // this prefix; we ignore the vision and MTP weights for
-        // language-model inference.
-        let text_vb = vb.pp("model.language_model");
+        let text_vb = vb.pp(text_prefix);
 
         let embed_vb = text_vb.pp("embed_tokens");
         let embed_weight = embed_vb
@@ -444,6 +578,67 @@ impl Qwen3_5Model {
         self.forward_inner(input, offset, None, None, &[], None)
     }
 
+    /// Lockstep batched decode step (#98): `input` is `(B, 1)` — one
+    /// new token per batch row — with each row at its own sequence
+    /// position `positions[i]` (typically `prefix_lens[i] + step`).
+    /// The cache must hold batched state (see
+    /// `snapshot::assemble_batch`); `attn_mask` is the padding mask
+    /// from [`Self::batch_decode_mask`] (or `None` when no row is
+    /// padded). Text-only: `rope_delta` is ignored — positions are
+    /// explicit and vision requests never enter the batch path.
+    pub fn forward_batch_decode(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &Tensor,
+        positions: &[usize],
+        attn_mask: Option<&Tensor>,
+    ) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+        let (b, l) = input.dims2()?;
+        if l != 1 {
+            candle_core::bail!("forward_batch_decode: expected (B, 1) input, got (B, {l})");
+        }
+        if positions.len() != b {
+            candle_core::bail!(
+                "forward_batch_decode: {} positions for batch of {b}",
+                positions.len()
+            );
+        }
+        let mut h = self.embed_tokens.forward(input)?;
+        let (cos, sin) = self.rotary.batch_cos_sin(positions)?;
+        for layer in &mut self.layers {
+            h = layer.forward(&h, attn_mask, &cos, &sin)?;
+        }
+        self.norm.forward(&h)
+    }
+
+    /// Additive padding mask for a batched decode step: shape
+    /// `(B, 1, 1, total_len)`, `-inf` on each row's padding gap
+    /// `[prefix_lens[i], padded_len)`, zero elsewhere. `total_len` is
+    /// the KV length *after* this step's append (`padded_len + step +
+    /// 1`). Returns `None` when no row is padded (uniform prefix
+    /// lengths) — the decode step then needs no mask at all, matching
+    /// the single-sequence fast path.
+    pub fn batch_decode_mask(
+        &self,
+        prefix_lens: &[usize],
+        padded_len: usize,
+        total_len: usize,
+    ) -> candle_core::Result<Option<Tensor>> {
+        if prefix_lens.iter().all(|&len| len == padded_len) {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        let minf = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
+        let b = prefix_lens.len();
+        let mask: Vec<f32> = prefix_lens
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|&len| {
+                (0..total_len).map(move |j| if j >= len && j < padded_len { minf } else { 0. })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Ok(Some(
+            Tensor::from_vec(mask, (b, 1, 1, total_len), &self.device)?.to_dtype(self.dtype)?,
+        ))
+    }
+
     /// Forward for a vision-prefill chunk: optional image-embedding
     /// splice plus explicit interleaved-M-RoPE `position_ids` (the
     /// chunk's slice of the full prompt's 3D positions). Mirrors the TP
@@ -605,10 +800,20 @@ pub struct Qwen3_5ForCausalLM {
     image_token_id: Option<u32>,
 }
 
+/// Checkpoint prefix of the text core for a given `model_type` — see
+/// [`Qwen3_5Model::load`].
+pub fn text_weight_prefix(model_type: &str) -> &'static str {
+    if model_type == MODEL_TYPE_NEXT {
+        "model"
+    } else {
+        "model.language_model"
+    }
+}
+
 impl Qwen3_5ForCausalLM {
     pub fn new(config: Config, vb: ShardedVarBuilder) -> Result<Self> {
         let cfg = &config.text_config;
-        let base = Qwen3_5Model::load(cfg, &vb)?;
+        let base = Qwen3_5Model::load(cfg, &vb, text_weight_prefix(&config.model_type))?;
         let lm_head = if cfg.tie_word_embeddings {
             Linear::new(base.embed_weight().clone(), None)
         } else {
@@ -676,6 +881,34 @@ impl Qwen3_5ForCausalLM {
         hidden.i((.., l - 1.., ..))?.apply(&self.lm_head)
     }
 
+    /// Lockstep batched decode step (#98): `(B, 1)` input, per-row
+    /// positions, padding mask from
+    /// [`Qwen3_5Model::batch_decode_mask`]. Returns `(B, 1,
+    /// vocab_size)` — one logits row per batch row.
+    pub fn forward_batch_decode(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &Tensor,
+        positions: &[usize],
+        attn_mask: Option<&Tensor>,
+    ) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+        let hidden = self
+            .base
+            .forward_batch_decode(input, positions, attn_mask)?;
+        hidden.apply(&self.lm_head)
+    }
+
+    /// Padding mask for a batched decode step — see
+    /// [`Qwen3_5Model::batch_decode_mask`].
+    pub fn batch_decode_mask(
+        &self,
+        prefix_lens: &[usize],
+        padded_len: usize,
+        total_len: usize,
+    ) -> candle_core::Result<Option<Tensor>> {
+        self.base
+            .batch_decode_mask(prefix_lens, padded_len, total_len)
+    }
+
     /// Stage B: forward with image-embedding splice. Mirrors `forward`
     /// but routes through `Qwen3_5Model::forward_with_vision` so the
     /// LM's input embeddings get the image patches spliced in at
@@ -915,6 +1148,233 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(cfg.text_config.layer_types.len(), 4);
         assert_eq!(cfg.text_config.rope_parameters.rope_theta, 10_000_000.0);
         assert!((cfg.text_config.rope_parameters.partial_rotary_factor - 0.25).abs() < 1e-6);
+        // Dense config: no MoE anywhere.
+        assert_eq!(cfg.text_config.num_experts, 0);
+        assert!(!cfg.text_config.layer_uses_moe(0));
+
+        // The normalising entry point must agree with plain serde for
+        // the nested shape (and leave the explicit layer_types alone).
+        let via_norm = Config::from_config_json(raw).expect("normalised parse");
+        assert_eq!(via_norm.text_config.layer_types.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(via_norm.text_config.layer_types[3], "full_attention");
+    }
+
+    /// The flat qwen3_next layout (Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B family): all
+    /// hyperparameters top-level, flat rope fields, no `layer_types`,
+    /// MoE fields present. Sample mirrors
+    /// `Qwen/Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B-Instruct/config.json`.
+    #[test]
+    fn config_normalises_the_flat_qwen3_next_shape() {
+        let raw = r#"{
+            "architectures": ["Qwen3NextForCausalLM"],
+            "model_type": "qwen3_next",
+            "vocab_size": 151936,
+            "hidden_size": 2048,
+            "intermediate_size": 5120,
+            "num_hidden_layers": 48,
+            "num_attention_heads": 16,
+            "num_key_value_heads": 2,
+            "head_dim": 256,
+            "max_position_embeddings": 262144,
+            "partial_rotary_factor": 0.25,
+            "rope_theta": 10000000,
+            "rms_norm_eps": 1e-6,
+            "tie_word_embeddings": false,
+            "full_attention_interval": 4,
+            "linear_conv_kernel_dim": 4,
+            "linear_key_head_dim": 128,
+            "linear_num_key_heads": 16,
+            "linear_num_value_heads": 32,
+            "linear_value_head_dim": 128,
+            "decoder_sparse_step": 1,
+            "mlp_only_layers": [],
+            "moe_intermediate_size": 512,
+            "norm_topk_prob": true,
+            "num_experts": 512,
+            "num_experts_per_tok": 10,
+            "shared_expert_intermediate_size": 512
+        }"#;
+        let cfg = Config::from_config_json(raw).expect("parse qwen3_next config");
+        assert_eq!(cfg.model_type, MODEL_TYPE_NEXT);
+        assert!(cfg.vision_config.is_none());
+
+        let t = &cfg.text_config;
+        assert_eq!(t.hidden_size, 2048);
+        // Flat rope fields normalised into the nested block.
+        assert_eq!(t.rope_parameters.rope_theta, 10_000_000.0);
+        assert!((t.rope_parameters.partial_rotary_factor - 0.25).abs() < 1e-6);
+        // Output-gated attention is unconditional for qwen3_next.
+        assert!(t.attn_output_gate);
+        // layer_types derived from the interval: (i+1) % 4 == 0 → full.
+        assert_eq!(t.layer_types.len(), 48);
+        assert_eq!(t.layer_types[3], "full_attention");
+        assert_eq!(t.layer_types[47], "full_attention");
+        assert_eq!(t.layer_types[0], "linear_attention");
+        assert_eq!(t.layer_types[46], "linear_attention");
+        assert_eq!(
+            t.layer_types
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|s| *s == "full_attention")
+                .count(),
+            12
+        );
+        // MoE hyperparameters land.
+        assert_eq!(t.num_experts, 512);
+        assert_eq!(t.num_experts_per_tok, 10);
+        assert_eq!(t.moe_intermediate_size, 512);
+        assert_eq!(t.shared_expert_intermediate_size, 512);
+        assert!(t.norm_topk_prob);
+        // decoder_sparse_step 1 + empty mlp_only_layers → every layer MoE.
+        assert!(t.layer_uses_moe(0));
+        assert!(t.layer_uses_moe(47));
+    }
+
+    /// End-to-end structural check for the qwen3_next path (#92): a
+    /// tiny random-weight checkpoint in the **flat** layout (`model.*`
+    /// prefix, fused `in_proj_qkvz`/`in_proj_ba`, per-expert MoE
+    /// tensors, shared expert) loads through `Config::from_config_json`
+    /// and `Qwen3_5ForCausalLM::new`, producing finite logits of the
+    /// right shape. Numerical parity vs HF is pinned separately by the
+    /// `qwen3_next_parity` fixture test.
+    #[test]
+    fn tiny_qwen3_next_checkpoint_loads_and_forwards() {
+        use candle_core::Device;
+        use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+        let raw = r#"{
+            "model_type": "qwen3_next",
+            "vocab_size": 32, "hidden_size": 8, "intermediate_size": 16,
+            "num_hidden_layers": 2, "num_attention_heads": 2,
+            "num_key_value_heads": 1, "head_dim": 4,
+            "max_position_embeddings": 64, "rms_norm_eps": 1e-6,
+            "full_attention_interval": 2,
+            "linear_num_value_heads": 4, "linear_num_key_heads": 2,
+            "linear_key_head_dim": 4, "linear_value_head_dim": 4,
+            "linear_conv_kernel_dim": 4,
+            "num_experts": 4, "num_experts_per_tok": 2,
+            "moe_intermediate_size": 4,
+            "shared_expert_intermediate_size": 4,
+            "norm_topk_prob": true
+        }"#;
+        let cfg = Config::from_config_json(raw).expect("parse tiny qwen3_next config");
+        assert_eq!(cfg.text_config.layer_types[0], "linear_attention");
+        assert_eq!(cfg.text_config.layer_types[1], "full_attention");
+
+        let dev = Device::Cpu;
+        let randn = |shape: &[usize]| Tensor::randn(0f32, 0.1f32, shape, &dev).unwrap();
+        let ones = |shape: &[usize]| Tensor::ones(shape, DType::F32, &dev).unwrap();
+        let mut t: HashMap<String, Tensor> = HashMap::new();
+
+        let (h, vocab) = (8usize, 32usize);
+        t.insert("model.embed_tokens.weight".into(), randn(&[vocab, h]));
+        t.insert("lm_head.weight".into(), randn(&[vocab, h]));
+        t.insert("model.norm.weight".into(), ones(&[h]));
+
+        let moe = |t: &mut HashMap<String, Tensor>, p: &str| {
+            t.insert(format!("{p}.gate.weight"), randn(&[4, h]));
+            for e in 0..4 {
+                t.insert(format!("{p}.experts.{e}.gate_proj.weight"), randn(&[4, h]));
+                t.insert(format!("{p}.experts.{e}.up_proj.weight"), randn(&[4, h]));
+                t.insert(format!("{p}.experts.{e}.down_proj.weight"), randn(&[h, 4]));
+            }
+            t.insert(
+                format!("{p}.shared_expert.gate_proj.weight"),
+                randn(&[4, h]),
+            );
+            t.insert(format!("{p}.shared_expert.up_proj.weight"), randn(&[4, h]));
+            t.insert(
+                format!("{p}.shared_expert.down_proj.weight"),
+                randn(&[h, 4]),
+            );
+            t.insert(format!("{p}.shared_expert_gate.weight"), randn(&[1, h]));
+        };
+
+        // Layer 0: linear_attention with the FUSED qwen3_next input
+        // projections. key_dim = 2*4 = 8, value_dim = 4*4 = 16 →
+        // qkvz rows = 2*8 + 2*16 = 48, ba rows = 2*4 = 8, conv_dim = 32.
+        let l0 = "model.layers.0";
+        t.insert(
+            format!("{l0}.linear_attn.in_proj_qkvz.weight"),
+            randn(&[48, h]),
+        );
+        t.insert(
+            format!("{l0}.linear_attn.in_proj_ba.weight"),
+            randn(&[8, h]),
+        );
+        t.insert(
+            format!("{l0}.linear_attn.conv1d.weight"),
+            randn(&[32, 1, 4]),
+        );
+        t.insert(format!("{l0}.linear_attn.dt_bias"), randn(&[4]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l0}.linear_attn.A_log"), randn(&[4]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l0}.linear_attn.norm.weight"), ones(&[4]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l0}.linear_attn.out_proj.weight"), randn(&[h, 16]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l0}.input_layernorm.weight"), ones(&[h]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l0}.post_attention_layernorm.weight"), ones(&[h]));
+        moe(&mut t, &format!("{l0}.mlp"));
+
+        // Layer 1: full_attention (output-gated: q_proj is 2×).
+        let l1 = "model.layers.1";
+        t.insert(
+            format!("{l1}.self_attn.q_proj.weight"),
+            randn(&[2 * 2 * 4, h]),
+        );
+        t.insert(format!("{l1}.self_attn.k_proj.weight"), randn(&[4, h]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l1}.self_attn.v_proj.weight"), randn(&[4, h]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l1}.self_attn.o_proj.weight"), randn(&[h, 8]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l1}.self_attn.q_norm.weight"), ones(&[4]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l1}.self_attn.k_norm.weight"), ones(&[4]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l1}.input_layernorm.weight"), ones(&[h]));
+        t.insert(format!("{l1}.post_attention_layernorm.weight"), ones(&[h]));
+        moe(&mut t, &format!("{l1}.mlp"));
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
+        let path = dir.path().join("model.safetensors");
+        candle_core::safetensors::save(&t, &path).expect("save safetensors");
+        // SAFETY: mmap of a file this test just wrote; nothing mutates it.
+        let vb = unsafe {
+            candle_nn::var_builder::ShardedSafeTensors::var_builder(
+                std::slice::from_ref(&path),
+                DType::F32,
+                &dev,
+            )
+            .expect("build ShardedVarBuilder")
+        };
+
+        let mut model = Qwen3_5ForCausalLM::new(cfg, vb).expect("load tiny qwen3_next checkpoint");
+        let input = Tensor::new(&[1u32, 5, 9], &dev)
+            .unwrap()
+            .unsqueeze(0)
+            .unwrap();
+        let logits = model.forward(&input, 0).expect("forward");
+        assert_eq!(logits.dims(), &[1, 1, vocab]);
+        let v: Vec<f32> = logits.flatten_all().unwrap().to_vec1().unwrap();
+        assert!(v.iter().all(|x| x.is_finite()), "logits must be finite");
+    }
+
+    /// `mlp_only_layers` and `decoder_sparse_step` gate `layer_uses_moe`
+    /// per the upstream convention.
+    #[test]
+    fn layer_uses_moe_respects_step_and_exclusions() {
+        let raw = r#"{
+            "model_type": "qwen3_next",
+            "vocab_size": 8, "hidden_size": 8, "intermediate_size": 8,
+            "num_hidden_layers": 8, "num_attention_heads": 2,
+            "num_key_value_heads": 1, "head_dim": 4,
+            "max_position_embeddings": 128, "rms_norm_eps": 1e-6,
+            "num_experts": 4, "num_experts_per_tok": 2,
+            "moe_intermediate_size": 8,
+            "decoder_sparse_step": 2,
+            "mlp_only_layers": [3]
+        }"#;
+        let cfg = Config::from_config_json(raw).expect("parse");
+        let t = &cfg.text_config;
+        // step 2 → layers 1, 3, 5, 7 are on the sparse grid…
+        assert!(!t.layer_uses_moe(0));
+        assert!(t.layer_uses_moe(1));
+        // …but 3 is excluded by mlp_only_layers.
+        assert!(!t.layer_uses_moe(3));
+        assert!(t.layer_uses_moe(5));
     }
 
     /// `splice_runs` replaces (1, L, H) embedding rows at the given

crates/neuron/src/harness/arch/qwen3_5/moe.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+//! High-sparsity MoE FFN block for the qwen3_next family (#92).
+//!
+//! Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B replaces the dense SwiGLU in (almost) every
+//! decoder layer with `Qwen3NextSparseMoeBlock`: a top-k router over
+//! `num_experts` small SwiGLU experts, plus an always-on **shared
+//! expert** mixed in through a per-token sigmoid gate:
+//!
+//! ```text
+//! probs   = softmax(gate(x))                 # over ALL experts, f32
+//! w, idx  = topk(probs, num_experts_per_tok)
+//! w       = w / sum(w)                       # iff norm_topk_prob
+//! routed  = Σ_j w_j · expert_{idx_j}(x)
+//! shared  = sigmoid(shared_expert_gate(x)) · shared_expert(x)
+//! y       = routed + shared
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Routing follows the upstream softmax-then-topk order (NOT
+//! topk-then-softmax — the renormalisation only equals softmax over
+//! the selected logits when `norm_topk_prob` is on, and the reference
+//! renormalises the *global* softmax values).
+//!
+//! ## Dispatch strategy
+//!
+//! This is the correctness-first implementation: a host-side scatter
+//! loop over the experts that actually received tokens (the pattern
+//! candle-transformers' `Qwen3SparseMoeBlock` uses). Batch-1 decode
+//! touches `num_experts_per_tok` experts per layer; prefill batches
+//! per-expert token groups. The fused grouped-GEMM path (slice 4)
+//! replaces the loop behind the same `forward` signature.
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use candle_core::{DType, Module, Tensor};
+use candle_nn::Linear;
+use candle_nn::var_builder::ShardedVarBuilder;
+
+use super::TextConfig;
+use super::mlp::Qwen3_5MLP;
+
+pub struct Qwen3_5MoeBlock {
+    /// Router: `(num_experts, hidden)`, checkpoint name `mlp.gate`.
+    gate: Linear,
+    /// Routed experts, checkpoint names `mlp.experts.{i}.{gate,up,down}_proj`.
+    experts: Vec<Qwen3_5MLP>,
+    /// Always-on expert, `mlp.shared_expert.*`. `None` when the config
+    /// declares no shared expert (Qwen3-30B-A3B style).
+    shared_expert: Option<Qwen3_5MLP>,
+    /// Per-token sigmoid mix for the shared expert: `(1, hidden)`,
+    /// checkpoint name `mlp.shared_expert_gate`.
+    shared_expert_gate: Option<Linear>,
+    num_experts_per_tok: usize,
+    norm_topk_prob: bool,
+}
+
+impl Qwen3_5MoeBlock {
+    pub fn load(cfg: &TextConfig, vb: &ShardedVarBuilder) -> Result<Self> {
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            cfg.num_experts > 0 && cfg.num_experts_per_tok > 0 && cfg.moe_intermediate_size > 0,
+            "MoE block needs num_experts ({}), num_experts_per_tok ({}) and \
+             moe_intermediate_size ({}) all > 0",
+            cfg.num_experts,
+            cfg.num_experts_per_tok,
+            cfg.moe_intermediate_size,
+        );
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            cfg.num_experts_per_tok <= cfg.num_experts,
+            "num_experts_per_tok ({}) exceeds num_experts ({})",
+            cfg.num_experts_per_tok,
+            cfg.num_experts,
+        );
+
+        let h = cfg.hidden_size;
+
+        let gate_weight = vb
+            .pp("gate")
+            .get((cfg.num_experts, h), "weight")
+            .with_context(|| format!("load '{}/gate/weight'", vb.prefix()))?;
+        let gate = Linear::new(gate_weight, None);
+
+        let experts_vb = vb.pp("experts");
+        let mut experts = Vec::with_capacity(cfg.num_experts);
+        for i in 0..cfg.num_experts {
+            experts.push(
+                Qwen3_5MLP::load_with_dims(&experts_vb.pp(i), h, cfg.moe_intermediate_size)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("load expert {i}"))?,
+            );
+        }
+
+        let (shared_expert, shared_expert_gate) = if cfg.shared_expert_intermediate_size > 0 {
+            let shared = Qwen3_5MLP::load_with_dims(
+                &vb.pp("shared_expert"),
+                h,
+                cfg.shared_expert_intermediate_size,
+            )
+            .context("load shared_expert")?;
+            let gate_w = vb
+                .pp("shared_expert_gate")
+                .get((1, h), "weight")
+                .with_context(|| format!("load '{}/shared_expert_gate/weight'", vb.prefix()))?;
+            (Some(shared), Some(Linear::new(gate_w, None)))
+        } else {
+            (None, None)
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            gate,
+            experts,
+            shared_expert,
+            shared_expert_gate,
+            num_experts_per_tok: cfg.num_experts_per_tok,
+            norm_topk_prob: cfg.norm_topk_prob,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Per-expert routing assignment: `(token_rows, weights)` per expert,
+/// produced by [`route_scatter`].
+pub(crate) type ExpertAssignments = (Vec<Vec<u32>>, Vec<Vec<f32>>);
+
+/// Router + host-side scatter shared by the single-GPU and TP MoE
+/// blocks (#92): softmax over ALL experts in f32 → descending-argsort
+/// top-k → renormalise iff `norm_topk_prob` → per-expert token-row and
+/// weight lists. Under TP the router weight is replicated, so every
+/// rank computes identical assignments with zero communication.
+pub(crate) fn route_scatter(
+    gate: &Linear,
+    xs_flat: &Tensor,
+    num_experts: usize,
+    num_experts_per_tok: usize,
+    norm_topk_prob: bool,
+) -> candle_core::Result<ExpertAssignments> {
+    let n_tokens = xs_flat.dim(0)?;
+    // Router probabilities in f32 (reference uses float softmax
+    // regardless of activations dtype).
+    let router_logits = gate.forward(xs_flat)?;
+    let probs = candle_nn::ops::softmax_last_dim(&router_logits.to_dtype(DType::F32)?)?;
+
+    // Top-k selection: descending argsort, take the first k. The
+    // renormalisation (iff norm_topk_prob) divides by the sum of
+    // the selected global-softmax values.
+    let sorted = probs.arg_sort_last_dim(false)?;
+    let topk_idx = sorted.narrow(1, 0, num_experts_per_tok)?.contiguous()?;
+    let mut topk_w = probs.gather(&topk_idx, 1)?;
+    if norm_topk_prob {
+        let denom = topk_w.sum_keepdim(1)?;
+        topk_w = topk_w.broadcast_div(&denom)?;
+    }
+
+    // Host-side scatter: token row lists per expert. Cheap relative
+    // to the expert GEMMs; replaced by grouped-GEMM in slice 4.
+    let idx_host: Vec<Vec<u32>> = topk_idx.to_vec2()?;
+    let w_host: Vec<Vec<f32>> = topk_w.to_vec2()?;
+    let mut tokens_for: Vec<Vec<u32>> = vec![Vec::new(); num_experts];
+    let mut weights_for: Vec<Vec<f32>> = vec![Vec::new(); num_experts];
+    for t in 0..n_tokens {
+        for j in 0..num_experts_per_tok {
+            let e = idx_host[t][j] as usize;
+            tokens_for[e].push(t as u32);
+            weights_for[e].push(w_host[t][j]);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok((tokens_for, weights_for))
+}
+
+impl Module for Qwen3_5MoeBlock {
+    fn forward(&self, xs: &Tensor) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+        let (b, l, hidden) = xs.dims3()?;
+        let xs_flat = xs.reshape(((), hidden))?;
+
+        let (tokens_for, weights_for) = route_scatter(
+            &self.gate,
+            &xs_flat,
+            self.experts.len(),
+            self.num_experts_per_tok,
+            self.norm_topk_prob,
+        )?;
+
+        let mut ys = xs_flat.zeros_like()?;
+        for (e, expert) in self.experts.iter().enumerate() {
+            if tokens_for[e].is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let rows = Tensor::new(tokens_for[e].as_slice(), xs.device())?;
+            let picked = xs_flat.index_select(&rows, 0)?;
+            let out = expert.forward(&picked)?;
+            let w = Tensor::new(weights_for[e].as_slice(), xs.device())?
+                .to_dtype(out.dtype())?
+                .reshape(((), 1))?;
+            ys = ys.index_add(&rows, &out.broadcast_mul(&w)?, 0)?;
+        }
+
+        if let (Some(shared), Some(gate)) = (&self.shared_expert, &self.shared_expert_gate) {
+            let mix = candle_nn::ops::sigmoid(&gate.forward(&xs_flat)?)?;
+            let shared_out = shared.forward(&xs_flat)?.broadcast_mul(&mix)?;
+            ys = (ys + shared_out)?;
+        }
+
+        ys.reshape((b, l, hidden))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use candle_core::Device;
+
+    fn randn(shape: &[usize]) -> Tensor {
+        Tensor::randn(0f32, 0.5f32, shape, &Device::Cpu).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn rand_mlp(hidden: usize, inter: usize) -> Qwen3_5MLP {
+        Qwen3_5MLP::from_weights(
+            Linear::new(randn(&[inter, hidden]), None),
+            Linear::new(randn(&[inter, hidden]), None),
+            Linear::new(randn(&[hidden, inter]), None),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// The batched scatter forward must equal a per-token dense
+    /// reference: route each token independently (host softmax → top-k
+    /// → renorm), run its selected experts one by one, and mix in the
+    /// shared expert through the sigmoid gate. Catches indexing,
+    /// weighting, and renormalisation bugs in the scatter path.
+    #[test]
+    fn scatter_forward_matches_per_token_reference() {
+        let (hidden, inter, n_exp, top_k) = (8, 4, 6, 2);
+
+        let block = Qwen3_5MoeBlock {
+            gate: Linear::new(randn(&[n_exp, hidden]), None),
+            experts: (0..n_exp).map(|_| rand_mlp(hidden, inter)).collect(),
+            shared_expert: Some(rand_mlp(hidden, inter)),
+            shared_expert_gate: Some(Linear::new(randn(&[1, hidden]), None)),
+            num_experts_per_tok: top_k,
+            norm_topk_prob: true,
+        };
+
+        let (b, l) = (2, 3);
+        let xs = randn(&[b, l, hidden]);
+        let got = block.forward(&xs).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(got.dims(), &[b, l, hidden]);
+
+        let xs_flat = xs.reshape(((), hidden)).unwrap();
+        let logits: Vec<Vec<f32>> = block.gate.forward(&xs_flat).unwrap().to_vec2().unwrap();
+        let got_flat: Vec<Vec<f32>> = got.reshape(((), hidden)).unwrap().to_vec2().unwrap();
+
+        for t in 0..b * l {
+            // Host-side softmax over all experts, then top-k + renorm.
+            let max = logits[t].iter().cloned().fold(f32::MIN, f32::max);
+            let exps: Vec<f32> = logits[t].iter().map(|v| (v - max).exp()).collect();
+            let sum: f32 = exps.iter().sum();
+            let probs: Vec<f32> = exps.iter().map(|e| e / sum).collect();
+            let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..n_exp).collect();
+            order.sort_by(|&a, &b| probs[b].partial_cmp(&probs[a]).unwrap());
+            let selected = &order[..top_k];
+            let denom: f32 = selected.iter().map(|&e| probs[e]).sum();
+
+            let row = xs_flat.narrow(0, t, 1).unwrap();
+            let mut expect = vec![0f32; hidden];
+            for &e in selected {
+                let w = probs[e] / denom;
+                let out: Vec<f32> = block.experts[e]
+                    .forward(&row)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .flatten_all()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .to_vec1()
+                    .unwrap();
+                for (acc, o) in expect.iter_mut().zip(out) {
+                    *acc += w * o;
+                }
+            }
+            let gate_v: f32 = block
+                .shared_expert_gate
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
+                .forward(&row)
+                .unwrap()
+                .flatten_all()
+                .unwrap()
+                .to_vec1::<f32>()
+                .unwrap()[0];
+            let mix = 1.0 / (1.0 + (-gate_v).exp());
+            let shared: Vec<f32> = block
+                .shared_expert
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
+                .forward(&row)
+                .unwrap()
+                .flatten_all()
+                .unwrap()
+                .to_vec1()
+                .unwrap();
+            for (acc, s) in expect.iter_mut().zip(shared) {
+                *acc += mix * s;
+            }
+
+            for (i, (&g, &e)) in got_flat[t].iter().zip(expect.iter()).enumerate() {
+                assert!(
+                    (g - e).abs() < 1e-4,
+                    "token {t} dim {i}: got {g}, expected {e}"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Without a shared expert (Qwen3-30B-A3B shape) the block is pure
+    /// routed output; without norm_topk_prob the raw global-softmax
+    /// weights apply (they do NOT sum to 1 across the selected k).
+    #[test]
+    fn no_shared_expert_and_no_renorm() {
+        let (hidden, inter, n_exp) = (4, 2, 3);
+        let block = Qwen3_5MoeBlock {
+            gate: Linear::new(randn(&[n_exp, hidden]), None),
+            experts: (0..n_exp).map(|_| rand_mlp(hidden, inter)).collect(),
+            shared_expert: None,
+            shared_expert_gate: None,
+            num_experts_per_tok: 1,
+            norm_topk_prob: false,
+        };
+        let xs = randn(&[1, 1, hidden]);
+        let got: Vec<f32> = block
+            .forward(&xs)
+            .unwrap()
+            .flatten_all()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_vec1()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Reference: the argmax expert's output scaled by its raw
+        // softmax probability.
+        let logits: Vec<f32> = block
+            .gate
+            .forward(&xs.reshape(((), hidden)).unwrap())
+            .unwrap()
+            .flatten_all()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_vec1()
+            .unwrap();
+        let max = logits.iter().cloned().fold(f32::MIN, f32::max);
+        let exps: Vec<f32> = logits.iter().map(|v| (v - max).exp()).collect();
+        let sum: f32 = exps.iter().sum();
+        let best = (0..n_exp)
+            .max_by(|&a, &b| exps[a].partial_cmp(&exps[b]).unwrap())
+            .unwrap();
+        let w = exps[best] / sum;
+        let out: Vec<f32> = block.experts[best]
+            .forward(&xs.reshape(((), hidden)).unwrap())
+            .unwrap()
+            .flatten_all()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_vec1()
+            .unwrap();
+        for (i, (&g, &o)) in got.iter().zip(out.iter()).enumerate() {
+            assert!(
+                (g - w * o).abs() < 1e-5,
+                "dim {i}: got {g}, expected {}",
+                w * o
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/neuron/src/harness/arch/qwen3_5/rope.rs

@@ -159,6 +159,19 @@ impl RotaryEmbedding {
         Ok((cos, sin))
     }
 
+    /// cos/sin gathered at arbitrary **per-row** positions — the
+    /// batched-decode path (#98), where each batch row sits at its own
+    /// sequence offset. Shape `(B, 1, rotary_dim/2)`: one position per
+    /// row, one decode token per step. [`Self::apply_cos_sin`] detects
+    /// the rank-3 shape and broadcasts per row instead of per position.
+    pub fn batch_cos_sin(&self, positions: &[usize]) -> candle_core::Result<(Tensor, Tensor)> {
+        let idx: Vec<u32> = positions.iter().map(|&p| p as u32).collect();
+        let idx = Tensor::from_vec(idx, positions.len(), self.cos.device())?;
+        let cos = self.cos.index_select(&idx, 0)?.unsqueeze(1)?;
+        let sin = self.sin.index_select(&idx, 0)?.unsqueeze(1)?;
+        Ok((cos, sin))
+    }
+
     /// cos/sin from explicit per-token 3D position ids, shape
     /// `(3, seq_len)` (axes: text, height, width). Builds each axis's
     /// frequencies and blends them at the interleave index sets, so
@@ -185,7 +198,9 @@ impl RotaryEmbedding {
     }
 
     /// Apply rotary to `q`, `k` (shape `(B, H, L, head_dim)`) using
-    /// precomputed `cos`/`sin` of shape `(L, rotary_dim/2)`. Partial
+    /// precomputed `cos`/`sin` of shape `(L, rotary_dim/2)` — or, for
+    /// the batched-decode path (#98), `(B, L, rotary_dim/2)` with a
+    /// distinct position per batch row (dispatch is on rank). Partial
     /// rotary: only the first `rotary_dim` dims rotate; the tail passes
     /// through unchanged.
     pub fn apply_cos_sin(
@@ -197,9 +212,17 @@ impl RotaryEmbedding {
     ) -> candle_core::Result<(Tensor, Tensor)> {
         let (_, _, _seq_len, head_dim_in) = q.dims4()?;
         debug_assert_eq!(head_dim_in, self.head_dim, "q head_dim mismatch");
+        let per_row = cos.rank() == 3;
+        let rope = |x: &Tensor| -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+            if per_row {
+                rope_per_row(x, cos, sin)
+            } else {
+                candle_nn::rotary_emb::rope_slow(x, cos, sin)
+            }
+        };
         if self.rotary_dim == self.head_dim {
-            let q_embed = candle_nn::rotary_emb::rope_slow(&q.contiguous()?, cos, sin)?;
-            let k_embed = candle_nn::rotary_emb::rope_slow(&k.contiguous()?, cos, sin)?;
+            let q_embed = rope(&q.contiguous()?)?;
+            let k_embed = rope(&k.contiguous()?)?;
             Ok((q_embed, k_embed))
         } else {
             // Partial rotation: narrow → rotate → cat the untouched tail.
@@ -212,8 +235,8 @@ impl RotaryEmbedding {
                 .narrow(candle_core::D::Minus1, 0, self.rotary_dim)?
                 .contiguous()?;
             let k_pass = k.narrow(candle_core::D::Minus1, self.rotary_dim, tail)?;
-            let q_rotated = candle_nn::rotary_emb::rope_slow(&q_rot, cos, sin)?;
-            let k_rotated = candle_nn::rotary_emb::rope_slow(&k_rot, cos, sin)?;
+            let q_rotated = rope(&q_rot)?;
+            let k_rotated = rope(&k_rot)?;
             let q_embed =
                 Tensor::cat(&[&q_rotated, &q_pass.contiguous()?], candle_core::D::Minus1)?;
             let k_embed =
@@ -223,6 +246,27 @@ impl RotaryEmbedding {
     }
 }
 
+/// GLM rotate-half (same convention as candle's private
+/// `rotary_emb::rotate_half`: `cat(-x2, x1)`).
+fn rotate_half(x: &Tensor) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+    let last = x.dim(candle_core::D::Minus1)?;
+    let x1 = x.narrow(candle_core::D::Minus1, 0, last / 2)?;
+    let x2 = x.narrow(candle_core::D::Minus1, last / 2, last - last / 2)?;
+    Tensor::cat(&[&x2.neg()?, &x1], candle_core::D::Minus1)
+}
+
+/// Per-row rope apply for batched decode: `x` is `(B, H, L, rot)`,
+/// `cos`/`sin` are `(B, L, rot/2)` — each batch row gets its own
+/// position's rotation (candle's `rope_slow` only broadcasts one
+/// `(L, rot/2)` table across the whole batch).
+fn rope_per_row(x: &Tensor, cos: &Tensor, sin: &Tensor) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+    // (B, L, half) → duplicate pairs → (B, 1, L, rot) for broadcast
+    // over the head dim.
+    let cos = Tensor::cat(&[cos, cos], candle_core::D::Minus1)?.unsqueeze(1)?;
+    let sin = Tensor::cat(&[sin, sin], candle_core::D::Minus1)?.unsqueeze(1)?;
+    x.broadcast_mul(&cos)? + rotate_half(x)?.broadcast_mul(&sin)?
+}
+
 /// Compute interleaved-M-RoPE 3D position ids for a full prompt that may
 /// contain image-placeholder runs, plus the decode `rope_delta`.
 ///
@@ -564,6 +608,49 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((last[1] - (2.0 * inv[1]).cos()).abs() < 1e-5);
     }
 
+    /// `batch_cos_sin` at positions [5, 9, 0] must gather exactly the
+    /// rows `plain_cos_sin` would produce for each position alone.
+    #[test]
+    fn batch_cos_sin_gathers_per_row_positions() {
+        let dev = Device::Cpu;
+        let rope = RotaryEmbedding::new(DType::F32, &qwen36_cfg(), &dev).unwrap();
+        let half = rope.inv_freq.dim(1).unwrap();
+        let positions = [5usize, 9, 0];
+        let (bc, bs) = rope.batch_cos_sin(&positions).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(bc.dims(), &[3, 1, half]);
+        assert_eq!(bs.dims(), &[3, 1, half]);
+        for (row, &p) in positions.iter().enumerate() {
+            let (pc, ps) = rope.plain_cos_sin(p, 1).unwrap();
+            let dc = (bc.i(row).unwrap() - pc).unwrap().abs().unwrap();
+            let ds = (bs.i(row).unwrap() - ps).unwrap().abs().unwrap();
+            assert!(dc.max_all().unwrap().to_scalar::<f32>().unwrap() < 1e-6);
+            assert!(ds.max_all().unwrap().to_scalar::<f32>().unwrap() < 1e-6);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// When every row sits at the same position, the per-row rank-3
+    /// apply path must reproduce the shared rank-2 (`rope_slow`) path
+    /// exactly — the invariant that makes the rank dispatch in
+    /// `apply_cos_sin` safe.
+    #[test]
+    fn per_row_apply_matches_shared_when_uniform() {
+        let dev = Device::Cpu;
+        let rope = RotaryEmbedding::new(DType::F32, &qwen36_cfg(), &dev).unwrap();
+        let q = Tensor::randn(0f32, 1f32, (2, 2, 1, 256), &dev).unwrap();
+        let k = Tensor::randn(0f32, 1f32, (2, 2, 1, 256), &dev).unwrap();
+
+        let (c2, s2) = rope.plain_cos_sin(7, 1).unwrap();
+        let (qa, ka) = rope.apply_cos_sin(&q, &k, &c2, &s2).unwrap();
+
+        let (c3, s3) = rope.batch_cos_sin(&[7, 7]).unwrap();
+        let (qb, kb) = rope.apply_cos_sin(&q, &k, &c3, &s3).unwrap();
+
+        let dq = (qa - qb).unwrap().abs().unwrap().max_all().unwrap();
+        let dk = (ka - kb).unwrap().abs().unwrap().max_all().unwrap();
+        assert!(dq.to_scalar::<f32>().unwrap() < 1e-6, "q mismatch {dq:?}");
+        assert!(dk.to_scalar::<f32>().unwrap() < 1e-6, "k mismatch {dk:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn get_rope_index_196_is_14x14() {
         let mut ids = vec![1u32]; // one text token

crates/neuron/src/harness/arch/qwen3_5/snapshot.rs

@@ -84,6 +84,232 @@ impl KvCacheSnapshot {
     }
 }
 
+/// Batched cache state assembled from per-sequence snapshots (#98).
+/// Install with `Qwen3_5Model::restore_kv_cache(&self.snapshot)`; the
+/// forward then runs lockstep batched decode with
+/// `forward_batch_decode` using `prefix_lens[i] + step` positions and
+/// the padding mask from `Qwen3_5Model::batch_decode_mask`.
+pub struct BatchedKvState {
+    /// Per-layer `(B, …)` state: attention K/V right-padded along the
+    /// sequence axis to `padded_len` and `cat`ed on dim 0; GDN
+    /// conv/recurrent states `cat`ed on dim 0 (position-free).
+    pub snapshot: KvCacheSnapshot,
+    /// The uniform KV sequence length every row was padded to — the
+    /// max prefix length in the batch. Decode appends start here.
+    pub padded_len: usize,
+    /// Each row's true prefix length. Columns `[prefix_lens[i],
+    /// padded_len)` of row `i` are zero-padding and must stay masked.
+    pub prefix_lens: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+/// Assemble per-sequence snapshots into one batched cache state.
+/// `seqs` pairs each snapshot with its true token length (the caller
+/// tracks prompt token counts; attention K/V lengths are validated
+/// against it). All snapshots must come from single-sequence (`B=1`)
+/// prefills of the same model, with `rope_delta == 0` (text-only —
+/// vision requests don't batch, #98 v1).
+///
+/// Keys are stored post-RoPE, so right-padding does not disturb
+/// position correctness: a row's cached keys keep the rotation of
+/// their true positions, the garbage columns are masked, and new
+/// tokens rotate at `prefix_len + step` while landing at storage
+/// column `padded_len + step`.
+pub fn assemble_batch(seqs: &[(&KvCacheSnapshot, usize)]) -> candle_core::Result<BatchedKvState> {
+    let Some((first, _)) = seqs.first() else {
+        candle_core::bail!("assemble_batch: empty batch");
+    };
+    let n_layers = first.layers.len();
+    let prefix_lens: Vec<usize> = seqs.iter().map(|&(_, len)| len).collect();
+    let padded_len = *prefix_lens.iter().max().expect("non-empty");
+    for (snap, len) in seqs {
+        if snap.layers.len() != n_layers {
+            candle_core::bail!(
+                "assemble_batch: snapshot layer count mismatch ({} vs {n_layers})",
+                snap.layers.len()
+            );
+        }
+        if snap.rope_delta != 0 {
+            candle_core::bail!(
+                "assemble_batch: rope_delta {} != 0 — vision-positioned sequences cannot batch",
+                snap.rope_delta
+            );
+        }
+        if *len == 0 {
+            candle_core::bail!("assemble_batch: zero-length sequence");
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut layers = Vec::with_capacity(n_layers);
+    for li in 0..n_layers {
+        layers.push(assemble_layer(seqs, li, padded_len)?);
+    }
+    Ok(BatchedKvState {
+        snapshot: KvCacheSnapshot {
+            layers,
+            rope_delta: 0,
+        },
+        padded_len,
+        prefix_lens,
+    })
+}
+
+fn assemble_layer(
+    seqs: &[(&KvCacheSnapshot, usize)],
+    li: usize,
+    padded_len: usize,
+) -> candle_core::Result<LayerKvSnapshot> {
+    match &seqs[0].0.layers[li] {
+        LayerKvSnapshot::Full(_) => {
+            let mut ks = Vec::with_capacity(seqs.len());
+            let mut vs = Vec::with_capacity(seqs.len());
+            for (row, (snap, len)) in seqs.iter().enumerate() {
+                let LayerKvSnapshot::Full(Some((k, v))) = &snap.layers[li] else {
+                    candle_core::bail!(
+                        "assemble_batch: row {row} layer {li} is not a populated \
+                         full-attention snapshot"
+                    );
+                };
+                let (b, _h, s, _d) = k.dims4()?;
+                if b != 1 {
+                    candle_core::bail!(
+                        "assemble_batch: row {row} layer {li} has batch dim {b}, want 1"
+                    );
+                }
+                if s != *len {
+                    candle_core::bail!(
+                        "assemble_batch: row {row} layer {li} KV length {s} != declared \
+                         sequence length {len}"
+                    );
+                }
+                ks.push(pad_seq(k, padded_len)?);
+                vs.push(pad_seq(v, padded_len)?);
+            }
+            let k = Tensor::cat(&ks, 0)?;
+            let v = Tensor::cat(&vs, 0)?;
+            Ok(LayerKvSnapshot::Full(Some((k, v))))
+        }
+        LayerKvSnapshot::Linear { .. } => {
+            let mut convs = Vec::with_capacity(seqs.len());
+            let mut recs = Vec::with_capacity(seqs.len());
+            for (row, (snap, _)) in seqs.iter().enumerate() {
+                let LayerKvSnapshot::Linear {
+                    conv_state: Some(conv),
+                    recurrent_state: Some(rec),
+                } = &snap.layers[li]
+                else {
+                    candle_core::bail!(
+                        "assemble_batch: row {row} layer {li} is not a populated \
+                         linear-attention snapshot"
+                    );
+                };
+                convs.push(conv.clone());
+                recs.push(rec.clone());
+            }
+            Ok(LayerKvSnapshot::Linear {
+                conv_state: Some(Tensor::cat(&convs, 0)?),
+                recurrent_state: Some(Tensor::cat(&recs, 0)?),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extract one row of a batched cache snapshot back into a contiguous
+/// single-sequence snapshot — the defragment half of batch membership
+/// changes (#98). A join/leave rebatches by extracting every surviving
+/// row (each becomes a gap-free `B=1` snapshot of length `prefix_len +
+/// steps`) and running [`assemble_batch`] over them again, so the
+/// "each row has exactly one padding gap" invariant holds for the new
+/// batch too.
+///
+/// `row` indexes the batch dim. The row's valid attention KV is its
+/// prefix `[0, prefix_len)` plus the lockstep decode columns
+/// `[padded_len, padded_len + steps)`; the gap between them is padding
+/// and is dropped. GDN states are position-free — the row is sliced
+/// out whole and **deep-copied** (the live buffers are mutated in
+/// place by the CUDA kernels; see the module notes on copy semantics).
+pub fn extract_row(
+    snap: &KvCacheSnapshot,
+    row: usize,
+    prefix_len: usize,
+    padded_len: usize,
+    steps: usize,
+) -> candle_core::Result<KvCacheSnapshot> {
+    if prefix_len == 0 || prefix_len > padded_len {
+        candle_core::bail!(
+            "extract_row: prefix_len {prefix_len} out of range (padded_len {padded_len})"
+        );
+    }
+    let mut layers = Vec::with_capacity(snap.layers.len());
+    for (li, layer) in snap.layers.iter().enumerate() {
+        layers.push(match layer {
+            LayerKvSnapshot::Full(Some((k, v))) => {
+                let (b, _h, s, _d) = k.dims4()?;
+                if row >= b {
+                    candle_core::bail!("extract_row: row {row} out of range (batch {b})");
+                }
+                if s != padded_len + steps {
+                    candle_core::bail!(
+                        "extract_row: layer {li} KV length {s} != padded_len {padded_len} + \
+                         steps {steps}"
+                    );
+                }
+                LayerKvSnapshot::Full(Some((
+                    unpad_row(k, row, prefix_len, padded_len, steps)?,
+                    unpad_row(v, row, prefix_len, padded_len, steps)?,
+                )))
+            }
+            LayerKvSnapshot::Full(None) => {
+                candle_core::bail!("extract_row: layer {li} has an empty attention cache")
+            }
+            LayerKvSnapshot::Linear {
+                conv_state: Some(conv),
+                recurrent_state: Some(rec),
+            } => LayerKvSnapshot::Linear {
+                conv_state: Some(conv.narrow(0, row, 1)?.copy()?),
+                recurrent_state: Some(rec.narrow(0, row, 1)?.copy()?),
+            },
+            LayerKvSnapshot::Linear { .. } => {
+                candle_core::bail!("extract_row: layer {li} has unpopulated GDN state")
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    Ok(KvCacheSnapshot {
+        layers,
+        rope_delta: 0,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Slice `row` out of a batched `(B, H, padded_len + steps, D)` K or V
+/// tensor and drop its padding gap, yielding an owned contiguous
+/// `(1, H, prefix_len + steps, D)` tensor.
+fn unpad_row(
+    t: &Tensor,
+    row: usize,
+    prefix_len: usize,
+    padded_len: usize,
+    steps: usize,
+) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+    let r = t.narrow(0, row, 1)?;
+    let prefix = r.narrow(2, 0, prefix_len)?;
+    if steps == 0 {
+        return prefix.contiguous()?.copy();
+    }
+    let decoded = r.narrow(2, padded_len, steps)?;
+    Tensor::cat(&[&prefix.contiguous()?, &decoded.contiguous()?], 2)
+}
+
+/// Right-pad a `(1, H, S, D)` K or V tensor with zeros along the
+/// sequence axis to `padded_len`. Zero columns are inert: the padding
+/// mask keeps every query from attending to them.
+fn pad_seq(t: &Tensor, padded_len: usize) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+    let (b, h, s, d) = t.dims4()?;
+    if s == padded_len {
+        return Ok(t.clone());
+    }
+    let pad = Tensor::zeros((b, h, padded_len - s, d), t.dtype(), t.device())?;
+    Tensor::cat(&[t, &pad], 2)
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::super::{Qwen3_5Model, RopeParameters, TextConfig};
@@ -119,6 +345,13 @@ mod tests {
             linear_key_head_dim: 4,
             linear_value_head_dim: 4,
             linear_conv_kernel_dim: 4,
+            num_experts: 0,
+            num_experts_per_tok: 0,
+            moe_intermediate_size: 0,
+            shared_expert_intermediate_size: 0,
+            decoder_sparse_step: 1,
+            mlp_only_layers: Vec::new(),
+            norm_topk_prob: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -201,7 +434,7 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .expect("build ShardedVarBuilder")
         };
-        Qwen3_5Model::load(cfg, &vb).expect("load tiny qwen3_5 model")
+        Qwen3_5Model::load(cfg, &vb, "model.language_model").expect("load tiny qwen3_5 model")
     }
 
     fn forward_tokens(model: &mut Qwen3_5Model, tokens: &[u32], offset: usize) -> Vec<f32> {
@@ -271,6 +504,228 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(diff < 1e-6, "second restore diverged: {diff}");
     }
 
+    /// The gold test for #98 slice 1: ragged sequences decoded in one
+    /// lockstep batch (assembled from per-sequence snapshots, per-row
+    /// positions, padding mask) must match the same sequences decoded
+    /// sequentially, hidden-state for hidden-state at every step.
+    #[test]
+    fn batched_decode_matches_sequential() {
+        use candle_core::IndexOp;
+        let cfg = tiny_config();
+        let mut model = tiny_model(&cfg);
+
+        let prompts: [&[u32]; 3] = [&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5], &[7, 7, 2, 5, 6]];
+        let steps: [&[u32]; 3] = [&[11, 12, 13, 14], &[9, 8, 7, 6], &[21, 22, 23, 24]];
+        let n_steps = 4;
+
+        // Sequential reference: each sequence decoded alone.
+        let mut expected: Vec<Vec<Vec<f32>>> = Vec::new(); // [row][step]
+        for (prompt, toks) in prompts.iter().zip(steps.iter()) {
+            model.clear_kv_cache();
+            forward_tokens(&mut model, prompt, 0);
+            let mut per_step = Vec::new();
+            for (t, tok) in toks.iter().enumerate() {
+                per_step.push(forward_tokens(&mut model, &[*tok], prompt.len() + t));
+            }
+            expected.push(per_step);
+        }
+
+        // Batched: prefill each sequence alone, snapshot, assemble.
+        let mut snaps = Vec::new();
+        for prompt in prompts.iter() {
+            model.clear_kv_cache();
+            forward_tokens(&mut model, prompt, 0);
+            snaps.push(model.snapshot_kv_cache().expect("snapshot"));
+        }
+        let seqs: Vec<(&super::KvCacheSnapshot, usize)> = snaps
+            .iter()
+            .zip(prompts.iter())
+            .map(|(s, p)| (s, p.len()))
+            .collect();
+        let batch = super::assemble_batch(&seqs).expect("assemble");
+        assert_eq!(batch.padded_len, 5);
+        assert_eq!(batch.prefix_lens, vec![3, 2, 5]);
+        model
+            .restore_kv_cache(&batch.snapshot)
+            .expect("install batched state");
+
+        for t in 0..n_steps {
+            let toks: Vec<u32> = steps.iter().map(|s| s[t]).collect();
+            let input = Tensor::from_vec(toks, (3, 1), &Device::Cpu).unwrap();
+            let positions: Vec<usize> = prompts.iter().map(|p| p.len() + t).collect();
+            let total_len = batch.padded_len + t + 1;
+            let mask = model
+                .batch_decode_mask(&batch.prefix_lens, batch.padded_len, total_len)
+                .expect("mask");
+            assert!(mask.is_some(), "ragged batch must be masked");
+            let h = model
+                .forward_batch_decode(&input, &positions, mask.as_ref())
+                .expect("batched step");
+            assert_eq!(h.dims()[0], 3);
+            for row in 0..3 {
+                let got: Vec<f32> = h.i((row, 0, ..)).unwrap().to_vec1().unwrap();
+                let diff = max_abs_diff(&expected[row][t], &got);
+                assert!(diff < 1e-4, "row {row} step {t} diverged: {diff}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Uniform-length batch: no padding → `batch_decode_mask` returns
+    /// `None`, and unmasked lockstep decode still matches sequential.
+    #[test]
+    fn batched_decode_uniform_lengths_needs_no_mask() {
+        use candle_core::IndexOp;
+        let cfg = tiny_config();
+        let mut model = tiny_model(&cfg);
+
+        let prompts: [&[u32]; 2] = [&[1, 2, 3], &[6, 5, 4]];
+        let toks = [13u32, 17];
+
+        let mut expected = Vec::new();
+        for (prompt, tok) in prompts.iter().zip(toks.iter()) {
+            model.clear_kv_cache();
+            forward_tokens(&mut model, prompt, 0);
+            expected.push(forward_tokens(&mut model, &[*tok], prompt.len()));
+        }
+
+        let mut snaps = Vec::new();
+        for prompt in prompts.iter() {
+            model.clear_kv_cache();
+            forward_tokens(&mut model, prompt, 0);
+            snaps.push(model.snapshot_kv_cache().expect("snapshot"));
+        }
+        let seqs: Vec<(&super::KvCacheSnapshot, usize)> = snaps
+            .iter()
+            .zip(prompts.iter())
+            .map(|(s, p)| (s, p.len()))
+            .collect();
+        let batch = super::assemble_batch(&seqs).expect("assemble");
+        let mask = model
+            .batch_decode_mask(&batch.prefix_lens, batch.padded_len, batch.padded_len + 1)
+            .expect("mask");
+        assert!(mask.is_none(), "uniform lengths must not build a mask");
+        model.restore_kv_cache(&batch.snapshot).expect("install");
+
+        let input = Tensor::from_vec(toks.to_vec(), (2, 1), &Device::Cpu).unwrap();
+        let h = model
+            .forward_batch_decode(&input, &[3, 3], None)
+            .expect("step");
+        for row in 0..2 {
+            let got: Vec<f32> = h.i((row, 0, ..)).unwrap().to_vec1().unwrap();
+            let diff = max_abs_diff(&expected[row], &got);
+            assert!(diff < 1e-4, "row {row} diverged: {diff}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Round-trip for batch membership changes (#98): decode two steps
+    /// in a lockstep batch, extract each row back to a contiguous
+    /// single-sequence snapshot, restore it alone, and continue
+    /// decoding at B=1 — the continuation must match a pure-sequential
+    /// run of the same tokens. This is the primitive a join/leave
+    /// rebatch is built from.
+    #[test]
+    fn extract_row_continues_like_sequential() {
+        use candle_core::IndexOp;
+        let cfg = tiny_config();
+        let mut model = tiny_model(&cfg);
+
+        let prompts: [&[u32]; 2] = [&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5]];
+        let toks: [&[u32]; 2] = [&[11, 12, 13, 14], &[9, 8, 7, 6]];
+        let batched_steps = 2; // decoded in the batch
+        let solo_steps = 2; // decoded after extraction, B=1
+
+        // Pure-sequential reference over all four steps.
+        let mut expected: Vec<Vec<Vec<f32>>> = Vec::new();
+        for (prompt, t) in prompts.iter().zip(toks.iter()) {
+            model.clear_kv_cache();
+            forward_tokens(&mut model, prompt, 0);
+            let mut per_step = Vec::new();
+            for (i, tok) in t.iter().enumerate() {
+                per_step.push(forward_tokens(&mut model, &[*tok], prompt.len() + i));
+            }
+            expected.push(per_step);
+        }
+
+        // Prefill + assemble + two lockstep batched steps.
+        let mut snaps = Vec::new();
+        for prompt in prompts.iter() {
+            model.clear_kv_cache();
+            forward_tokens(&mut model, prompt, 0);
+            snaps.push(model.snapshot_kv_cache().expect("snapshot"));
+        }
+        let seqs: Vec<(&super::KvCacheSnapshot, usize)> = snaps
+            .iter()
+            .zip(prompts.iter())
+            .map(|(s, p)| (s, p.len()))
+            .collect();
+        let batch = super::assemble_batch(&seqs).expect("assemble");
+        model.restore_kv_cache(&batch.snapshot).expect("install");
+        for t in 0..batched_steps {
+            let step_toks: Vec<u32> = toks.iter().map(|s| s[t]).collect();
+            let input = Tensor::from_vec(step_toks, (2, 1), &Device::Cpu).unwrap();
+            let positions: Vec<usize> = prompts.iter().map(|p| p.len() + t).collect();
+            let mask = model
+                .batch_decode_mask(
+                    &batch.prefix_lens,
+                    batch.padded_len,
+                    batch.padded_len + t + 1,
+                )
+                .expect("mask");
+            let h = model
+                .forward_batch_decode(&input, &positions, mask.as_ref())
+                .expect("batched step");
+            for row in 0..2 {
+                let got: Vec<f32> = h.i((row, 0, ..)).unwrap().to_vec1().unwrap();
+                let diff = max_abs_diff(&expected[row][t], &got);
+                assert!(diff < 1e-4, "batched row {row} step {t}: {diff}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Extract each row from the live batched state, restore it
+        // alone, and continue at B=1.
+        let live = model.snapshot_kv_cache().expect("snapshot live batch");
+        for row in 0..2 {
+            let solo = super::extract_row(
+                &live,
+                row,
+                prompts[row].len(),
+                batch.padded_len,
+                batched_steps,
+            )
+            .expect("extract row");
+            model.restore_kv_cache(&solo).expect("restore solo");
+            for i in 0..solo_steps {
+                let t = batched_steps + i;
+                let got = forward_tokens(&mut model, &[toks[row][t]], prompts[row].len() + t);
+                let diff = max_abs_diff(&expected[row][t], &got);
+                assert!(diff < 1e-4, "solo row {row} step {t}: {diff}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Mask geometry: `-inf` exactly on `[prefix_len, padded_len)` per
+    /// row, zero elsewhere (including the decode columns past
+    /// `padded_len`).
+    #[test]
+    fn batch_decode_mask_covers_only_padding_gap() {
+        let model = tiny_model(&tiny_config());
+        let m = model
+            .batch_decode_mask(&[3, 5], 5, 7)
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("ragged → mask");
+        assert_eq!(m.dims(), &[2, 1, 1, 7]);
+        let flat: Vec<f32> = m.flatten_all().unwrap().to_vec1().unwrap();
+        let (row0, row1) = flat.split_at(7);
+        for (j, &v) in row0.iter().enumerate() {
+            if (3..5).contains(&j) {
+                assert_eq!(v, f32::NEG_INFINITY, "row0 col {j} must be masked");
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(v, 0.0, "row0 col {j} must be open");
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(row1.iter().all(|&v| v == 0.0), "unpadded row must be open");
+    }
+
     /// Restoring must fully replace the live state, not blend with it
     /// — a divergent continuation after restore equals the same
     /// continuation after a fresh prefill of the prefix.

crates/neuron/src/harness/candle.rs

@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ use candle_transformers::models::qwen3_moe as qwen3_moe_dense;
 use cortex_core::harness::{Harness, HarnessHealth, ModelInfo, ModelSpec};
 use cortex_core::openai::{
     ChatCompletionChoice, ChatCompletionChunk, ChatCompletionRequest, ChatCompletionResponse,
-    ChatMessage, MessageContent, Usage,
+    ChatMessage, CompletionTokensDetails, MessageContent, Usage,
 };
 
 use crate::wire::{
-    FinishReason, InferenceEvent, ReasoningTokenPair, ToolCallTokenPair,
+    FinishReason, FinishTiming, InferenceEvent, ReasoningTokenPair, ToolCallTokenPair,
     detect_reasoning_token_pair, detect_tool_call_token_pair, openai_chat as wire_chat,
 };
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ pub struct LoadedModel {
     /// error so an operator knows to unload+reload to recover. See
     /// the 2026-05-26 beast incident where a 14k-token prefill OOM
     /// silently turned every subsequent request into a stuck wait.
-    pub poisoned: AtomicBool,
+    pub poisoned: Arc<AtomicBool>,
     /// Handle to the per-device CUDA worker thread for this model's
     /// device. `None` for CPU loads (no context to own). VRAM queries
     /// and — for CUDA loads — forward / kv-cache / drop ops route
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ pub struct LoadedModel {
     /// shape-mismatch failure mid-prefill. Mirrors TpLoadedModel.pool
     /// for the TP path (which already had this invariant by accident
     /// because the pool lock covered the same window).
-    pub inference_lock: tokio::sync::Mutex<()>,
+    pub inference_lock: Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<()>>,
     /// Bounded admission scheduler (#53). Gated *before* `inference_lock`
     /// so a busy model refuses overflow fast instead of growing an
     /// unbounded, untimed queue of lock waiters.
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ pub struct LoadedModel {
     /// the pre-#11 behaviour. Dropped with the model, so unload and
     /// auto-recovery invalidate every entry for free (the worker-side
     /// snapshots go with `Job::DropArch`).
-    pub prefix_cache: Option<ModelPrefixCache>,
+    pub prefix_cache: Option<Arc<ModelPrefixCache>>,
     /// Context-limit physics (#67), captured at load. `None` for arches
     /// whose KV layout we don't yet introspect (GGUF/CPU/non-qwen3_5) —
     /// those fall back to the static prompt cap with no advertised limit.
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ pub struct LoadedModel {
     /// at the end of each streaming request's prefill phase. Feeds the
     /// throughput ceiling in the derived limit; falls back to the
     /// configured bootstrap estimate before the first sample.
-    pub prefill_rate: super::context_limit::PrefillRateEma,
+    pub prefill_rate: Arc<super::context_limit::PrefillRateEma>,
     /// Last derived input-token cap (#67), refreshed each time
     /// `derived_limit` runs (i.e. on every `/models` poll). The
     /// request-path enforcement reads this — `0` means "not derived yet"
@@ -425,6 +425,14 @@ pub struct LoadedModel {
     /// cortex's health poller into marking the node unhealthy. Refreshed off
     /// the request path: seeded at load, then by a background task.
     pub last_free_mb: AtomicU64,
+    /// Lockstep batched decode engine (#98). `Some` when the operator
+    /// raised `[admission] max_in_flight` above 1 on a snapshot-capable
+    /// worker-path model (and `NEURON_BATCHING` isn't 0). Text chat
+    /// streams route through it instead of taking `inference_lock` per
+    /// request; the engine holds the lock while it has active slots, so
+    /// vision and non-streaming requests still serialize safely against
+    /// the batch.
+    pub engine: Option<super::engine::EngineHandle>,
 }
 
 impl LoadedModel {
@@ -472,7 +480,7 @@ pub struct TpLoadedModel {
     /// so this Mutex no longer covers the leader's KV cache; it just
     /// serialises subprocess RPC traffic on the pool's
     /// `Vec<Worker>` channels.
-    pub pool: tokio::sync::Mutex<super::tp::WorkerPool>,
+    pub pool: Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<super::tp::WorkerPool>>,
     /// Bounded admission scheduler (#53), mirroring the single-GPU path.
     /// Gated before the pool lock so an overloaded TP model returns fast
     /// backpressure instead of an unbounded, untimed wait.
@@ -537,6 +545,13 @@ pub struct TpLoadedModel {
     /// Mint for pool-wide snapshot ids. Plain counter; uniqueness only
     /// needs to hold per model lifetime (snapshots die with the model).
     pub next_snapshot_id: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64,
+    /// Lockstep batched decode engine (#98) — the TP mirror of
+    /// `LoadedModel::engine`. Set once at load (after the `Arc` is
+    /// built, so the engine can hold a `Weak` back to this model);
+    /// unset when `max_in_flight` is 1 or batching is killed. Text
+    /// chat streams route through it; the engine holds the pool mutex
+    /// while it has active slots.
+    pub engine: std::sync::OnceLock<super::engine::EngineHandle>,
     /// Cached tightest free VRAM (MiB) for the control plane (#53) — see
     /// [`LoadedModel::last_free_mb`]. Read by `derived_limit` so `GET /models`
     /// never fans a VRAM query out to the (inference-saturated) TP workers.
@@ -679,6 +694,41 @@ impl ModelArch {
         }
     }
 
+    /// One lockstep batched decode step (#98): `(B, 1)` input, per-row
+    /// positions, optional padding mask. Returns `(B, 1, vocab)` — the
+    /// caller extracts one logits row per batch row (no
+    /// `squeeze_to_vocab`, which would collapse the batch dim). Only
+    /// the qwen3_5 arch batches; the engine only forms batches where
+    /// [`Self::supports_kv_snapshot`] holds, so other archs erroring
+    /// here is defence in depth.
+    pub fn forward_batch_decode(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &Tensor,
+        positions: &[usize],
+        attn_mask: Option<&Tensor>,
+    ) -> Result<Tensor> {
+        match self {
+            ModelArch::Qwen3_5Dense(m) => Ok(m.forward_batch_decode(input, positions, attn_mask)?),
+            _ => anyhow::bail!("forward_batch_decode: architecture has no batched-decode support"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Padding mask for a batched decode step — see
+    /// `Qwen3_5Model::batch_decode_mask`.
+    pub fn batch_decode_mask(
+        &self,
+        prefix_lens: &[usize],
+        padded_len: usize,
+        total_len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Tensor>> {
+        match self {
+            ModelArch::Qwen3_5Dense(m) => {
+                Ok(m.batch_decode_mask(prefix_lens, padded_len, total_len)?)
+            }
+            _ => anyhow::bail!("batch_decode_mask: architecture has no batched-decode support"),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Forward step that splices vision-tower output at
     /// `<|image_pad|>` token positions. Stage B2.
     ///
@@ -784,6 +834,48 @@ impl ModelArch {
     }
 }
 
+/// Split a non-streaming completion's generated tokens into the
+/// visible answer and the leading reasoning span.
+///
+/// Reasoning models (Qwen3 `<think>`, DeepSeek-R1, …) emit their
+/// chain-of-thought *before* the answer, and the chat template injects
+/// the **opening** marker into the prompt — so the generated tokens look
+/// like `…reasoning… </think> …answer…` with no opening marker present
+/// in the output. The streaming path drops reasoning as
+/// [`InferenceEvent::ReasoningDelta`]; the non-streaming path has to do
+/// the equivalent post-hoc or the chain-of-thought leaks into the
+/// assistant `content` (which broke agent-zero v2.0, whose parser
+/// expected the bare JSON answer, not a `<think>` preamble).
+///
+/// Returns `(content_ids, reasoning_token_count)`. Strategy: if the model
+/// declares a reasoning marker pair and its **close** token appears in
+/// `generated_ids`, everything up to and including the last close token is
+/// reasoning and only the tail is the answer. When no close token was
+/// generated, `prompt_opened` decides (#112): the chat template may have
+/// force-opened the think block inside the generation prompt
+/// (Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B-Thinking ends its prompt with
+/// `<|im_start|>assistant\n<think>\n`), in which case a generation
+/// truncated mid-reasoning is ALL reasoning and the visible answer is
+/// empty. Otherwise (non-reasoning model, thinking disabled) the tokens
+/// are returned unchanged. Splitting on the token id — not a decoded
+/// `</think>` string — keeps this robust against tokenizer byte-fallback
+/// and special-token handling.
+fn split_off_reasoning<'a>(
+    generated_ids: &'a [u32],
+    reasoning: Option<&ReasoningTokenPair>,
+    prompt_opened: bool,
+) -> (&'a [u32], u64) {
+    if let Some(pair) = reasoning {
+        if let Some(idx) = generated_ids.iter().rposition(|&t| t == pair.close_id) {
+            return (&generated_ids[idx + 1..], (idx + 1) as u64);
+        }
+        if prompt_opened {
+            return (&[], generated_ids.len() as u64);
+        }
+    }
+    (generated_ids, 0)
+}
+
 /// Squeeze any leading singleton dims off the logits tensor so the
 /// caller gets a rank-1 `[vocab_size]` slice ready for sampling. Bails
 /// on a non-singleton leading dim (would mean a batched forward, which
@@ -861,7 +953,8 @@ const REPEAT_LAST_N: usize = 64;
 /// value. New entries land alongside a new `ModelArch` variant + a
 /// dispatch branch in `load_arch_dense` (plus, for TP, a parallel
 /// pattern in `tp_qwen3.rs`).
-const DENSE_SUPPORTED_MODEL_TYPES: &[&str] = &["llama", "qwen3", "qwen3_5", "qwen3_moe"];
+const DENSE_SUPPORTED_MODEL_TYPES: &[&str] =
+    &["llama", "qwen3", "qwen3_5", "qwen3_moe", "qwen3_next"];
 
 /// Pre-flight check the operator's `config.json` against the set of
 /// architectures the dense path actually knows how to build. Surfaces
@@ -916,7 +1009,7 @@ pub(crate) fn check_dense_config_supported(config_json: &str, model_id: &str) ->
 /// families than the TP path because each TP-aware module is a real
 /// chunk of work (`tp_qwen3.rs` is the only one shipped today).
 #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
-const TP_SUPPORTED_MODEL_TYPES: &[&str] = &["qwen3", "qwen3_5"];
+const TP_SUPPORTED_MODEL_TYPES: &[&str] = &["qwen3", "qwen3_5", "qwen3_next"];
 
 /// TP-side counterpart to `check_dense_config_supported`. Gates the
 /// `load_tp` path on a narrower architecture set: even though the
@@ -987,7 +1080,7 @@ fn resolve_hf_cache(explicit: Option<PathBuf>) -> Option<PathBuf> {
 /// paid at most once per poisoned model.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
-struct LogitsHealth {
+pub(crate) struct LogitsHealth {
     len: usize,
     nan: usize,
     pos_inf: usize,
@@ -1028,7 +1121,7 @@ fn logits_health(t: &Tensor) -> LogitsHealth {
 /// the async caller has the values in hand. Avoids the round-trip of
 /// rebuilding a Tensor just to call to_vec1 again.
 #[allow(dead_code)]
-fn logits_health_slice(values: &[f32]) -> LogitsHealth {
+pub(crate) fn logits_health_slice(values: &[f32]) -> LogitsHealth {
     let mut nan = 0usize;
     let mut pos_inf = 0usize;
     let mut neg_inf = 0usize;
@@ -1088,7 +1181,7 @@ fn logits_health_slice(values: &[f32]) -> LogitsHealth {
 /// the TP streaming task). Matching against the full chain lets the
 /// classification survive `.context("…")` and `format!("…: {e}")`
 /// wrappers in the call sites.
-fn is_device_fault(chain_text: &str) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn is_device_fault(chain_text: &str) -> bool {
     let chain = chain_text.to_lowercase();
     // Non-device patterns: shape errors are pre-kernel and don't touch
     // GPU state; NaN-logits failures happen on the CPU side after the
@@ -1462,7 +1555,7 @@ async fn acquire_pool_lock<'a>(
 /// Apply the repetition penalty (if any) to the prediction logits and
 /// then sample. Centralises the prefill / generation-loop call sites
 /// so they share identical sampling behaviour.
-fn sample_with_penalty(
+pub(crate) fn sample_with_penalty(
     logits: &Tensor,
     history: &[u32],
     logits_processor: &mut LogitsProcessor,
@@ -1521,8 +1614,7 @@ fn chunked_prefill_local(
 /// chunk's last position. Tensors never escape the worker.
 /// `start_offset` skips a restored cached prefix, as in
 /// [`chunked_prefill_local`].
-#[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
-async fn chunked_prefill_via_worker(
+pub(crate) async fn chunked_prefill_via_worker(
     worker: &super::device_worker::DeviceWorkerHandle,
     handle: super::device_worker::ArchHandle,
     prompt_tokens: &[u32],
@@ -1572,7 +1664,7 @@ async fn chunked_prefill_via_worker(
 /// `start_offset` skips a restored cached prefix, as in
 /// [`chunked_prefill_local`].
 #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
-async fn chunked_prefill_tp(
+pub(crate) async fn chunked_prefill_tp(
     pool: &mut super::tp::WorkerPool,
     model_id: &str,
     leader_handle: super::device_worker::TpHandle,
@@ -1974,9 +2066,14 @@ impl CandleHarness {
             );
 
             // bf16 is the canonical distribution dtype for Qwen3 /
-            // Llama 3 / Qwen3 MoE. CUDA on Ada+ has hardware bf16;
-            // Ampere has it too. CPU emulates.
-            let dtype = DType::BF16;
+            // Llama 3 / Qwen3 MoE; CUDA on Ampere+ has hardware bf16.
+            // candle's CPU backend has no bf16 matmul, so the CPU
+            // fallback upcasts to f32 at load.
+            let dtype = if device_for_load.is_cuda() {
+                DType::BF16
+            } else {
+                DType::F32
+            };
             // SAFETY: VarBuilder::from_mmaped_safetensors mmaps the files;
             // mutation by another process while we hold the mapping is
             // UB. We trust the HF cache is immutable-by-design.
@@ -2021,14 +2118,16 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                         device: device_for_load,
                     })))
                 }
-                "qwen3_5" => {
+                "qwen3_5" | "qwen3_next" => {
                     // Qwen3-Next needs a ShardedVarBuilder because its
                     // load functions use the sharded backend (so they
                     // can be reused unchanged by the future TP variant).
                     // With world_size=1 the backend falls through to
                     // the unsharded path, so there is no per-load cost.
-                    let cfg: super::arch::qwen3_5::Config = serde_json::from_str(&cfg_text)
-                        .context("parse Qwen3-Next (qwen3_5) config.json")?;
+                    // `from_config_json` normalises the flat qwen3_next
+                    // layout (#92) into the nested qwen3_5 shape.
+                    let cfg = super::arch::qwen3_5::Config::from_config_json(&cfg_text)
+                        .context("parse Qwen3-Next (qwen3_5/qwen3_next) config.json")?;
                     let sharded_vb = unsafe {
                         candle_nn::var_builder::ShardedSafeTensors::var_builder(
                             &safetensors_paths,
@@ -2269,6 +2368,12 @@ impl CandleHarness {
             };
 
             let prompt_len = prompt_tokens.len();
+            // Whether the chat template left the think block open in the
+            // generation prompt (#112) — decides the truncated-mid-think
+            // case in `split_off_reasoning`. Computed before the
+            // inference closure takes ownership of `prompt_tokens`.
+            let prompt_opened_reasoning =
+                prompt_opens_reasoning(&prompt_tokens, loaded.reasoning_tokens.as_ref());
             let temperature = request.temperature.unwrap_or(0.7);
             let top_p = request.top_p;
             let max_new = request.max_tokens.unwrap_or(8192) as usize;
@@ -2340,7 +2445,7 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                                 worker,
                                 handle,
                                 &prompt_tokens,
-                                loaded.prefix_cache.as_ref(),
+                                loaded.prefix_cache.as_deref(),
                                 loaded.tokenizer.token_to_id("<|im_start|>"),
                                 max_new,
                                 temperature,
@@ -2392,7 +2497,7 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                             &mut guard,
                             &device,
                             &prompt_tokens,
-                            loaded_for_cache.prefix_cache.as_ref(),
+                            loaded_for_cache.prefix_cache.as_deref(),
                             im_start_id,
                             max_new,
                             temperature,
@@ -2454,21 +2559,40 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                 )));
             };
 
+            // Strip the leading `<think>` span so the chain-of-thought
+            // doesn't leak into `content` (the streaming path drops it
+            // as ReasoningDelta; this is the non-streaming equivalent).
+            let (content_ids, reasoning_tokens) =
+                split_off_reasoning(
+                    &generated_ids,
+                    loaded.reasoning_tokens.as_ref(),
+                    prompt_opened_reasoning,
+                );
             let completion_text = loaded
                 .tokenizer
-                .decode(&generated_ids, true)
+                .decode(content_ids, true)
                 .map_err(|e| InferenceError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("detokenize: {e}")))?;
+            // The first answer token after `</think>` is usually a
+            // newline pair; trim it so `content` starts at the answer.
+            let completion_text = if reasoning_tokens > 0 {
+                completion_text.trim_start().to_string()
+            } else {
+                completion_text
+            };
 
             let usage = Usage {
                 prompt_tokens: prompt_len as u64,
                 completion_tokens: generated_ids.len() as u64,
                 total_tokens: (prompt_len + generated_ids.len()) as u64,
-                // Reasoning accounting is streaming-only: the
-                // non-streaming path doesn't track `in_reasoning`
-                // (would require post-hoc <think> span parsing).
-                // Deferred — see #64.
-                completion_tokens_details: None,
+                // `reasoning_tokens` is an additive sub-count of
+                // `completion_tokens` (which still counts every
+                // generated token, reasoning included).
+                completion_tokens_details: (reasoning_tokens > 0)
+                    .then_some(CompletionTokensDetails { reasoning_tokens }),
                 prompt_tokens_details: None,
+                // Non-streaming path: prefill/decode split is only
+                // surfaced on the streaming Finish event today (#85).
+                helexa_timing: None,
             };
 
             tracing::info!(
@@ -2783,7 +2907,29 @@ impl CandleHarness {
             .map_err(InferenceError::from)?;
 
         let tool_schemas = build_tool_schemas(&request);
-        if let (Some(worker), Some(handle)) = (loaded.worker.clone(), loaded.arch_handle) {
+        // Batched decode engine (#98): text streams multiplex through
+        // the per-model engine instead of serializing on
+        // inference_lock. Vision requests keep the direct path (they
+        // can't batch — M-RoPE positions) and serialize against the
+        // engine via the lock it holds while active.
+        if vision_route.is_none() && loaded.engine.is_some() {
+            let engine = loaded.engine.clone().expect("checked is_some");
+            engine
+                .submit(super::engine::EngineRequest {
+                    prompt_tokens,
+                    max_new,
+                    temperature,
+                    top_p,
+                    seed,
+                    eos_id,
+                    tool_schemas,
+                    tx,
+                    admit,
+                    span: span_for_task,
+                })
+                .await
+                .map_err(InferenceError::Other)?;
+        } else if let (Some(worker), Some(handle)) = (loaded.worker.clone(), loaded.arch_handle) {
             #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
             {
                 let prompt_tokens = prompt_tokens.clone();
@@ -2800,7 +2946,7 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                             tokenizer,
                             prompt_tokens,
                             vision_route,
-                            loaded_for_task.prefix_cache.as_ref(),
+                            loaded_for_task.prefix_cache.as_deref(),
                             &loaded_for_task.prefill_rate,
                             max_new,
                             temperature,
@@ -2865,7 +3011,7 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                     &device,
                     &tokenizer,
                     &prompt_tokens,
-                    loaded_for_task.prefix_cache.as_ref(),
+                    loaded_for_task.prefix_cache.as_deref(),
                     max_new,
                     temperature,
                     top_p,
@@ -3309,6 +3455,43 @@ impl Harness for CandleHarness {
             );
         }
 
+        let poisoned = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+        let inference_lock = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()));
+        let prefix_cache = self.new_prefix_cache(snapshot_capable).map(Arc::new);
+        let prefill_rate = Arc::new(super::context_limit::PrefillRateEma::new());
+        // Batched decode engine (#98): spawned when the operator raised
+        // max_in_flight above 1 on a snapshot-capable worker-path model.
+        let engine = match (&worker, arch_handle) {
+            (Some(w), Some(h))
+                if snapshot_capable
+                    && self.admission_cfg.max_in_flight > 1
+                    && super::engine::batching_enabled() =>
+            {
+                tracing::info!(
+                    model = %spec.model_id,
+                    max_slots = self.admission_cfg.max_in_flight,
+                    "batched decode engine enabled (#98)"
+                );
+                Some(super::engine::EngineHandle::spawn(
+                    super::engine::EngineConfig {
+                        model_id: spec.model_id.clone(),
+                        tokenizer: tokenizer.clone(),
+                        reasoning_tokens: reasoning_tokens.clone(),
+                        tool_call_tokens: tool_call_tokens.clone(),
+                        max_slots: self.admission_cfg.max_in_flight,
+                        backend: super::engine::BackendConfig::Single {
+                            worker: Arc::clone(w),
+                            handle: h,
+                            prefix_cache: prefix_cache.clone(),
+                            prefill_rate: Arc::clone(&prefill_rate),
+                            poisoned: Arc::clone(&poisoned),
+                            inference_lock: Arc::clone(&inference_lock),
+                        },
+                    },
+                ))
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        };
         let loaded = Arc::new(LoadedModel {
             model_id: spec.model_id.clone(),
             arch: arch_local,
@@ -3316,10 +3499,10 @@ impl Harness for CandleHarness {
             device,
             quant: spec.quant.clone(),
             devices,
-            poisoned: AtomicBool::new(false),
+            poisoned,
             worker,
             arch_handle,
-            inference_lock: tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()),
+            inference_lock,
             admission: super::admission::AdmissionController::new(&self.admission_cfg),
             reasoning_tokens,
             tool_call_tokens,
@@ -3328,11 +3511,12 @@ impl Harness for CandleHarness {
             image_token_id: vision_meta.image_token_id,
             image_grid_factor: vision_meta.image_grid_factor,
             spec: spec.clone(),
-            prefix_cache: self.new_prefix_cache(snapshot_capable),
+            prefix_cache,
             context_profile,
-            prefill_rate: super::context_limit::PrefillRateEma::new(),
+            prefill_rate,
             derived_input_cap: AtomicUsize::new(0),
             last_free_mb: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            engine,
         });
         if loaded.prefix_cache.is_some() {
             tracing::info!(
@@ -3413,12 +3597,35 @@ impl Harness for CandleHarness {
                         "TP unload: DropTp RPC failed (leader model may leak in worker slab)"
                     );
                 }
-                let mut pool = tp.pool.into_inner();
-                if let Err(e) = pool.unload_model(model_id).await {
-                    tracing::warn!(model = %model_id, error = %e, "TP unload RPC failed");
-                }
-                if let Err(e) = pool.shutdown().await {
-                    tracing::warn!(model = %model_id, error = %e, "TP pool shutdown failed");
+                // The pool mutex is Arc-shared with the batch engine's
+                // active-phase guard (#98). `Arc::try_unwrap(tp)`
+                // succeeding above means the engine is idle (it holds
+                // `Arc<TpLoadedModel>` whenever it holds the pool
+                // guard), so sole ownership is the expected case; the
+                // fallback covers the narrow race where the engine's
+                // guard is mid-release.
+                match Arc::try_unwrap(tp.pool) {
+                    Ok(pool_mutex) => {
+                        let mut pool = pool_mutex.into_inner();
+                        if let Err(e) = pool.unload_model(model_id).await {
+                            tracing::warn!(model = %model_id, error = %e, "TP unload RPC failed");
+                        }
+                        if let Err(e) = pool.shutdown().await {
+                            tracing::warn!(model = %model_id, error = %e, "TP pool shutdown failed");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(pool_arc) => {
+                        tracing::warn!(
+                            model = %model_id,
+                            "TP unload: pool mutex still referenced (engine guard \
+                             mid-release); unloading without explicit pool shutdown — \
+                             worker children reap when the last reference drops"
+                        );
+                        let mut pool = pool_arc.lock().await;
+                        if let Err(e) = pool.unload_model(model_id).await {
+                            tracing::warn!(model = %model_id, error = %e, "TP unload RPC failed");
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -3573,7 +3780,7 @@ impl CandleHarness {
             model_id: spec.model_id.clone(),
             tokenizer,
             devices: devices.clone(),
-            pool: TMutex::new(pool),
+            pool: StdArc::new(TMutex::new(pool)),
             admission: super::admission::AdmissionController::new(&self.admission_cfg),
             leader_handle,
             leader_device: leader_device.clone(),
@@ -3603,7 +3810,33 @@ impl CandleHarness {
             derived_input_cap: AtomicUsize::new(0),
             last_free_mb: AtomicU64::new(0),
             next_snapshot_id: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64::new(1),
+            engine: std::sync::OnceLock::new(),
         });
+        // Batched decode engine (#98): spawned when the operator raised
+        // max_in_flight above 1 on a snapshot-capable TP model. The
+        // engine holds only a Weak — an idle engine never keeps an
+        // unloaded model alive.
+        if tp_loaded.prefix_cache.is_some()
+            && self.admission_cfg.max_in_flight > 1
+            && super::engine::batching_enabled()
+        {
+            tracing::info!(
+                model = %spec.model_id,
+                max_slots = self.admission_cfg.max_in_flight,
+                "batched decode engine enabled for TP model (#98)"
+            );
+            let handle = super::engine::EngineHandle::spawn(super::engine::EngineConfig {
+                model_id: spec.model_id.clone(),
+                tokenizer: tp_loaded.tokenizer.clone(),
+                reasoning_tokens: tp_loaded.reasoning_tokens.clone(),
+                tool_call_tokens: tp_loaded.tool_call_tokens.clone(),
+                max_slots: self.admission_cfg.max_in_flight,
+                backend: super::engine::BackendConfig::Tp {
+                    tp: StdArc::downgrade(&tp_loaded),
+                },
+            });
+            let _ = tp_loaded.engine.set(handle);
+        }
         if tp_loaded.prefix_cache.is_some() {
             tracing::info!(
                 model = %spec.model_id,
@@ -3923,6 +4156,38 @@ impl CandleHarness {
             .map_err(InferenceError::from)?;
 
         let tool_schemas = build_tool_schemas(&request);
+        // Batched decode engine (#98): text streams multiplex through
+        // the per-model engine instead of serializing on the pool
+        // mutex per request. Vision requests keep the direct path and
+        // serialize against the engine via the pool lock it holds
+        // while active.
+        if vision_route.is_none()
+            && let Some(engine) = tp.engine.get()
+        {
+            engine
+                .submit(super::engine::EngineRequest {
+                    prompt_tokens,
+                    max_new,
+                    temperature,
+                    top_p,
+                    seed,
+                    eos_id,
+                    tool_schemas,
+                    tx,
+                    admit,
+                    span,
+                })
+                .await
+                .map_err(InferenceError::Other)?;
+            let reasoning_markers = tp.reasoning_tokens.clone();
+            return Ok(InferenceStream {
+                events: event_rx,
+                id: projector_id,
+                created,
+                model_id: projector_model_id,
+                reasoning_markers,
+            });
+        }
         let tp_for_task = Arc::clone(&tp);
         tokio::spawn(
             async move {
@@ -3957,6 +4222,11 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                 // call — promotes the terminal finish_reason to ToolCalls
                 // so Anthropic clients see stop_reason: tool_use.
                 let mut emitted_tool_call = false;
+                // Prefill/decode split timers (#85). Declared outside 'work
+                // so the terminal Finish — built after the block exits — can
+                // read them; populated at the prefill→decode boundary inside.
+                let mut prefill_ms_measured: u32 = 0;
+                let mut decode_start: Option<std::time::Instant> = None;
 
                 'work: {
                     // Prefix-cache decision (#11): vision requests
@@ -4084,14 +4354,16 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                             break 'work;
                         }
                     };
+                    let prefill_elapsed = prefill_start.elapsed();
+                    prefill_ms_measured = prefill_elapsed.as_millis() as u32;
                     tp_for_task
                         .prefill_rate
-                        .record(prompt_len, prefill_start.elapsed());
+                        .record(prompt_len, prefill_elapsed);
                     let (post_prefill_vram_free_mb, _) = tp_for_task.query_vram().await;
                     tracing::info!(
                         model = %model_id,
                         prompt_len,
-                        prefill_ms = prefill_start.elapsed().as_millis(),
+                        prefill_ms = prefill_elapsed.as_millis(),
                         vram_free_mb = post_prefill_vram_free_mb,
                         "TP chat_completion (stream): prefill complete"
                     );
@@ -4116,6 +4388,8 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                                 break 'work;
                             }
                         };
+                    // Decode-phase timer for the Finish prefill/decode split (#85).
+                    decode_start = Some(std::time::Instant::now());
 
                     if Some(next_token) == eos_id {
                         finish_reason = FinishReason::Stop;
@@ -4393,6 +4667,13 @@ impl CandleHarness {
                             prompt_tokens: prompt_len as u32,
                             completion_tokens: all_tokens.len() as u32,
                             reasoning_tokens: reasoning_token_count,
+                            timing: Some(FinishTiming {
+                                prefill_ms: prefill_ms_measured,
+                                decode_ms: decode_start
+                                    .map(|d| d.elapsed().as_millis() as u32)
+                                    .unwrap_or(0),
+                                prefill_tokens: prompt_len as u32,
+                            }),
                         })
                         .await;
                 }
@@ -4722,19 +5003,34 @@ async fn chat_completion_tp_inner(
     }
     drop(pool);
 
+    // Strip the leading `<think>` span (see `split_off_reasoning` and the
+    // single-GPU path) so the chain-of-thought doesn't leak into `content`.
+    let (content_ids, reasoning_tokens) = split_off_reasoning(
+        &generated,
+        tp.reasoning_tokens.as_ref(),
+        prompt_opens_reasoning(&prompt_tokens, tp.reasoning_tokens.as_ref()),
+    );
     let completion_text = tp
         .tokenizer
-        .decode(&generated, true)
+        .decode(content_ids, true)
         .map_err(|e| InferenceError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("detokenize: {e}")))?;
+    let completion_text = if reasoning_tokens > 0 {
+        completion_text.trim_start().to_string()
+    } else {
+        completion_text
+    };
 
     let usage = Usage {
         prompt_tokens: prompt_len as u64,
         completion_tokens: generated.len() as u64,
         total_tokens: (prompt_len + generated.len()) as u64,
-        // Reasoning accounting is streaming-only (non-streaming TP path
-        // doesn't track `in_reasoning`). Deferred — see #64.
-        completion_tokens_details: None,
+        // `reasoning_tokens` is an additive sub-count of `completion_tokens`.
+        completion_tokens_details: (reasoning_tokens > 0)
+            .then_some(CompletionTokensDetails { reasoning_tokens }),
         prompt_tokens_details: None,
+        // Non-streaming path: prefill/decode split is only surfaced on
+        // the streaming Finish event today (#85).
+        helexa_timing: None,
     };
 
     tracing::info!(
@@ -4776,8 +5072,11 @@ async fn chat_completion_tp_inner(
 /// stays out of this function — the wire projector in
 /// [`crate::wire::openai_chat`] stamps it onto every chunk
 /// downstream.
-#[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
-async fn emit_delta(delta: &str, tx: &mpsc::Sender<InferenceEvent>, in_reasoning: bool) -> bool {
+pub(crate) async fn emit_delta(
+    delta: &str,
+    tx: &mpsc::Sender<InferenceEvent>,
+    in_reasoning: bool,
+) -> bool {
     if delta.is_empty() {
         return true;
     }
@@ -4813,7 +5112,7 @@ fn emit_delta_blocking(delta: &str, tx: &mpsc::Sender<InferenceEvent>, in_reason
 ///
 /// `pair = None` short-circuits to `false` (no reasoning markers
 /// configured for this model → pass-through).
-fn handle_reasoning_marker(
+pub(crate) fn handle_reasoning_marker(
     next_token: u32,
     pair: Option<&ReasoningTokenPair>,
     in_reasoning: &mut bool,
@@ -4838,7 +5137,10 @@ fn handle_reasoning_marker(
 /// visible text. Replaying the prompt's reasoning markers and starting
 /// the loop in whatever state the prompt ends in fixes that without
 /// disabling thinking. `None` pair (non-reasoning model) → false.
-fn prompt_opens_reasoning(prompt_tokens: &[u32], pair: Option<&ReasoningTokenPair>) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn prompt_opens_reasoning(
+    prompt_tokens: &[u32],
+    pair: Option<&ReasoningTokenPair>,
+) -> bool {
     let Some(pair) = pair else { return false };
     let mut open = false;
     for &t in prompt_tokens {
@@ -4853,7 +5155,7 @@ fn prompt_opens_reasoning(prompt_tokens: &[u32], pair: Option<&ReasoningTokenPai
 
 /// Outcome of checking a sampled token against the model's
 /// tool-call markers.
-enum ToolCallMarker {
+pub(crate) enum ToolCallMarker {
     /// Not a tool-call marker — caller proceeds with the normal
     /// detokenize-and-emit path.
     None,
@@ -4870,7 +5172,7 @@ enum ToolCallMarker {
     Exit { buffer: String },
 }
 
-fn handle_tool_call_marker(
+pub(crate) fn handle_tool_call_marker(
     next_token: u32,
     pair: Option<&ToolCallTokenPair>,
     in_tool_call: &mut bool,
@@ -4908,7 +5210,8 @@ fn handle_tool_call_marker(
 /// the Qwen-XML tool-call parser can coerce each `<parameter>` string
 /// to its declared JSON type. An empty map (no tools, or untyped
 /// params) makes the parser fall back to value-sniffing.
-type ToolSchemas = std::collections::HashMap<String, std::collections::HashMap<String, String>>;
+pub(crate) type ToolSchemas =
+    std::collections::HashMap<String, std::collections::HashMap<String, String>>;
 
 /// Extract [`ToolSchemas`] from a request's `tools` (OpenAI shape:
 /// `{type:"function", function:{name, parameters:{properties:{p:{type}}}}}`).
@@ -4952,7 +5255,7 @@ fn build_tool_schemas(request: &ChatCompletionRequest) -> ToolSchemas {
 ///
 /// Returns `None` only when neither form yields a usable name, so the
 /// caller can re-emit the raw block as text instead of swallowing it.
-fn parse_tool_call_body(
+pub(crate) fn parse_tool_call_body(
     body: &str,
     index: usize,
     schemas: &ToolSchemas,
@@ -5559,7 +5862,10 @@ async fn run_inference_with_images_via_worker(
 ///
 /// Returns `None` (run the request without storing a snapshot) when
 /// the marker id is unknown or the prompt has no usable boundary.
-fn stable_snapshot_cut(prompt_tokens: &[u32], im_start_id: Option<u32>) -> Option<usize> {
+pub(crate) fn stable_snapshot_cut(
+    prompt_tokens: &[u32],
+    im_start_id: Option<u32>,
+) -> Option<usize> {
     let id = im_start_id?;
     let cut = prompt_tokens.iter().rposition(|&t| t == id)? + 1;
     (cut < prompt_tokens.len()).then_some(cut)
@@ -5583,8 +5889,7 @@ fn lock_prefix_cache(
 /// prompt tokens already in the cache after this call — prefill
 /// resumes at that offset. A failed restore drops the entry and falls
 /// back to clear + full prefill.
-#[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
-async fn restore_or_clear_via_worker(
+pub(crate) async fn restore_or_clear_via_worker(
     worker: &super::device_worker::DeviceWorkerHandle,
     handle: super::device_worker::ArchHandle,
     prefix_cache: Option<&ModelPrefixCache>,
@@ -5633,8 +5938,7 @@ async fn restore_or_clear_via_worker(
 /// `prompt_tokens`) and register it. Eviction decided by the
 /// registry; evicted worker snapshots are dropped here. Best-effort —
 /// a failed snapshot only costs the next request its prefill saving.
-#[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
-async fn store_prefix_snapshot_via_worker(
+pub(crate) async fn store_prefix_snapshot_via_worker(
     worker: &super::device_worker::DeviceWorkerHandle,
     handle: super::device_worker::ArchHandle,
     prefix_cache: Option<&ModelPrefixCache>,
@@ -5697,7 +6001,7 @@ fn restore_or_clear_local(
 /// (some restored, some not) — the clear fallback resets every rank,
 /// restoring consistency.
 #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
-async fn restore_or_clear_tp(
+pub(crate) async fn restore_or_clear_tp(
     pool: &mut super::tp::WorkerPool,
     tp: &TpLoadedModel,
     prompt_tokens: &[u32],
@@ -5754,7 +6058,7 @@ async fn restore_or_clear_tp(
 /// On any rank failing, drops the id everywhere (idempotent) so no
 /// rank leaks a half-stored snapshot.
 #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
-async fn store_prefix_snapshot_tp(
+pub(crate) async fn store_prefix_snapshot_tp(
     pool: &mut super::tp::WorkerPool,
     tp: &TpLoadedModel,
     prompt_tokens: Vec<u32>,
@@ -6064,7 +6368,8 @@ async fn stream_inference_via_worker(
             }
         }
     };
-    prefill_rate.record(prefill_prompt_len, prefill_start.elapsed());
+    let prefill_elapsed = prefill_start.elapsed();
+    prefill_rate.record(prefill_prompt_len, prefill_elapsed);
     let logits = Tensor::new(logits_vec.as_slice(), &Device::Cpu)?;
     let mut next_token = match sample_with_penalty(&logits, &all_tokens, &mut logits_processor) {
         Ok(t) => t,
@@ -6077,6 +6382,8 @@ async fn stream_inference_via_worker(
             return Err(e);
         }
     };
+    // Decode-phase timer for the Finish prefill/decode split (#85).
+    let decode_start = std::time::Instant::now();
 
     // Per-token routing. `tokenizers::DecodeStream` carries five
     // generic parameters (`M, N, PT, PP, D`) which makes naming
@@ -6221,6 +6528,11 @@ async fn stream_inference_via_worker(
             prompt_tokens: prompt_tokens.len() as u32,
             completion_tokens: all_tokens.len() as u32,
             reasoning_tokens: reasoning_token_count,
+            timing: Some(FinishTiming {
+                prefill_ms: prefill_elapsed.as_millis() as u32,
+                decode_ms: decode_start.elapsed().as_millis() as u32,
+                prefill_tokens: prefill_prompt_len as u32,
+            }),
         })
         .await;
 
@@ -6355,6 +6667,10 @@ fn run_inference_streaming(
     // See `inference_tp_stream`: promotes finish_reason to ToolCalls.
     let mut emitted_tool_call = false;
 
+    // Time prefill and decode separately so the Finish event can carry
+    // a server-measured prefill/decode split (#85) instead of leaving
+    // the client to infer both from SSE chunk arrival.
+    let prefill_start = std::time::Instant::now();
     let reused = restore_or_clear_local(arch, prefix_cache, prompt_tokens)?;
     // Two-stage prefill around the retokenization-stable snapshot
     // boundary — see `run_inference_via_worker`.
@@ -6373,6 +6689,8 @@ fn run_inference_streaming(
         None => chunked_prefill_local(arch, device, prompt_tokens, reused)?,
     };
     let mut next_token = sample_with_penalty(&logits, &all_tokens, &mut logits_processor)?;
+    let prefill_elapsed = prefill_start.elapsed();
+    let decode_start = std::time::Instant::now();
 
     // Per-token routing block, used at both the prefill-sample
     // tail and the decode loop. Macros are ugly but Rust's
@@ -6481,6 +6799,11 @@ fn run_inference_streaming(
         prompt_tokens: prompt_tokens.len() as u32,
         completion_tokens: all_tokens.len() as u32,
         reasoning_tokens: reasoning_token_count,
+        timing: Some(FinishTiming {
+            prefill_ms: prefill_elapsed.as_millis() as u32,
+            decode_ms: decode_start.elapsed().as_millis() as u32,
+            prefill_tokens: prompt_tokens.len() as u32,
+        }),
     });
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -6505,6 +6828,71 @@ mod tests {
 
     const IM_START: u32 = 999;
 
+    fn think_pair() -> ReasoningTokenPair {
+        ReasoningTokenPair {
+            open_id: 100,
+            close_id: 200,
+            open_text: "<think>".into(),
+            close_text: "</think>".into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn split_off_reasoning_strips_up_to_close_marker() {
+        // [reasoning_a, reasoning_b, </think>, answer_x, answer_y]
+        let ids = [10, 11, 200, 42, 43];
+        let (content, reasoning) = split_off_reasoning(&ids, Some(&think_pair()), false);
+        assert_eq!(content, &[42, 43]);
+        assert_eq!(reasoning, 3); // two reasoning tokens + the close marker
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn split_off_reasoning_no_close_marker_returns_all() {
+        // Thinking disabled / span not opened by the prompt: return as-is.
+        let ids = [42, 43, 44];
+        let (content, reasoning) = split_off_reasoning(&ids, Some(&think_pair()), false);
+        assert_eq!(content, &ids);
+        assert_eq!(reasoning, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn split_off_reasoning_no_marker_pair_is_noop() {
+        let ids = [1, 2, 3];
+        let (content, reasoning) = split_off_reasoning(&ids, None, true);
+        assert_eq!(content, &ids);
+        assert_eq!(reasoning, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn split_off_reasoning_close_at_end_yields_empty_content() {
+        // All reasoning, answer truncated to nothing after the marker.
+        let ids = [10, 11, 200];
+        let (content, reasoning) = split_off_reasoning(&ids, Some(&think_pair()), false);
+        assert!(content.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(reasoning, 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn split_off_reasoning_prompt_opened_truncation_is_all_reasoning() {
+        // Template force-opened the think block (#112:
+        // Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B-Thinking) and generation hit max_tokens
+        // before emitting </think> — everything is chain-of-thought.
+        let ids = [10, 11, 12];
+        let (content, reasoning) = split_off_reasoning(&ids, Some(&think_pair()), true);
+        assert!(content.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(reasoning, 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn split_off_reasoning_splits_on_last_close_marker() {
+        // Defensive: if the model emits its own <think></think> pair plus
+        // the prompt-injected one, split on the LAST close marker.
+        let ids = [200, 10, 200, 42];
+        let (content, reasoning) = split_off_reasoning(&ids, Some(&think_pair()), true);
+        assert_eq!(content, &[42]);
+        assert_eq!(reasoning, 3);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn stable_snapshot_cut_lands_after_last_im_start() {
         // ChatML shape: [im_start, "system", ..., im_start, "user",
@@ -6580,6 +6968,20 @@ mod tests {
             .expect("qwen3_5 should be in the supported set as of Stage 8c scaffold");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn check_dense_config_accepts_qwen3_next() {
+        // The MoE sibling family (Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B, #92) routes into
+        // the same qwen3_5 arch module via Config::from_config_json.
+        let cfg = r#"{
+            "model_type": "qwen3_next",
+            "architectures": ["Qwen3NextForCausalLM"],
+            "hidden_size": 2048,
+            "num_experts": 512
+        }"#;
+        check_dense_config_supported(cfg, "Qwen/Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B-Instruct")
+            .expect("qwen3_next should be in the supported set (#92)");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn check_dense_config_rejects_missing_model_type() {
         let cfg = r#"{ "vocab_size": 1234 }"#;

crates/neuron/src/harness/device_worker/dispatch.rs

@@ -248,6 +248,46 @@ pub(crate) fn run(device_index: u32, rx: Receiver<Job>, poisoned: Arc<AtomicBool
                 let result = forward_logits(&mut state, handle, &tokens, offset);
                 let _ = reply.send(result);
             }
+            Job::AssembleKvBatch {
+                handle,
+                seqs,
+                reply,
+            } => {
+                let result = assemble_kv_batch(&mut state, handle, &seqs);
+                // The replaced live cache state just freed its tensors.
+                if result.is_ok() {
+                    trim_device_pool(&state);
+                }
+                let _ = reply.send(result);
+            }
+            Job::ForwardLogitsBatch {
+                handle,
+                tokens,
+                prefix_lens,
+                padded_len,
+                step,
+                reply,
+            } => {
+                let result = forward_logits_batch(
+                    &mut state,
+                    handle,
+                    &tokens,
+                    &prefix_lens,
+                    padded_len,
+                    step,
+                );
+                let _ = reply.send(result);
+            }
+            Job::ExtractKvRows {
+                handle,
+                rows,
+                padded_len,
+                steps,
+                reply,
+            } => {
+                let result = extract_kv_rows(&mut state, handle, &rows, padded_len, steps);
+                let _ = reply.send(result);
+            }
             Job::EncodeImage {
                 handle,
                 pixels,
@@ -436,6 +476,50 @@ pub(crate) fn run(device_index: u32, rx: Receiver<Job>, poisoned: Arc<AtomicBool
                 let _ = reply.send(());
             }
             #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+            Job::TpForwardLogitsBatch {
+                handle,
+                tokens,
+                prefix_lens,
+                padded_len,
+                step,
+                reply,
+            } => {
+                let result = tp_forward_logits_batch(
+                    &mut state,
+                    handle,
+                    &tokens,
+                    &prefix_lens,
+                    padded_len,
+                    step,
+                );
+                let _ = reply.send(result);
+            }
+            #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+            Job::TpAssembleKvBatch {
+                handle,
+                seqs,
+                reply,
+            } => {
+                let result = tp_assemble_kv_batch(&mut state, handle, &seqs);
+                if result.is_ok() {
+                    trim_device_pool(&state);
+                }
+                let _ = reply.send(result);
+            }
+            #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+            Job::TpExtractKvRows {
+                handle,
+                rows,
+                padded_len,
+                steps,
+                snapshot_ids,
+                reply,
+            } => {
+                let result =
+                    tp_extract_kv_rows(&mut state, handle, &rows, padded_len, steps, &snapshot_ids);
+                let _ = reply.send(result);
+            }
+            #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
             Job::TpForwardLogits {
                 handle,
                 tokens,
@@ -760,9 +844,14 @@ fn load_dense_inner(
     );
 
     // bf16 is the canonical distribution dtype for Qwen3 / Llama 3 /
-    // Qwen3 MoE. CUDA on Ada+ has hardware bf16; Ampere has it too.
-    // CPU emulates.
-    let dtype = DType::BF16;
+    // Qwen3 MoE; CUDA on Ampere+ has hardware bf16. candle's CPU
+    // backend has no bf16 matmul, so the CPU fallback (and the CPU
+    // test worker) upcasts to f32 at load.
+    let dtype = if device.is_cuda() {
+        DType::BF16
+    } else {
+        DType::F32
+    };
     // SAFETY: VarBuilder::from_mmaped_safetensors mmaps the files;
     // mutation by another process while we hold the mapping is UB.
     // We trust the HF cache is immutable-by-design.
@@ -804,9 +893,11 @@ fn load_dense_inner(
                 ),
             )))
         }
-        "qwen3_5" => {
-            let cfg: crate::harness::arch::qwen3_5::Config = serde_json::from_str(&cfg_text)
-                .context("parse Qwen3-Next (qwen3_5) config.json")?;
+        "qwen3_5" | "qwen3_next" => {
+            // `from_config_json` normalises the flat qwen3_next layout
+            // (#92) into the nested qwen3_5 shape.
+            let cfg = crate::harness::arch::qwen3_5::Config::from_config_json(&cfg_text)
+                .context("parse Qwen3-Next (qwen3_5/qwen3_next) config.json")?;
             let sharded_vb = unsafe {
                 candle_nn::var_builder::ShardedSafeTensors::var_builder(
                     safetensors_paths,
@@ -873,8 +964,8 @@ fn tp_load_shard_inner(
                 &cfg, &vb, 0, world_size, comm,
             )?)
         }
-        "qwen3_5" => {
-            let cfg: crate::harness::tp::tp_qwen3_5::Config = serde_json::from_str(config_json)
+        "qwen3_5" | "qwen3_next" => {
+            let cfg = crate::harness::tp::tp_qwen3_5::Config::from_config_json(config_json)
                 .context("parse Qwen3-Next Config JSON for leader load")?;
             let quant_dtype = crate::harness::tp::worker::parse_quant_string(quant)?;
             TpLeaderModel::Qwen3_5(crate::harness::tp::tp_qwen3_5::TpQwen3_5ForCausalLM::load(
@@ -888,7 +979,8 @@ fn tp_load_shard_inner(
             )?)
         }
         other => anyhow::bail!(
-            "TP dispatch: unsupported model_type '{other}' on leader (supported: qwen3, qwen3_5)"
+            "TP dispatch: unsupported model_type '{other}' on leader \
+             (supported: qwen3, qwen3_5, qwen3_next)"
         ),
     };
 
@@ -943,6 +1035,114 @@ fn tp_forward_logits(
     Ok(values)
 }
 
+/// TP-equivalent of [`forward_logits_batch`] on the leader's shard
+/// (#98). The caller has already fanned the matching
+/// `GenerateStepBatch` out to the subprocess ranks.
+#[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+fn tp_forward_logits_batch(
+    state: &mut DeviceWorkerState,
+    handle: TpHandle,
+    tokens: &[u32],
+    prefix_lens: &[usize],
+    padded_len: usize,
+    step: usize,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Vec<f32>>> {
+    use candle_core::{DType, Tensor};
+
+    let b = tokens.len();
+    anyhow::ensure!(b > 0, "TpForwardLogitsBatch: empty batch");
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        prefix_lens.len() == b,
+        "TpForwardLogitsBatch: {} prefix_lens for batch of {b}",
+        prefix_lens.len()
+    );
+
+    let input = Tensor::from_vec(tokens.to_vec(), (b, 1), &state.device)?;
+    let model = state
+        .tp_models
+        .get_mut(&handle)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("TpForwardLogitsBatch: no model for handle {}", handle.0))?;
+
+    let positions: Vec<usize> = prefix_lens.iter().map(|&len| len + step).collect();
+    let total_len = padded_len + step + 1;
+    let mask = model.batch_decode_mask(prefix_lens, padded_len, total_len)?;
+    let logits = model.forward_batch_decode(&input, &positions, mask.as_ref())?;
+
+    let logits = logits.to_dtype(DType::F32)?;
+    let (rows, _, vocab) = logits.dims3()?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        rows == b,
+        "TpForwardLogitsBatch: model returned {rows} logits rows for batch of {b}"
+    );
+    let flat: Vec<f32> = logits.flatten_all()?.to_vec1()?;
+    Ok(flat.chunks(vocab).map(<[f32]>::to_vec).collect())
+}
+
+/// TP-equivalent of [`assemble_kv_batch`] against the TP slab (#98),
+/// keyed by pool-minted snapshot ids.
+#[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+fn tp_assemble_kv_batch(
+    state: &mut DeviceWorkerState,
+    handle: TpHandle,
+    seqs: &[(u64, usize)],
+) -> anyhow::Result<usize> {
+    let DeviceWorkerState {
+        tp_models,
+        tp_kv_snapshots,
+        ..
+    } = state;
+    let mut pairs = Vec::with_capacity(seqs.len());
+    for (id, len) in seqs {
+        let snap = tp_kv_snapshots.get(&(handle, *id)).ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "TpAssembleKvBatch: no snapshot {id} for handle {}",
+                handle.0
+            )
+        })?;
+        pairs.push((snap, *len));
+    }
+    let batch = crate::harness::arch::qwen3_5::snapshot::assemble_batch(&pairs)?;
+    let model = tp_models
+        .get_mut(&handle)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("TpAssembleKvBatch: no model for handle {}", handle.0))?;
+    model.restore_kv_cache(&batch.snapshot)?;
+    Ok(batch.padded_len)
+}
+
+/// TP-equivalent of [`extract_kv_rows`] against the TP slab (#98),
+/// storing each extracted row under the caller's pre-minted pool id.
+/// Returns total snapshot bytes (budget accounting).
+#[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+fn tp_extract_kv_rows(
+    state: &mut DeviceWorkerState,
+    handle: TpHandle,
+    rows: &[(usize, usize)],
+    padded_len: usize,
+    steps: usize,
+    snapshot_ids: &[u64],
+) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        snapshot_ids.len() == rows.len(),
+        "TpExtractKvRows: {} rows vs {} snapshot_ids",
+        rows.len(),
+        snapshot_ids.len()
+    );
+    let live = state
+        .tp_models
+        .get(&handle)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("TpExtractKvRows: no model for handle {}", handle.0))?
+        .snapshot_kv_cache()?;
+    let mut total = 0u64;
+    for (&(row, prefix_len), &id) in rows.iter().zip(snapshot_ids) {
+        let snap = crate::harness::arch::qwen3_5::snapshot::extract_row(
+            &live, row, prefix_len, padded_len, steps,
+        )?;
+        total += snap.size_bytes();
+        state.tp_kv_snapshots.insert((handle, id), snap);
+    }
+    Ok(total)
+}
+
 /// Image-bearing leader forward (rank 0). Preprocesses each source
 /// `image_data_uris` entry through the same deterministic
 /// `preprocess_data_uri` every rank runs, uploads to the leader's
@@ -1034,6 +1234,119 @@ fn forward_logits(
     Ok(values)
 }
 
+/// Assemble stored per-sequence snapshots into a batched cache state
+/// and install it as the model's live state (#98). Split-borrows the
+/// snapshot map (immutable) and the model slab (mutable) — disjoint
+/// fields of the worker state.
+fn assemble_kv_batch(
+    state: &mut DeviceWorkerState,
+    handle: ArchHandle,
+    seqs: &[(KvSnapshotId, usize)],
+) -> anyhow::Result<usize> {
+    let DeviceWorkerState {
+        models,
+        kv_snapshots,
+        ..
+    } = state;
+    let mut pairs = Vec::with_capacity(seqs.len());
+    for (id, len) in seqs {
+        let snap = kv_snapshots.get(&(handle, id.0)).ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "AssembleKvBatch: no snapshot {} for handle {}",
+                id.0,
+                handle.0
+            )
+        })?;
+        pairs.push((snap, *len));
+    }
+    let batch = crate::harness::arch::qwen3_5::snapshot::assemble_batch(&pairs)?;
+    let arch = models
+        .get_mut(&handle)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("AssembleKvBatch: no model for handle {}", handle.0))?;
+    arch.restore_kv_cache(&batch.snapshot)?;
+    Ok(batch.padded_len)
+}
+
+/// Extract live batched-state rows into stored per-sequence snapshots
+/// (#98) — see `Job::ExtractKvRows`. Captures the live state once
+/// (shallow attention KV, deep-copied GDN) and slices each requested
+/// row out gap-free.
+fn extract_kv_rows(
+    state: &mut DeviceWorkerState,
+    handle: ArchHandle,
+    rows: &[(usize, usize)],
+    padded_len: usize,
+    steps: usize,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<(KvSnapshotId, u64)>> {
+    let live = state
+        .models
+        .get(&handle)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("ExtractKvRows: no model for handle {}", handle.0))?
+        .snapshot_kv_cache()?;
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(rows.len());
+    for &(row, prefix_len) in rows {
+        let snap = crate::harness::arch::qwen3_5::snapshot::extract_row(
+            &live, row, prefix_len, padded_len, steps,
+        )?;
+        let id = KvSnapshotId(state.next_kv_snapshot_id);
+        state.next_kv_snapshot_id = state.next_kv_snapshot_id.wrapping_add(1);
+        let bytes = snap.size_bytes();
+        state.kv_snapshots.insert((handle, id.0), snap);
+        out.push((id, bytes));
+    }
+    tracing::debug!(
+        handle = handle.0,
+        rows = rows.len(),
+        stored = state.kv_snapshots.len(),
+        "device worker: batch rows extracted"
+    );
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// One lockstep batched decode step (#98). Builds the `(B, 1)` input
+/// on the worker's device, derives per-row positions and the padding
+/// mask, and copies each row's logits back to CPU — same
+/// "tensors never escape the worker" contract as `forward_logits`.
+fn forward_logits_batch(
+    state: &mut DeviceWorkerState,
+    handle: ArchHandle,
+    tokens: &[u32],
+    prefix_lens: &[usize],
+    padded_len: usize,
+    step: usize,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Vec<f32>>> {
+    use candle_core::{DType, Tensor};
+
+    let b = tokens.len();
+    anyhow::ensure!(b > 0, "ForwardLogitsBatch: empty batch");
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        prefix_lens.len() == b,
+        "ForwardLogitsBatch: {} prefix_lens for batch of {b}",
+        prefix_lens.len()
+    );
+
+    let input = Tensor::from_vec(tokens.to_vec(), (b, 1), &state.device)?;
+    let arch = state
+        .models
+        .get_mut(&handle)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("ForwardLogitsBatch: no model for handle {}", handle.0))?;
+
+    let positions: Vec<usize> = prefix_lens.iter().map(|&len| len + step).collect();
+    let total_len = padded_len + step + 1;
+    let mask = arch.batch_decode_mask(prefix_lens, padded_len, total_len)?;
+    let logits = arch.forward_batch_decode(&input, &positions, mask.as_ref())?;
+
+    // (B, 1, vocab) → per-row CPU Vec<f32>.
+    let logits = logits.to_dtype(DType::F32)?;
+    let (rows, _, vocab) = logits.dims3()?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        rows == b,
+        "ForwardLogitsBatch: model returned {rows} logits rows for batch of {b}"
+    );
+    let flat: Vec<f32> = logits.flatten_all()?.to_vec1()?;
+    Ok(flat.chunks(vocab).map(<[f32]>::to_vec).collect())
+}
+
 /// Run the LM forward with vision-tower image splicing. Stage B3.
 ///
 /// Encodes each image through the vision tower (`VisionTower::forward`,
@@ -1187,6 +1500,15 @@ fn drain_poisoned(job: Job, device_index: u32) {
         Job::ForwardLogits { reply, .. } => {
             let _ = reply.send(Err(err()));
         }
+        Job::AssembleKvBatch { reply, .. } => {
+            let _ = reply.send(Err(err()));
+        }
+        Job::ForwardLogitsBatch { reply, .. } => {
+            let _ = reply.send(Err(err()));
+        }
+        Job::ExtractKvRows { reply, .. } => {
+            let _ = reply.send(Err(err()));
+        }
         Job::EncodeImage { reply, .. } => {
             let _ = reply.send(Err(err()));
         }
@@ -1230,6 +1552,18 @@ fn drain_poisoned(job: Job, device_index: u32) {
             let _ = reply.send(Err(err()));
         }
         #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+        Job::TpForwardLogitsBatch { reply, .. } => {
+            let _ = reply.send(Err(err()));
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+        Job::TpAssembleKvBatch { reply, .. } => {
+            let _ = reply.send(Err(err()));
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+        Job::TpExtractKvRows { reply, .. } => {
+            let _ = reply.send(Err(err()));
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
         Job::TpDropKvSnapshot { reply, .. } => {
             // Bookkeeping-only — unit reply so eviction never wedges
             // on a poisoned worker (same shape as DropKvSnapshot).

crates/neuron/src/harness/device_worker/jobs.rs

@@ -149,6 +149,50 @@ pub enum Job {
         offset: usize,
         reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<Vec<f32>>>,
     },
+    /// Assemble stored per-sequence snapshots into one batched cache
+    /// state and install it as the model's live state (#98). `seqs`
+    /// pairs each snapshot id with its true token length; attention
+    /// K/V is right-padded to the batch max and `cat`ed on dim 0 (see
+    /// `arch::qwen3_5::snapshot::assemble_batch`). Replies with the
+    /// padded uniform KV length. The source snapshots remain stored —
+    /// the caller drops them via `DropKvSnapshot` when the sequences
+    /// leave the batch.
+    AssembleKvBatch {
+        handle: ArchHandle,
+        seqs: Vec<(KvSnapshotId, usize)>,
+        reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<usize>>,
+    },
+    /// Extract rows of the model's **live** batched cache state back
+    /// into contiguous single-sequence snapshots stored in the
+    /// worker's slab (#98) — the first half of a rebatch (join or
+    /// leave). `rows` pairs each batch-row index with its prefix
+    /// length; `padded_len`/`steps` describe the live batch geometry.
+    /// Replies one `(snapshot id, bytes)` per requested row, in
+    /// order. Compose with `AssembleKvBatch` to form the new batch,
+    /// then `DropKvSnapshot` the intermediates.
+    ExtractKvRows {
+        handle: ArchHandle,
+        /// `(batch row index, prefix_len)` per surviving sequence.
+        rows: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        steps: usize,
+        reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<Vec<(KvSnapshotId, u64)>>>,
+    },
+    /// One lockstep batched decode step (#98): `tokens[i]` is batch
+    /// row i's next token, sitting at sequence position
+    /// `prefix_lens[i] + step`. The handler derives per-row positions
+    /// and the padding mask from `prefix_lens`/`padded_len` (the
+    /// values `AssembleKvBatch` was built from) and replies one CPU
+    /// `[vocab]` logits row per batch row, ready for per-slot
+    /// sampling on the async side.
+    ForwardLogitsBatch {
+        handle: ArchHandle,
+        tokens: Vec<u32>,
+        prefix_lens: Vec<usize>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        step: usize,
+        reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<Vec<Vec<f32>>>>,
+    },
     /// Run the LM forward with vision splicing in one round-trip.
     /// Stage B3 of the vision plan.
     ///
@@ -304,6 +348,41 @@ pub enum Job {
         offset: usize,
         reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<Vec<f32>>>,
     },
+    /// Leader half of a TP batched decode step (#98) — mirrors the
+    /// single-GPU `ForwardLogitsBatch` against the TP slab. The caller
+    /// (`WorkerPool::generate_step_batch`) fans out the matching
+    /// `GenerateStepBatch` RPC to subprocess ranks first so the
+    /// row-parallel collectives pair up.
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    TpForwardLogitsBatch {
+        handle: TpHandle,
+        tokens: Vec<u32>,
+        prefix_lens: Vec<usize>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        step: usize,
+        reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<Vec<Vec<f32>>>>,
+    },
+    /// Leader half of a TP batch assembly (#98) — mirrors
+    /// `AssembleKvBatch` against the TP slab, with **pool-minted**
+    /// snapshot ids (the same ids every subprocess rank stores under).
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    TpAssembleKvBatch {
+        handle: TpHandle,
+        seqs: Vec<(u64, usize)>,
+        reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<usize>>,
+    },
+    /// Leader half of a TP row extraction (#98) — mirrors
+    /// `ExtractKvRows` against the TP slab, storing each extracted row
+    /// under the **pre-minted** id in `snapshot_ids` (one per row).
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    TpExtractKvRows {
+        handle: TpHandle,
+        rows: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        steps: usize,
+        snapshot_ids: Vec<u64>,
+        reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<u64>>,
+    },
     /// Image-bearing leader (rank 0) forward for the single-shot vision
     /// prefill. The handler preprocesses each `image_data_uris` entry
     /// (the same deterministic path every rank runs), encodes through

crates/neuron/src/harness/device_worker/mod.rs

@@ -420,6 +420,111 @@ impl DeviceWorkerHandle {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Assemble stored per-sequence snapshots into one batched cache
+    /// state and install it as the model's live state (#98). Returns
+    /// the padded uniform KV length the batch was assembled to. The
+    /// source snapshots remain stored.
+    pub async fn assemble_kv_batch(
+        &self,
+        handle: ArchHandle,
+        seqs: Vec<(jobs::KvSnapshotId, usize)>,
+    ) -> Result<usize, WorkerError> {
+        if self.poisoned.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+            return Err(WorkerError::Poisoned {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            });
+        }
+        let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.tx
+            .send(Job::AssembleKvBatch {
+                handle,
+                seqs,
+                reply: reply_tx,
+            })
+            .map_err(|_| WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            })?;
+        match reply_rx.await {
+            Ok(result) => result.map_err(WorkerError::from),
+            Err(_) => Err(WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Extract live batched-state rows into stored per-sequence
+    /// snapshots (#98) — the first half of a rebatch. Returns one
+    /// `(snapshot id, bytes)` per requested row, in order.
+    pub async fn extract_kv_rows(
+        &self,
+        handle: ArchHandle,
+        rows: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        steps: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(jobs::KvSnapshotId, u64)>, WorkerError> {
+        if self.poisoned.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+            return Err(WorkerError::Poisoned {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            });
+        }
+        let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.tx
+            .send(Job::ExtractKvRows {
+                handle,
+                rows,
+                padded_len,
+                steps,
+                reply: reply_tx,
+            })
+            .map_err(|_| WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            })?;
+        match reply_rx.await {
+            Ok(result) => result.map_err(WorkerError::from),
+            Err(_) => Err(WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// One lockstep batched decode step (#98): row i's next token at
+    /// position `prefix_lens[i] + step`. Returns one CPU `[vocab]`
+    /// logits row per batch row, ready for per-slot sampling — same
+    /// no-device-tensor contract as [`Self::forward_logits`].
+    pub async fn forward_logits_batch(
+        &self,
+        handle: ArchHandle,
+        tokens: Vec<u32>,
+        prefix_lens: Vec<usize>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        step: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Vec<f32>>, WorkerError> {
+        if self.poisoned.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+            return Err(WorkerError::Poisoned {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            });
+        }
+        let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.tx
+            .send(Job::ForwardLogitsBatch {
+                handle,
+                tokens,
+                prefix_lens,
+                padded_len,
+                step,
+                reply: reply_tx,
+            })
+            .map_err(|_| WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            })?;
+        match reply_rx.await {
+            Ok(result) => result.map_err(WorkerError::from),
+            Err(_) => Err(WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Forward with image-aware splicing in one round-trip. Stage B3.
     ///
     /// Encodes each image on the worker thread (device-resident), then
@@ -769,6 +874,112 @@ impl DeviceWorkerHandle {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Leader half of a TP batched decode step (#98) — per-row
+    /// `[vocab]` logits back for per-slot sampling. The caller fans
+    /// the matching `GenerateStepBatch` out to the subprocess ranks.
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    pub async fn tp_forward_logits_batch(
+        &self,
+        handle: TpHandle,
+        tokens: Vec<u32>,
+        prefix_lens: Vec<usize>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        step: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Vec<f32>>, WorkerError> {
+        if self.poisoned.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+            return Err(WorkerError::Poisoned {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            });
+        }
+        let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.tx
+            .send(Job::TpForwardLogitsBatch {
+                handle,
+                tokens,
+                prefix_lens,
+                padded_len,
+                step,
+                reply: reply_tx,
+            })
+            .map_err(|_| WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            })?;
+        match reply_rx.await {
+            Ok(result) => result.map_err(WorkerError::from),
+            Err(_) => Err(WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Leader half of a TP batch assembly (#98). Returns the padded
+    /// uniform KV length. Snapshot ids are pool-minted by the caller.
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    pub async fn tp_assemble_kv_batch(
+        &self,
+        handle: TpHandle,
+        seqs: Vec<(u64, usize)>,
+    ) -> Result<usize, WorkerError> {
+        if self.poisoned.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+            return Err(WorkerError::Poisoned {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            });
+        }
+        let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.tx
+            .send(Job::TpAssembleKvBatch {
+                handle,
+                seqs,
+                reply: reply_tx,
+            })
+            .map_err(|_| WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            })?;
+        match reply_rx.await {
+            Ok(result) => result.map_err(WorkerError::from),
+            Err(_) => Err(WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Leader half of a TP row extraction (#98). Stores each extracted
+    /// row under the caller's pre-minted pool id; returns total bytes.
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    pub async fn tp_extract_kv_rows(
+        &self,
+        handle: TpHandle,
+        rows: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        steps: usize,
+        snapshot_ids: Vec<u64>,
+    ) -> Result<u64, WorkerError> {
+        if self.poisoned.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+            return Err(WorkerError::Poisoned {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            });
+        }
+        let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.tx
+            .send(Job::TpExtractKvRows {
+                handle,
+                rows,
+                padded_len,
+                steps,
+                snapshot_ids,
+                reply: reply_tx,
+            })
+            .map_err(|_| WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            })?;
+        match reply_rx.await {
+            Ok(result) => result.map_err(WorkerError::from),
+            Err(_) => Err(WorkerError::Gone {
+                device_index: self.device_index,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Image-bearing TP leader forward (single-shot vision prefill).
     /// Routes `Job::TpForwardLogitsWithImages` onto the worker thread;
     /// the handler preprocesses + encodes + splices + forwards and
@@ -925,6 +1136,189 @@ mod tests {
         handle.shutdown().expect("shutdown ok");
     }
 
+    /// #98 slice 2 end-to-end: load the tiny qwen3_next fixture through
+    /// the worker, prefill three ragged sequences (snapshotting each),
+    /// assemble them into one batched state via `AssembleKvBatch`, and
+    /// check every `ForwardLogitsBatch` row against the sequential
+    /// `ForwardLogits` reference at each decode step. Exercises the
+    /// whole job plumbing on the real dispatch thread (CPU device in
+    /// CI), not just the arch-level primitives.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn batched_decode_jobs_match_sequential_forward() {
+        let fixture = std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+            .join("tests/fixtures/numerical/qwen3_next-tiny");
+        if !fixture.join("model.safetensors").exists() {
+            eprintln!("SKIP batched_decode_jobs_match_sequential_forward: fixture not generated");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let worker = DeviceWorkerHandle::spawn(0).expect("spawn ok");
+        let arch = worker
+            .load_dense(
+                fixture.join("config.json"),
+                vec![fixture.join("model.safetensors")],
+                "qwen3_next-tiny".into(),
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect("load tiny fixture");
+
+        let prompts: [&[u32]; 3] = [&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5], &[7, 3, 2, 5, 6]];
+        let steps: [&[u32]; 3] = [&[11, 12, 13], &[9, 8, 7], &[21, 22, 23]];
+        let n_steps = 3;
+
+        // Sequential reference + per-sequence snapshots. Snapshot is
+        // taken at the prefill boundary; the reference decode that
+        // follows mutates only the live state (GDN snapshots are deep
+        // copies, attention KV never mutates in place).
+        let mut snaps = Vec::new();
+        let mut expected: Vec<Vec<Vec<f32>>> = Vec::new(); // [row][step]
+        for (prompt, toks) in prompts.iter().zip(steps.iter()) {
+            worker.clear_kv_cache(arch).await.expect("clear");
+            worker
+                .forward_logits(arch, prompt.to_vec(), 0)
+                .await
+                .expect("prefill");
+            let (snap, bytes) = worker.snapshot_kv(arch).await.expect("snapshot");
+            assert!(bytes > 0);
+            snaps.push(snap);
+            let mut per_step = Vec::new();
+            for (t, tok) in toks.iter().enumerate() {
+                per_step.push(
+                    worker
+                        .forward_logits(arch, vec![*tok], prompt.len() + t)
+                        .await
+                        .expect("sequential decode step"),
+                );
+            }
+            expected.push(per_step);
+        }
+
+        // Assemble and decode lockstep.
+        let seqs: Vec<(jobs::KvSnapshotId, usize)> = snaps
+            .iter()
+            .zip(prompts.iter())
+            .map(|(s, p)| (*s, p.len()))
+            .collect();
+        let prefix_lens: Vec<usize> = prompts.iter().map(|p| p.len()).collect();
+        let padded_len = worker
+            .assemble_kv_batch(arch, seqs)
+            .await
+            .expect("assemble batch");
+        assert_eq!(padded_len, 5);
+
+        for t in 0..n_steps {
+            let toks: Vec<u32> = steps.iter().map(|s| s[t]).collect();
+            let rows = worker
+                .forward_logits_batch(arch, toks, prefix_lens.clone(), padded_len, t)
+                .await
+                .expect("batched decode step");
+            assert_eq!(rows.len(), 3);
+            for (row, got) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
+                let want = &expected[row][t];
+                assert_eq!(got.len(), want.len(), "row {row} vocab width");
+                let diff = want
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(got)
+                    .map(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs())
+                    .fold(0f32, f32::max);
+                assert!(diff < 1e-4, "row {row} step {t} diverged: {diff}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Rebatch mid-decode (the leave path): extract rows 0 and 2
+        // from the live batch, re-assemble without row 1, and check the
+        // shrunken batch still tracks the sequential reference. The
+        // extra decode tokens per remaining row are appended after the
+        // original per-row streams for the reference run.
+        let survivors = [0usize, 2];
+        let extra: [&[u32]; 2] = [&[15, 16], &[25, 26]];
+        let mut expected_extra: Vec<Vec<Vec<f32>>> = Vec::new();
+        for (i, &row) in survivors.iter().enumerate() {
+            worker.clear_kv_cache(arch).await.expect("clear");
+            worker
+                .forward_logits(arch, prompts[row].to_vec(), 0)
+                .await
+                .expect("re-prefill");
+            for (t, tok) in steps[row].iter().enumerate() {
+                worker
+                    .forward_logits(arch, vec![*tok], prompts[row].len() + t)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("re-decode");
+            }
+            let mut per_step = Vec::new();
+            for (j, tok) in extra[i].iter().enumerate() {
+                per_step.push(
+                    worker
+                        .forward_logits(arch, vec![*tok], prompts[row].len() + n_steps + j)
+                        .await
+                        .expect("reference extra step"),
+                );
+            }
+            expected_extra.push(per_step);
+        }
+
+        // Rebuild the 3-row batch state (it was clobbered by the
+        // reference runs above), replay the lockstep steps, then
+        // extract + re-assemble the survivors.
+        let seqs: Vec<(jobs::KvSnapshotId, usize)> = snaps
+            .iter()
+            .zip(prompts.iter())
+            .map(|(s, p)| (*s, p.len()))
+            .collect();
+        worker
+            .assemble_kv_batch(arch, seqs)
+            .await
+            .expect("re-assemble");
+        for t in 0..n_steps {
+            let toks: Vec<u32> = steps.iter().map(|s| s[t]).collect();
+            worker
+                .forward_logits_batch(arch, toks, prefix_lens.clone(), padded_len, t)
+                .await
+                .expect("replay batched step");
+        }
+        let extracted = worker
+            .extract_kv_rows(
+                arch,
+                survivors.iter().map(|&r| (r, prompts[r].len())).collect(),
+                padded_len,
+                n_steps,
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect("extract survivors");
+        let new_lens: Vec<usize> = survivors
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&r| prompts[r].len() + n_steps)
+            .collect();
+        let new_seqs: Vec<(jobs::KvSnapshotId, usize)> = extracted
+            .iter()
+            .zip(new_lens.iter())
+            .map(|((id, _), &len)| (*id, len))
+            .collect();
+        let new_padded = worker
+            .assemble_kv_batch(arch, new_seqs)
+            .await
+            .expect("assemble survivors");
+        assert_eq!(new_padded, 5 + n_steps);
+        for j in 0..extra[0].len() {
+            let toks: Vec<u32> = extra.iter().map(|s| s[j]).collect();
+            let rows = worker
+                .forward_logits_batch(arch, toks, new_lens.clone(), new_padded, j)
+                .await
+                .expect("post-rebatch step");
+            for (i, got) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
+                let want = &expected_extra[i][j];
+                let diff = want
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(got)
+                    .map(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs())
+                    .fold(0f32, f32::max);
+                assert!(diff < 1e-4, "survivor {i} extra step {j} diverged: {diff}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        worker.shutdown().expect("shutdown ok");
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn shutdown_drains_pending_jobs() {
         let handle = DeviceWorkerHandle::spawn(0).expect("spawn ok");

crates/neuron/src/harness/mod.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ pub mod candle;
 pub mod chat_template;
 pub mod context_limit;
 pub mod device_worker;
+pub mod engine;
 pub mod prefix_cache;
 pub mod preflight;
 pub mod preprocess;

crates/neuron/src/harness/tp/mod.rs

@@ -94,6 +94,37 @@ impl TpLeaderModel {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Lockstep batched decode step on rank 0 (#98). Only qwen3_5
+    /// batches (same gate as snapshots).
+    pub fn forward_batch_decode(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &candle_core::Tensor,
+        positions: &[usize],
+        attn_mask: Option<&candle_core::Tensor>,
+    ) -> candle_core::Result<candle_core::Tensor> {
+        match self {
+            TpLeaderModel::Qwen3(_) => {
+                candle_core::bail!("forward_batch_decode: qwen3 (dense) has no batched decode")
+            }
+            TpLeaderModel::Qwen3_5(m) => m.forward_batch_decode(input, positions, attn_mask),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Padding mask for a batched decode step (#98).
+    pub fn batch_decode_mask(
+        &self,
+        prefix_lens: &[usize],
+        padded_len: usize,
+        total_len: usize,
+    ) -> candle_core::Result<Option<candle_core::Tensor>> {
+        match self {
+            TpLeaderModel::Qwen3(_) => {
+                candle_core::bail!("batch_decode_mask: qwen3 (dense) has no batched decode")
+            }
+            TpLeaderModel::Qwen3_5(m) => m.batch_decode_mask(prefix_lens, padded_len, total_len),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Whether this arch supports prefix snapshots (#11). Gates the
     /// pool fan-out so unsupported archs never even ask the ranks.
     pub fn supports_kv_snapshot(&self) -> bool {
@@ -837,6 +868,179 @@ impl WorkerPool {
         }
     }
 
+    /// One lockstep batched decode step across every rank (#98).
+    /// Same fan-out / leader-forward / always-drain shape as
+    /// [`Self::generate_step`]; every rank derives positions + mask
+    /// locally from the broadcast geometry. Returns one `[vocab]`
+    /// logits row per batch row from the leader's rank-0 shard.
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    pub async fn generate_step_batch(
+        &mut self,
+        model_id: &str,
+        leader_handle: super::device_worker::TpHandle,
+        tokens: Vec<u32>,
+        prefix_lens: Vec<usize>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        step: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Vec<f32>>> {
+        for w in &mut self.workers {
+            w.send_only(&WorkerRequest::GenerateStepBatch {
+                model_id: model_id.to_string(),
+                tokens: tokens.clone(),
+                prefix_lens: prefix_lens.clone(),
+                padded_len,
+                step,
+            })
+            .await?;
+        }
+
+        let timeout = tp_step_timeout();
+        let leader_fut = self.leader_worker.tp_forward_logits_batch(
+            leader_handle,
+            tokens,
+            prefix_lens,
+            padded_len,
+            step,
+        );
+        let leader_result = match tokio::time::timeout(timeout, leader_fut).await {
+            Ok(r) => r,
+            Err(_elapsed) => {
+                // Watchdog (#17 Stage 2) — same rationale as
+                // `generate_step`: abort the wedged comm, fail without
+                // draining, let auto-recovery restart the pool.
+                self.watchdog_abort_leader_comm(model_id, timeout.as_secs());
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "tp watchdog: leader batched forward exceeded {}s deadline; aborted wedged \
+                     NCCL comm — model will auto-recover",
+                    timeout.as_secs()
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        let worker_errors = drain_workers(&mut self.workers, |r| match r {
+            WorkerResponse::GenerateStepOk => Ok(()),
+            WorkerResponse::Error { kind, message } => Err(format!("[{kind}]: {message}")),
+            other => Err(format!("expected GenerateStepOk, got {other:?}")),
+        })
+        .await;
+
+        match leader_result {
+            Ok(rows) => {
+                if worker_errors.is_empty() {
+                    Ok(rows)
+                } else {
+                    anyhow::bail!(
+                        "GenerateStepBatch: leader succeeded but workers failed: {}",
+                        worker_errors.join("; ")
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => Err(anyhow::Error::new(e).context(if worker_errors.is_empty() {
+                "GenerateStepBatch: leader forward failed".to_string()
+            } else {
+                format!(
+                    "GenerateStepBatch: leader forward failed and workers also failed: {}",
+                    worker_errors.join("; ")
+                )
+            })),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Assemble stored per-sequence snapshots into every rank's live
+    /// batched state (#98). Snapshot ids in `seqs` are pool-minted;
+    /// every rank (leader + subprocesses) assembles the same geometry
+    /// and the returned padded length is asserted identical.
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    pub async fn assemble_kv_batch(
+        &mut self,
+        model_id: &str,
+        leader_handle: super::device_worker::TpHandle,
+        seqs: Vec<(u64, usize)>,
+    ) -> Result<usize> {
+        for w in &mut self.workers {
+            w.send_only(&WorkerRequest::AssembleKvBatch {
+                model_id: model_id.to_string(),
+                seqs: seqs.clone(),
+            })
+            .await?;
+        }
+        let leader_result = self
+            .leader_worker
+            .tp_assemble_kv_batch(leader_handle, seqs)
+            .await;
+        let leader_padded = leader_result.as_ref().ok().copied();
+        let worker_errors = drain_workers(&mut self.workers, |r| match r {
+            WorkerResponse::KvBatchAssembled { padded_len } => {
+                if leader_padded.is_some_and(|lp| lp as u64 != padded_len) {
+                    Err(format!(
+                        "rank assembled padded_len {padded_len} != leader {}",
+                        leader_padded.unwrap_or(0)
+                    ))
+                } else {
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            }
+            WorkerResponse::Error { kind, message } => Err(format!("[{kind}]: {message}")),
+            other => Err(format!("expected KvBatchAssembled, got {other:?}")),
+        })
+        .await;
+        let padded = leader_result.map_err(|e| {
+            anyhow::Error::new(e).context("AssembleKvBatch: leader assembly failed")
+        })?;
+        if !worker_errors.is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "AssembleKvBatch: leader succeeded but workers failed: {}",
+                worker_errors.join("; ")
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(padded)
+    }
+
+    /// Extract live batched-state rows into per-sequence snapshots on
+    /// every rank (#98), stored under the pre-minted `snapshot_ids`
+    /// (one per row, minted from the pool's snapshot counter).
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    pub async fn extract_kv_rows(
+        &mut self,
+        model_id: &str,
+        leader_handle: super::device_worker::TpHandle,
+        rows: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        steps: usize,
+        snapshot_ids: Vec<u64>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for w in &mut self.workers {
+            w.send_only(&WorkerRequest::ExtractKvRows {
+                model_id: model_id.to_string(),
+                rows: rows.clone(),
+                padded_len,
+                steps,
+                snapshot_ids: snapshot_ids.clone(),
+            })
+            .await?;
+        }
+        let leader_result = self
+            .leader_worker
+            .tp_extract_kv_rows(leader_handle, rows, padded_len, steps, snapshot_ids)
+            .await;
+        let worker_errors = drain_workers(&mut self.workers, |r| match r {
+            WorkerResponse::KvRowsExtracted { .. } => Ok(()),
+            WorkerResponse::Error { kind, message } => Err(format!("[{kind}]: {message}")),
+            other => Err(format!("expected KvRowsExtracted, got {other:?}")),
+        })
+        .await;
+        leader_result.map_err(|e| {
+            anyhow::Error::new(e).context("ExtractKvRows: leader extraction failed")
+        })?;
+        if !worker_errors.is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "ExtractKvRows: leader succeeded but workers failed: {}",
+                worker_errors.join("; ")
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Image-bearing variant of [`Self::generate_step`] for the
     /// single-shot vision prefill. Identical fan-out / leader-forward /
     /// drain shape, but every rank runs the encode + splice path:

crates/neuron/src/harness/tp/rpc.rs

@@ -115,6 +115,48 @@ pub enum WorkerRequest {
         chunk_size: usize,
     },
 
+    /// One lockstep batched decode step (#98): `tokens[i]` is batch
+    /// row i's next token at position `prefix_lens[i] + step`.
+    /// Identical on every rank (the leader mirrors it through
+    /// `Job::TpForwardLogitsBatch`); each rank derives the per-row
+    /// positions and padding mask locally and discards its logits,
+    /// same as `GenerateStep`.
+    GenerateStepBatch {
+        model_id: String,
+        tokens: Vec<u32>,
+        prefix_lens: Vec<usize>,
+        /// Uniform padded KV length the batch was assembled to.
+        padded_len: usize,
+        /// Decode steps since the last rebatch.
+        step: usize,
+    },
+
+    /// Assemble stored per-sequence snapshots into one batched cache
+    /// state and install it as this rank's live state (#98). `seqs`
+    /// pairs pool-minted snapshot ids with true token lengths; every
+    /// rank holds symmetric shard snapshots under the same ids, so
+    /// the assembled geometry (padded length) is identical across
+    /// ranks. Source snapshots remain stored. Replies
+    /// `KvBatchAssembled { padded_len }`.
+    AssembleKvBatch {
+        model_id: String,
+        seqs: Vec<(u64, usize)>,
+    },
+
+    /// Extract rows of this rank's live batched state back into
+    /// contiguous single-sequence snapshots (#98) — the first half of
+    /// a rebatch. `rows` pairs batch-row indexes with prefix lengths;
+    /// `snapshot_ids` carries the pool-minted id to store each
+    /// extracted row under (one per entry of `rows`, so every rank
+    /// keys identically). Replies `KvRowsExtracted`.
+    ExtractKvRows {
+        model_id: String,
+        rows: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        steps: usize,
+        snapshot_ids: Vec<u64>,
+    },
+
     /// Reset the KV cache for this model on this rank. Sent at the
     /// start of every inference so a fresh request doesn't accidentally
     /// attend over the previous one's tokens.
@@ -192,6 +234,14 @@ pub enum WorkerResponse {
     /// Reply to `ClearKvCache`. Empty payload.
     KvCacheCleared,
 
+    /// Reply to `AssembleKvBatch`. The uniform padded KV length the
+    /// batch was assembled to — the leader asserts every rank agrees.
+    KvBatchAssembled { padded_len: u64 },
+
+    /// Reply to `ExtractKvRows`. Total bytes of the extracted
+    /// snapshots on this rank (budget accounting only).
+    KvRowsExtracted { bytes: u64 },
+
     /// Reply to `QueryVram`. This rank's device VRAM in MiB.
     VramInfo { free_mb: u64, total_mb: u64 },
 

crates/neuron/src/harness/tp/tp_linear.rs

@@ -156,6 +156,15 @@ pub struct ColumnParallelLinear {
 }
 
 impl ColumnParallelLinear {
+    /// Wrap an already-materialised per-rank weight slice (used by the
+    /// fused-checkpoint loaders that de-interleave a rank's regions
+    /// before construction, #92).
+    pub fn from_weight(weight: Tensor, quant: Option<GgmlDType>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: MaybeQuantLinear::from_weight(weight, quant)?,
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Load this rank's column-parallel slice from a
     /// `ShardedVarBuilder`. The provided `vb` must already be `pp`-ed
     /// to the layer's path (e.g. `vb.pp("model.layers.0.self_attn.q_proj")`).

crates/neuron/src/harness/tp/worker.rs

@@ -82,6 +82,37 @@ impl WorkerModel {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Lockstep batched decode step (#98). Only qwen3_5 batches — the
+    /// leader gates on its own `TpLeaderModel` support first.
+    fn forward_batch_decode(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &candle_core::Tensor,
+        positions: &[usize],
+        attn_mask: Option<&candle_core::Tensor>,
+    ) -> candle_core::Result<candle_core::Tensor> {
+        match self {
+            WorkerModel::Qwen3(_) => {
+                candle_core::bail!("forward_batch_decode: qwen3 (dense) has no batched decode")
+            }
+            WorkerModel::Qwen3_5(m) => m.forward_batch_decode(input, positions, attn_mask),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Padding mask for a batched decode step (#98).
+    fn batch_decode_mask(
+        &self,
+        prefix_lens: &[usize],
+        padded_len: usize,
+        total_len: usize,
+    ) -> candle_core::Result<Option<candle_core::Tensor>> {
+        match self {
+            WorkerModel::Qwen3(_) => {
+                candle_core::bail!("batch_decode_mask: qwen3 (dense) has no batched decode")
+            }
+            WorkerModel::Qwen3_5(m) => m.batch_decode_mask(prefix_lens, padded_len, total_len),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Capture this rank's cache state for a prefix snapshot (#11).
     /// Only qwen3_5 exposes its state; the dense qwen3 arch errors —
     /// the leader never asks, because it gates on its own
@@ -248,6 +279,23 @@ impl WorkerState {
                 image_data_uris,
                 chunk_size,
             ),
+            WorkerRequest::GenerateStepBatch {
+                model_id,
+                tokens,
+                prefix_lens,
+                padded_len,
+                step,
+            } => self.handle_generate_step_batch(&model_id, tokens, prefix_lens, padded_len, step),
+            WorkerRequest::AssembleKvBatch { model_id, seqs } => {
+                self.handle_assemble_kv_batch(&model_id, &seqs)
+            }
+            WorkerRequest::ExtractKvRows {
+                model_id,
+                rows,
+                padded_len,
+                steps,
+                snapshot_ids,
+            } => self.handle_extract_kv_rows(&model_id, &rows, padded_len, steps, &snapshot_ids),
             WorkerRequest::ClearKvCache { model_id } => self.handle_clear_kv_cache(&model_id),
             WorkerRequest::SnapshotKvCache {
                 model_id,
@@ -405,8 +453,10 @@ impl WorkerState {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            "qwen3_5" => {
-                let cfg: qwen3_5_arch::Config = match serde_json::from_str(&config_json) {
+            "qwen3_5" | "qwen3_next" => {
+                // `from_config_json` normalises the flat qwen3_next
+                // layout (#92) into the nested qwen3_5 shape.
+                let cfg = match qwen3_5_arch::Config::from_config_json(&config_json) {
                     Ok(c) => c,
                     Err(e) => {
                         return WorkerResponse::Error {
@@ -437,7 +487,8 @@ impl WorkerState {
                 return WorkerResponse::Error {
                     kind: "unsupported_arch".into(),
                     message: format!(
-                        "worker: unsupported model_type '{other}' (supported: qwen3, qwen3_5)"
+                        "worker: unsupported model_type '{other}' \
+                         (supported: qwen3, qwen3_5, qwen3_next)"
                     ),
                 };
             }
@@ -538,6 +589,206 @@ impl WorkerState {
         }
     }
 
+    /// One lockstep batched decode step on this rank (#98). Mirrors
+    /// the leader's `forward_logits_batch`: derives per-row positions
+    /// and the padding mask locally from the broadcast geometry, runs
+    /// the batched forward, and discards the logits (the leader
+    /// samples from rank 0; the NCCL collectives are the point).
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    fn handle_generate_step_batch(
+        &mut self,
+        model_id: &str,
+        tokens: Vec<u32>,
+        prefix_lens: Vec<usize>,
+        padded_len: usize,
+        step: usize,
+    ) -> WorkerResponse {
+        use candle_core::Tensor;
+
+        let b = tokens.len();
+        if b == 0 || prefix_lens.len() != b {
+            return WorkerResponse::Error {
+                kind: "bad_request".into(),
+                message: format!(
+                    "GenerateStepBatch: {b} tokens vs {} prefix_lens",
+                    prefix_lens.len()
+                ),
+            };
+        }
+        let Some(model) = self.models.get_mut(model_id) else {
+            return WorkerResponse::Error {
+                kind: "model_not_loaded".into(),
+                message: format!("model '{model_id}' not loaded on rank {}", self.config.rank),
+            };
+        };
+        let device = model.device().clone();
+        let result = (|| -> candle_core::Result<()> {
+            let input = Tensor::from_vec(tokens, (b, 1), &device)?;
+            let positions: Vec<usize> = prefix_lens.iter().map(|&len| len + step).collect();
+            let total_len = padded_len + step + 1;
+            let mask = model.batch_decode_mask(&prefix_lens, padded_len, total_len)?;
+            model.forward_batch_decode(&input, &positions, mask.as_ref())?;
+            Ok(())
+        })();
+        match result {
+            Ok(()) => WorkerResponse::GenerateStepOk,
+            Err(e) => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    rank = self.config.rank,
+                    model = %model_id,
+                    error = %e,
+                    "worker GenerateStepBatch: forward failed"
+                );
+                WorkerResponse::Error {
+                    kind: "forward_failed".into(),
+                    message: format!("TP batched forward: {e}"),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "cuda"))]
+    fn handle_generate_step_batch(
+        &mut self,
+        _model_id: &str,
+        _tokens: Vec<u32>,
+        _prefix_lens: Vec<usize>,
+        _padded_len: usize,
+        _step: usize,
+    ) -> WorkerResponse {
+        WorkerResponse::Error {
+            kind: "cuda_feature_not_enabled".into(),
+            message: "GenerateStepBatch requires --features cuda".into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Assemble stored per-sequence snapshots into this rank's live
+    /// batched state (#98). Mirrors the leader's `assemble_kv_batch`.
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    fn handle_assemble_kv_batch(
+        &mut self,
+        model_id: &str,
+        seqs: &[(u64, usize)],
+    ) -> WorkerResponse {
+        let Some(model) = self.models.get_mut(model_id) else {
+            return WorkerResponse::Error {
+                kind: "model_not_loaded".into(),
+                message: format!("model '{model_id}' not loaded on rank {}", self.config.rank),
+            };
+        };
+        let mut pairs = Vec::with_capacity(seqs.len());
+        for (id, len) in seqs {
+            let Some(snap) = self.kv_snapshots.get(&(model_id.to_string(), *id)) else {
+                return WorkerResponse::Error {
+                    kind: "snapshot_not_found".into(),
+                    message: format!(
+                        "AssembleKvBatch: no snapshot {id} for '{model_id}' on rank {}",
+                        self.config.rank
+                    ),
+                };
+            };
+            pairs.push((snap, *len));
+        }
+        let result =
+            crate::harness::arch::qwen3_5::snapshot::assemble_batch(&pairs).and_then(|batch| {
+                model.restore_kv_cache(&batch.snapshot)?;
+                Ok(batch.padded_len)
+            });
+        match result {
+            Ok(padded_len) => WorkerResponse::KvBatchAssembled {
+                padded_len: padded_len as u64,
+            },
+            Err(e) => WorkerResponse::Error {
+                kind: "assemble_failed".into(),
+                message: format!("AssembleKvBatch: {e}"),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "cuda"))]
+    fn handle_assemble_kv_batch(
+        &mut self,
+        _model_id: &str,
+        _seqs: &[(u64, usize)],
+    ) -> WorkerResponse {
+        WorkerResponse::Error {
+            kind: "cuda_feature_not_enabled".into(),
+            message: "AssembleKvBatch requires --features cuda".into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Extract live batched-state rows into stored per-sequence
+    /// snapshots under pool-minted ids (#98). Mirrors the leader's
+    /// `extract_kv_rows`.
+    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    fn handle_extract_kv_rows(
+        &mut self,
+        model_id: &str,
+        rows: &[(usize, usize)],
+        padded_len: usize,
+        steps: usize,
+        snapshot_ids: &[u64],
+    ) -> WorkerResponse {
+        if snapshot_ids.len() != rows.len() {
+            return WorkerResponse::Error {
+                kind: "bad_request".into(),
+                message: format!(
+                    "ExtractKvRows: {} rows vs {} snapshot_ids",
+                    rows.len(),
+                    snapshot_ids.len()
+                ),
+            };
+        }
+        let Some(model) = self.models.get(model_id) else {
+            return WorkerResponse::Error {
+                kind: "model_not_loaded".into(),
+                message: format!("model '{model_id}' not loaded on rank {}", self.config.rank),
+            };
+        };
+        let live = match model.snapshot_kv_cache() {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(e) => {
+                return WorkerResponse::Error {
+                    kind: "extract_failed".into(),
+                    message: format!("ExtractKvRows: snapshot live state: {e}"),
+                };
+            }
+        };
+        let mut total_bytes = 0u64;
+        for (&(row, prefix_len), &id) in rows.iter().zip(snapshot_ids) {
+            match crate::harness::arch::qwen3_5::snapshot::extract_row(
+                &live, row, prefix_len, padded_len, steps,
+            ) {
+                Ok(snap) => {
+                    total_bytes += snap.size_bytes();
+                    self.kv_snapshots.insert((model_id.to_string(), id), snap);
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    return WorkerResponse::Error {
+                        kind: "extract_failed".into(),
+                        message: format!("ExtractKvRows: row {row}: {e}"),
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        WorkerResponse::KvRowsExtracted { bytes: total_bytes }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "cuda"))]
+    fn handle_extract_kv_rows(
+        &mut self,
+        _model_id: &str,
+        _rows: &[(usize, usize)],
+        _padded_len: usize,
+        _steps: usize,
+        _snapshot_ids: &[u64],
+    ) -> WorkerResponse {
+        WorkerResponse::Error {
+            kind: "cuda_feature_not_enabled".into(),
+            message: "ExtractKvRows requires --features cuda".into(),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Image-bearing prefill on this rank. Preprocesses each source data
     /// URI through the same deterministic `preprocess_data_uri` the
     /// leader runs, encodes through this rank's replicated tower, and

crates/neuron/src/wire/event.rs

@@ -84,9 +84,38 @@ pub enum InferenceEvent {
         /// `output_tokens_details.reasoning_tokens` (responses).
         /// Zero for non-reasoning models.
         reasoning_tokens: u32,
+        /// Server-measured prefill/decode timing for the request, or
+        /// `None` on paths that don't measure it (CPU fallback that
+        /// doesn't instrument, tests). Streaming projectors surface
+        /// this as a `helexa_timing` extension on the OpenAI `usage`
+        /// object so the bench harness can compute true prefill vs
+        /// decode tok/s instead of inferring both from client-side
+        /// SSE arrival (#85).
+        timing: Option<FinishTiming>,
     },
 }
 
+/// Server-measured timing for one completed inference, attached to
+/// [`InferenceEvent::Finish`]. The whole point is to separate the two
+/// phases the client cannot tell apart from chunk-arrival timing:
+/// prefill (tokenize + prompt forward pass, ending at the first
+/// sampled token) and decode (every subsequent token through EOS /
+/// `max_tokens`).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct FinishTiming {
+    /// Wall-clock of the prefill phase in milliseconds: from the start
+    /// of the prompt forward pass(es) to the first sampled token.
+    pub prefill_ms: u32,
+    /// Wall-clock of the decode phase in milliseconds: from the first
+    /// sampled token to stream end.
+    pub decode_ms: u32,
+    /// Prompt tokens submitted to the prefill forward pass — the
+    /// denominator for prefill tok/s. With prefix-KV-cache hits (#11)
+    /// the elapsed `prefill_ms` drops while this stays the full prompt
+    /// length, so a high implied rate is itself the cache-hit signal.
+    pub prefill_tokens: u32,
+}
+
 /// Why a stream stopped. Stays small on purpose — anything that
 /// doesn't map cleanly to one of these collapses to [`Stop`].
 ///

crates/neuron/src/wire/mod.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ pub mod openai_chat;
 pub mod openai_responses;
 
 pub use event::{
-    FinishReason, InferenceEvent, ReasoningTokenPair, ToolCallTokenPair,
+    FinishReason, FinishTiming, InferenceEvent, ReasoningTokenPair, ToolCallTokenPair,
     detect_reasoning_token_pair, detect_tool_call_token_pair,
 };

crates/neuron/src/wire/openai_chat.rs

@@ -26,11 +26,13 @@
 //! producer blocks on its own send. The bounded channels
 //! propagate without us writing any logic.
 
-use cortex_core::openai::{ChatCompletionChunk, ChunkChoice, CompletionTokensDetails, Usage};
+use cortex_core::openai::{
+    ChatCompletionChunk, ChunkChoice, CompletionTokensDetails, HelexaTiming, Usage,
+};
 use serde_json::json;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 
-use super::event::{FinishReason, InferenceEvent, ReasoningTokenPair};
+use super::event::{FinishReason, FinishTiming, InferenceEvent, ReasoningTokenPair};
 
 /// Output channel buffer size. Mirrors the input side's bound; one
 /// event maps to at most one chunk, so equal capacity keeps the
@@ -193,12 +195,14 @@ pub fn project_chat_stream_with(
                     prompt_tokens,
                     completion_tokens,
                     reasoning_tokens,
+                    timing,
                 } => {
                     // The finish_reason chunk, then an OpenAI-style
                     // usage-only chunk (`choices: []`, `usage` populated).
                     // Clients (opencode) read this to track context size;
                     // cortex's Anthropic translator also picks `usage` up
-                    // for its `message_delta`.
+                    // for its `message_delta`. `timing` rides along as the
+                    // `helexa_timing` usage extension for the bench harness (#85).
                     vec![
                         final_chunk(&id, created, &model_id, reason),
                         usage_chunk(
@@ -208,6 +212,7 @@ pub fn project_chat_stream_with(
                             prompt_tokens,
                             completion_tokens,
                             reasoning_tokens,
+                            timing,
                         ),
                     ]
                 }
@@ -334,6 +339,7 @@ fn usage_chunk(
     prompt_tokens: u32,
     completion_tokens: u32,
     reasoning_tokens: u32,
+    timing: Option<FinishTiming>,
 ) -> ChatCompletionChunk {
     ChatCompletionChunk {
         id: id.into(),
@@ -351,6 +357,14 @@ fn usage_chunk(
                 reasoning_tokens: reasoning_tokens as u64,
             }),
             prompt_tokens_details: None,
+            // helexa extension (#85): server-measured prefill/decode
+            // timing for the bench harness. Omitted on paths that don't
+            // measure it so standard clients see unchanged JSON.
+            helexa_timing: timing.map(|t| HelexaTiming {
+                prefill_ms: t.prefill_ms as u64,
+                decode_ms: t.decode_ms as u64,
+                prefill_tokens: t.prefill_tokens as u64,
+            }),
         }),
         extra: serde_json::Value::Object(Default::default()),
     }
@@ -391,6 +405,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 0,
             completion_tokens: 0,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -413,6 +428,45 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn finish_timing_surfaces_on_usage_chunk() {
+        // O1 (#85) wire contract: a Finish carrying FinishTiming must
+        // surface as `usage.helexa_timing` on the trailing usage chunk,
+        // which is what the bench harness reads to compute true prefill
+        // vs decode tok/s. Absent timing must leave it None.
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<InferenceEvent>(4);
+        let out_rx = project_chat_stream(rx, "id-1".into(), 1700, "m".into());
+
+        tx.send(InferenceEvent::Start).await.unwrap();
+        tx.send(InferenceEvent::Finish {
+            reason: FinishReason::Stop,
+            prompt_tokens: 128,
+            completion_tokens: 64,
+            reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: Some(FinishTiming {
+                prefill_ms: 200,
+                decode_ms: 1500,
+                prefill_tokens: 128,
+            }),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+        drop(tx);
+
+        let out = collect(out_rx).await;
+        let usage = out
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|c| c.usage.as_ref())
+            .expect("usage chunk present");
+        let timing = usage
+            .helexa_timing
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("helexa_timing populated when Finish carried timing");
+        assert_eq!(timing.prefill_ms, 200);
+        assert_eq!(timing.decode_ms, 1500);
+        assert_eq!(timing.prefill_tokens, 128);
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn empty_text_delta_is_dropped() {
         let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<InferenceEvent>(4);
@@ -434,6 +488,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 0,
             completion_tokens: 0,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -496,6 +551,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 0,
             completion_tokens: 0,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -547,6 +603,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 0,
             completion_tokens: 0,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -592,6 +649,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 0,
             completion_tokens: 0,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -635,6 +693,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 0,
             completion_tokens: 0,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -662,6 +721,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 42,
             completion_tokens: 5,
             reasoning_tokens: 2,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -695,6 +755,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 10,
             completion_tokens: 7,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();

crates/neuron/src/wire/openai_responses.rs

@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@
 
 use cortex_core::openai::{ChatCompletionRequest, ChatMessage, MessageContent};
 use cortex_core::responses::{
-    OutputTokensDetails, ResponsesContentPart, ResponsesInput, ResponsesInputItem,
-    ResponsesMessageContent, ResponsesOutputContent, ResponsesOutputItem, ResponsesRequest,
-    ResponsesResponse, ResponsesUsage, events,
+    OutputTokensDetails, ResponsesContentPart, ResponsesInput, ResponsesInputElement,
+    ResponsesInputItem, ResponsesMessageContent, ResponsesOutputContent, ResponsesOutputItem,
+    ResponsesRequest, ResponsesResponse, ResponsesUsage, events,
 };
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
@@ -109,8 +109,26 @@ pub fn request_to_chat(req: ResponsesRequest) -> Result<ChatCompletionRequest, T
             });
         }
         ResponsesInput::Items(items) => {
-            for item in items {
-                if let Some(msg) = input_item_to_chat(item) {
+            for element in items {
+                let msg = match element {
+                    ResponsesInputElement::Typed(item) => input_item_to_chat(item),
+                    // Bare `{role, content}` (OpenAI EasyInputMessage —
+                    // what litellm/agent-zero emit). `content: null`
+                    // (e.g. an assistant turn carrying only tool calls)
+                    // collapses to an empty string so the turn is kept.
+                    ResponsesInputElement::EasyMessage { role, content } => Some(ChatMessage {
+                        role,
+                        content: content
+                            .map(message_content_to_chat)
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|| MessageContent::Text(String::new())),
+                        extra: Value::Object(Default::default()),
+                    }),
+                    // Forward-compat: an item shape we don't model.
+                    // Dropped rather than rejected (see
+                    // `ResponsesInputElement::Other`).
+                    ResponsesInputElement::Other(_) => None,
+                };
+                if let Some(msg) = msg {
                     messages.push(msg);
                 }
             }
@@ -159,11 +177,18 @@ fn input_item_to_chat(item: ResponsesInputItem) -> Option<ChatMessage> {
             })
         }
         ResponsesInputItem::FunctionCallOutput { call_id, output } => {
+            // `output` is either a plain string or an array of content
+            // parts. Render a string as-is; anything else to compact
+            // JSON so the tool result text reaches the model intact.
+            let output_text = match output {
+                Value::String(s) => s,
+                other => other.to_string(),
+            };
             let mut extra = serde_json::Map::new();
             extra.insert("tool_call_id".into(), Value::String(call_id));
             Some(ChatMessage {
                 role: "tool".into(),
-                content: MessageContent::Text(output),
+                content: MessageContent::Text(output_text),
                 extra: Value::Object(extra),
             })
         }
@@ -192,7 +217,9 @@ fn message_content_to_chat(content: ResponsesMessageContent) -> MessageContent {
                     .filter_map(|p| match p {
                         ResponsesContentPart::InputText { text }
                         | ResponsesContentPart::OutputText { text, .. } => Some(text),
-                        ResponsesContentPart::InputImage { .. } => None,
+                        ResponsesContentPart::InputImage { .. } | ResponsesContentPart::Unknown => {
+                            None
+                        }
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join("\n\n");
@@ -211,6 +238,7 @@ fn message_content_to_chat(content: ResponsesMessageContent) -> MessageContent {
                             "image_url": { "url": image_url },
                         }));
                     }
+                    ResponsesContentPart::Unknown => {}
                 }
             }
             MessageContent::Parts(out)
@@ -309,6 +337,9 @@ async fn run_projection(
                 prompt_tokens,
                 completion_tokens,
                 reasoning_tokens,
+                // Responses-side `helexa_timing` surfacing not wired yet;
+                // the bench harness reads timing off the chat path (#85).
+                timing: _,
             } => {
                 finish = Some(reason);
                 // Surface usage on the streaming `response.completed`
@@ -535,6 +566,18 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use cortex_core::openai::MessageContent;
 
+    /// Wrap typed items as `input` elements. Most translator tests
+    /// exercise the typed path; the bare easy-message and unknown-item
+    /// paths have dedicated tests below.
+    fn typed_items(items: Vec<ResponsesInputItem>) -> ResponsesInput {
+        ResponsesInput::Items(
+            items
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(ResponsesInputElement::Typed)
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    }
+
     fn meta() -> ResponseMeta {
         ResponseMeta {
             response_id: "resp_1".into(),
@@ -614,7 +657,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn translates_input_items_to_chat_messages() {
         let req = ResponsesRequest {
             model: "m".into(),
-            input: ResponsesInput::Items(vec![
+            input: typed_items(vec![
                 ResponsesInputItem::Message {
                     role: "user".into(),
                     content: ResponsesMessageContent::Text("first".into()),
@@ -646,7 +689,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn image_input_translates_to_chat_parts_array() {
         let req = ResponsesRequest {
             model: "m".into(),
-            input: ResponsesInput::Items(vec![ResponsesInputItem::Message {
+            input: typed_items(vec![ResponsesInputItem::Message {
                 role: "user".into(),
                 content: ResponsesMessageContent::Parts(vec![
                     ResponsesContentPart::InputText {
@@ -687,7 +730,7 @@ mod tests {
         // it's dropped — but it must not break translation.
         let req = ResponsesRequest {
             model: "m".into(),
-            input: ResponsesInput::Items(vec![ResponsesInputItem::Message {
+            input: typed_items(vec![ResponsesInputItem::Message {
                 role: "user".into(),
                 content: ResponsesMessageContent::Parts(vec![
                     ResponsesContentPart::InputText {
@@ -729,7 +772,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn text_only_parts_collapse_to_string() {
         let req = ResponsesRequest {
             model: "m".into(),
-            input: ResponsesInput::Items(vec![ResponsesInputItem::Message {
+            input: typed_items(vec![ResponsesInputItem::Message {
                 role: "user".into(),
                 content: ResponsesMessageContent::Parts(vec![
                     ResponsesContentPart::InputText {
@@ -759,7 +802,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn reasoning_items_are_silently_dropped() {
         let req = ResponsesRequest {
             model: "m".into(),
-            input: ResponsesInput::Items(vec![
+            input: typed_items(vec![
                 ResponsesInputItem::Reasoning { content: vec![] },
                 ResponsesInputItem::Message {
                     role: "user".into(),
@@ -779,6 +822,74 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(chat.messages[0].role, "user");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn bare_easy_messages_translate_like_typed_messages() {
+        // The agent-zero / litellm shape: bare `{role, content}` items
+        // with no `type`. Deserialize from raw JSON (not hand-built)
+        // so this exercises the real parse path end to end.
+        let raw = r#"{
+            "model": "Qwen/Qwen3.6-27B",
+            "store": true,
+            "input": [
+                {"role": "system", "content": "be terse"},
+                {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"tool_name\":\"response\"}"},
+                {"role": "user", "content": "alpha"}
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let req: ResponsesRequest = serde_json::from_str(raw).unwrap();
+        let chat = request_to_chat(req).unwrap();
+        let roles: Vec<&str> = chat.messages.iter().map(|m| m.role.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(roles, vec!["system", "assistant", "user"]);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &chat.messages[2].content,
+            MessageContent::Text(t) if t == "alpha"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn null_content_and_unknown_items_survive_translation() {
+        // An assistant turn with `content: null` is kept (empty text);
+        // an unmodeled item type is dropped, not rejected.
+        let raw = r#"{
+            "model": "m",
+            "input": [
+                {"role": "assistant", "content": null},
+                {"type": "item_reference", "id": "x"},
+                {"role": "user", "content": "go"}
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let req: ResponsesRequest = serde_json::from_str(raw).unwrap();
+        let chat = request_to_chat(req).unwrap();
+        // assistant(null) kept, item_reference dropped, user kept.
+        let roles: Vec<&str> = chat.messages.iter().map(|m| m.role.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(roles, vec!["assistant", "user"]);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &chat.messages[0].content,
+            MessageContent::Text(t) if t.is_empty()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn function_call_output_array_renders_to_text() {
+        // OpenAI allows `function_call_output.output` to be an array of
+        // content parts; the tool result must reach the model as text.
+        let raw = r#"{
+            "model": "m",
+            "input": [
+                {"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": "c1",
+                 "output": [{"type": "output_text", "text": "42"}]}
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let req: ResponsesRequest = serde_json::from_str(raw).unwrap();
+        let chat = request_to_chat(req).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(chat.messages.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(chat.messages[0].role, "tool");
+        match &chat.messages[0].content {
+            MessageContent::Text(t) => assert!(t.contains("42"), "got {t:?}"),
+            other => panic!("expected text, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
     // ── streaming projector ─────────────────────────────────────────
 
     async fn collect(mut rx: mpsc::Receiver<ResponseStreamFrame>) -> Vec<ResponseStreamFrame> {
@@ -806,6 +917,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 0,
             completion_tokens: 0,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -856,6 +968,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 30,
             completion_tokens: 12,
             reasoning_tokens: 4,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -886,6 +999,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 8,
             completion_tokens: 3,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -910,6 +1024,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 0,
             completion_tokens: 0,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -956,6 +1071,7 @@ mod tests {
             prompt_tokens: 0,
             completion_tokens: 0,
             reasoning_tokens: 0,
+            timing: None,
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();

crates/neuron/tests/fixtures/numerical/qwen3_next-tiny/config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+{
+  "architectures": [
+    "Qwen3NextForCausalLM"
+  ],
+  "attention_bias": false,
+  "attention_dropout": 0.0,
+  "bos_token_id": null,
+  "decoder_sparse_step": 1,
+  "dtype": "float32",
+  "eos_token_id": null,
+  "head_dim": 32,
+  "hidden_act": "silu",
+  "hidden_size": 64,
+  "initializer_range": 0.02,
+  "intermediate_size": 128,
+  "layer_types": [
+    "linear_attention",
+    "linear_attention",
+    "linear_attention",
+    "full_attention",
+    "linear_attention",
+    "linear_attention",
+    "linear_attention",
+    "full_attention"
+  ],
+  "linear_conv_kernel_dim": 4,
+  "linear_key_head_dim": 16,
+  "linear_num_key_heads": 2,
+  "linear_num_value_heads": 4,
+  "linear_value_head_dim": 16,
+  "max_position_embeddings": 512,
+  "mlp_only_layers": [],
+  "model_type": "qwen3_next",
+  "moe_intermediate_size": 32,
+  "norm_topk_prob": true,
+  "num_attention_heads": 4,
+  "num_experts": 16,
+  "num_experts_per_tok": 4,
+  "num_hidden_layers": 8,
+  "num_key_value_heads": 2,
+  "output_router_logits": false,
+  "pad_token_id": null,
+  "partial_rotary_factor": 0.25,
+  "rms_norm_eps": 1e-06,
+  "rope_parameters": {
+    "partial_rotary_factor": 0.25,
+    "rope_theta": 10000000,
+    "rope_type": "default"
+  },
+  "router_aux_loss_coef": 0.001,
+  "shared_expert_intermediate_size": 32,
+  "tie_word_embeddings": false,
+  "transformers_version": "5.9.0",
+  "use_cache": true,
+  "vocab_size": 512
+}

crates/neuron/tests/fixtures/numerical/qwen3_next-tiny/generation_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "_from_model_config": true,
+  "output_attentions": false,
+  "output_hidden_states": false,
+  "transformers_version": "5.9.0",
+  "use_cache": true
+}

crates/neuron/tests/fixtures/numerical/qwen3_next-tiny/manifest.json

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+{
+  "case": "qwen3_next-tiny",
+  "seed": 92,
+  "token_ids": [
+    3,
+    10,
+    17,
+    24,
+    31,
+    38,
+    45,
+    52,
+    59,
+    66,
+    73,
+    80,
+    87,
+    94,
+    101,
+    108,
+    115,
+    122,
+    129,
+    136,
+    143,
+    150,
+    157,
+    164,
+    171,
+    178,
+    185,
+    192,
+    199,
+    206,
+    213,
+    220,
+    227,
+    234,
+    241,
+    248,
+    255,
+    262,
+    269,
+    276,
+    283,
+    290,
+    297,
+    304,
+    311,
+    318,
+    325,
+    332,
+    339,
+    346,
+    353,
+    360,
+    367,
+    374,
+    381,
+    388,
+    395,
+    402,
+    409,
+    416,
+    423,
+    430,
+    437,
+    444,
+    451,
+    458,
+    465,
+    472,
+    479,
+    486,
+    493,
+    500,
+    507,
+    2,
+    9,
+    16,
+    23,
+    30,
+    37,
+    44,
+    51,
+    58,
+    65,
+    72,
+    79,
+    86,
+    93,
+    100,
+    107,
+    114,
+    121,
+    128,
+    135,
+    142,
+    149,
+    156
+  ],
+  "files": {
+    "logits": {
+      "file": "logits.f32",
+      "shape": [
+        512
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "versions": {
+    "transformers": "5.9.0",
+    "torch": "2.9.1+cu128"
+  }
+}

crates/neuron/tests/qwen3_next_parity.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+//! Numerical parity for the qwen3_next path (#92) against the HF
+//! transformers reference, via the tiny self-contained fixture
+//! generated by `script/dump_qwen3_next_tiny.py`.
+//!
+//! The fixture directory carries the WHOLE checkpoint (tiny
+//! random-weight `Qwen3NextForCausalLM`: config.json +
+//! model.safetensors, a few hundred KB) plus the reference
+//! final-position logits, so this test needs no snapshot, no env var,
+//! and runs in CI. It pins: flat-config normalisation, the `model.*`
+//! weight prefix, the fused `in_proj_qkvz`/`in_proj_ba` de-interleave,
+//! hybrid full/linear layer interleaving, and the MoE block (routing,
+//! per-expert SwiGLU, shared expert + sigmoid gate).
+//!
+//! Self-skips (with a loud eprintln) while the fixture has not been
+//! generated yet — regeneration instructions in the script docstring.
+
+use candle_core::{DType, Device, Tensor};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct Manifest {
+    token_ids: Vec<u32>,
+    files: std::collections::HashMap<String, FileEntry>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct FileEntry {
+    file: String,
+    shape: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+fn fixture_dir() -> PathBuf {
+    Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("tests/fixtures/numerical/qwen3_next-tiny")
+}
+
+fn read_f32(path: &Path) -> Vec<f32> {
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(path).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("read {path:?}: {e}"));
+    bytes
+        .chunks_exact(4)
+        .map(|c| f32::from_le_bytes([c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]]))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tiny_qwen3_next_logits_match_hf_reference() {
+    let dir = fixture_dir();
+    let manifest_path = dir.join("manifest.json");
+    if !manifest_path.exists() {
+        eprintln!(
+            "SKIP qwen3_next parity: fixture not generated yet — run \
+             script/dump_qwen3_next_tiny.py --out {} on a host with \
+             torch + transformers>=4.57",
+            dir.display()
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let manifest: Manifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&std::fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).expect("read manifest"))
+            .expect("parse manifest");
+    let logits_entry = &manifest.files["logits"];
+    let reference = read_f32(&dir.join(&logits_entry.file));
+    assert_eq!(
+        reference.len(),
+        logits_entry.shape.iter().product::<usize>()
+    );
+
+    let config_json = std::fs::read_to_string(dir.join("config.json")).expect("read config.json");
+    let cfg = neuron::harness::arch::qwen3_5::Config::from_config_json(&config_json)
+        .expect("normalise qwen3_next config");
+
+    let dev = Device::Cpu;
+    let st_path = dir.join("model.safetensors");
+    // SAFETY: mmap of committed fixture files; nothing mutates them.
+    let vb = unsafe {
+        candle_nn::var_builder::ShardedSafeTensors::var_builder(
+            std::slice::from_ref(&st_path),
+            DType::F32,
+            &dev,
+        )
+        .expect("build ShardedVarBuilder over fixture checkpoint")
+    };
+    let mut model = neuron::harness::arch::qwen3_5::Qwen3_5ForCausalLM::new(cfg, vb)
+        .expect("load tiny qwen3_next checkpoint through neuron");
+
+    let input = Tensor::new(manifest.token_ids.as_slice(), &dev)
+        .unwrap()
+        .unsqueeze(0)
+        .unwrap();
+    let logits = model.forward(&input, 0).expect("forward");
+    let got: Vec<f32> = logits.flatten_all().unwrap().to_vec1().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(got.len(), reference.len());
+
+    // f32-vs-f32 through an 8-layer doll-house model: agreement should
+    // be tight (the qwen3_5 text fixtures observe max_abs ≈ 0.000,
+    // cosine ≈ 1.0). Thresholds sit far above rounding noise and far
+    // below any real wiring bug (a swapped de-interleave region, a
+    // topk-before-softmax, a missing shared-expert gate all blow past
+    // them instantly).
+    let max_abs = got
+        .iter()
+        .zip(&reference)
+        .map(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs())
+        .fold(0f32, f32::max);
+    let dot: f64 = got
+        .iter()
+        .zip(&reference)
+        .map(|(a, b)| (*a as f64) * (*b as f64))
+        .sum();
+    let na: f64 = got.iter().map(|a| (*a as f64).powi(2)).sum::<f64>().sqrt();
+    let nb: f64 = reference
+        .iter()
+        .map(|b| (*b as f64).powi(2))
+        .sum::<f64>()
+        .sqrt();
+    let cosine = dot / (na * nb);
+
+    eprintln!("qwen3_next parity: max_abs={max_abs:.6} cosine={cosine:.8}");
+    assert!(max_abs < 1e-3, "max abs diff {max_abs} exceeds 1e-3");
+    assert!(cosine > 0.9999, "cosine {cosine} below 0.9999");
+}

data/helexa-upstream-firewalld.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<service>
+  <short>helexa-upstream</short>
+  <description>helexa-upstream — mesh account + budget authority API (/authz/v1 for cortex, /web/v1 for the frontend)</description>
+  <port protocol="tcp" port="8090"/>
+</service>

data/helexa-upstream-sysusers.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+g helexa-upstream - -
+u helexa-upstream - "helexa-upstream authority" /var/lib/helexa-upstream /sbin/nologin
+m helexa-upstream helexa-upstream

data/helexa-upstream.service

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=helexa-upstream — mesh account + budget authority (accounts, API keys, allocation ledger, top-up codes)
+After=network-online.target
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/helexa-upstream serve --config /etc/helexa-upstream/helexa-upstream.toml
+# HTTP authority for cortex (/authz/v1) and the frontend (/web/v1); restart
+# unconditionally if it ever exits. It connects out to PostgreSQL (the
+# system of record) and runs schema migrations on startup.
+Restart=always
+RestartSec=10
+User=helexa-upstream
+Group=helexa-upstream
+# Service user home; no local state (PostgreSQL holds everything), but
+# StateDirectory gives the user a writable, correctly-owned home.
+StateDirectory=helexa-upstream
+StateDirectoryMode=0755
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target

helexa-bench.example.toml

@@ -23,8 +23,32 @@ db_path = "/var/lib/helexa-bench/bench.sqlite"
 
 [scenarios]
 # One chat-latency scenario is generated per size (chat:128, chat:4096).
+# For a context-length scaling curve (#88), add a ladder up to the model's
+# limit, e.g. [128, 1024, 4096, 16384, 65536, 131072]; then
+# `helexa-bench report --scaling` (or GET /api/scaling) shows prefill &
+# decode tok/s vs context with the decode-flatness verdict. Larger contexts
+# cost more per sample, so widen the ladder deliberately.
 prompt_sizes = [128, 4096]
 max_tokens = 256
+# Concurrency / agentic-load scenarios (#89): one concurrency:<n> scenario
+# per level, each firing N simultaneous streams to characterize the real
+# a0/hermes/opencode fan-out. Empty by default — enable deliberately, since
+# a burst puts genuine simultaneous load on the serving fleet.
+# concurrency_levels = [2, 4, 8]
+# concurrency_prompt_tokens = 512
+
+# Capability probes (#91): each runs a fixed prompt and stores the full
+# output for quality scoring — the reasoning/planning axis the speed
+# scenarios miss. Opt-in (empty by default). After a sweep records them,
+# `helexa-bench report --capability` lists run ids + artifacts; score with
+# `helexa-bench score --id <n> --score <x>` (manual now; LLM-judge later).
+# [[scenarios.capability_probes]]
+# name = "rust-plan"
+# max_tokens = 2048
+# prompt = """
+# Write an implementation plan for adding rate limiting to an Axum service.
+# Honor existing conventions, call out trade-offs, and sequence the work.
+# """
 
 # Read-only JSON API (consumed by the bench UI + programmatic access),
 # served alongside the sweep loop by `run` (or standalone via `serve`).

rpm/helexa-upstream-prerelease.spec

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# Prebuilt-binary spec for helexa-upstream.
+#
+# Wraps a pre-built `helexa-upstream` binary produced by an upstream CI
+# job and packages it for rpm.lair.cafe. The %build phase is a no-op.
+# helexa-upstream is a pure-Rust, non-CUDA daemon: the mesh account +
+# budget authority. It serves an inbound HTTP API on tcp/8090 (/authz/v1
+# for cortex, /web/v1 for the frontend) — hence the firewalld service —
+# and connects out to PostgreSQL (the system of record), running schema
+# migrations on startup.
+#
+# Required defines at rpmbuild time:
+#   upstream_version    e.g. "0.1.16"
+#   upstream_prerelease e.g. "0.1.20260518140530.gitabcdef0"
+#                              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
+#                              commit time (sec)  commit sha
+#                             (used as Release; the timestamp prefix
+#                              keeps same-day builds strictly ordered.)
+
+%global _build_id_links none
+%global debug_package %{nil}
+%global __strip /usr/bin/true
+
+%{!?upstream_version: %global upstream_version 0.0.0}
+%if 0%{?upstream_prerelease:1}
+%global upstream_release %{upstream_prerelease}
+%else
+%global upstream_release 1
+%endif
+
+Name:           helexa-upstream
+Version:        %{upstream_version}
+Release:        %{upstream_release}%{?dist}
+Summary:        Mesh account + budget authority for helexa (prebuilt)
+
+License:        GPL-3.0-or-later
+URL:            https://git.lair.cafe/helexa/helexa
+
+Source0:        helexa-upstream
+Source1:        helexa-upstream.service
+Source2:        helexa-upstream-sysusers.conf
+Source3:        helexa-upstream.example.toml
+Source4:        LICENSE
+Source5:        helexa-upstream-firewalld.xml
+
+Requires:       firewalld-filesystem
+
+ExclusiveArch:  x86_64
+
+Requires(pre):  shadow-utils
+Requires:       systemd
+
+Provides:       user(helexa-upstream)
+
+%description
+helexa-upstream is the mesh-level authority: it issues user accounts and
+API keys, holds the allocation ledger (free grant + redeemable top-up
+codes), enforces per-key budgets via a transactional reserve/settle
+contract, and reconciles served usage for operator compensation. cortex
+validates locally-unrecognised keys against its /authz/v1 surface
+(fail-closed); the helexa.ai frontend drives account self-service via
+/web/v1. PostgreSQL is the system of record; the schema is migrated on
+startup.
+
+%prep
+cp %{SOURCE0} ./helexa-upstream
+cp %{SOURCE1} .
+cp %{SOURCE2} .
+cp %{SOURCE3} .
+cp %{SOURCE4} .
+cp %{SOURCE5} .
+
+%build
+# Already built in the upstream CI build job.
+
+%install
+install -Dm755 helexa-upstream %{buildroot}%{_bindir}/helexa-upstream
+install -Dm644 helexa-upstream.service %{buildroot}%{_unitdir}/helexa-upstream.service
+install -Dm644 helexa-upstream-sysusers.conf %{buildroot}%{_sysusersdir}/helexa-upstream.conf
+install -Dm644 helexa-upstream-firewalld.xml %{buildroot}%{_prefix}/lib/firewalld/services/helexa-upstream.xml
+install -dm755 %{buildroot}%{_sysconfdir}/helexa-upstream
+install -Dm644 helexa-upstream.example.toml %{buildroot}%{_sysconfdir}/helexa-upstream/helexa-upstream.toml
+
+%pre
+getent group helexa-upstream >/dev/null || groupadd -r helexa-upstream
+getent passwd helexa-upstream >/dev/null || \
+    useradd -r -g helexa-upstream -d /var/lib/helexa-upstream -s /sbin/nologin \
+        -c "helexa-upstream authority" helexa-upstream
+
+%post
+%systemd_post helexa-upstream.service
+
+%preun
+%systemd_preun helexa-upstream.service
+
+%postun
+%systemd_postun_with_restart helexa-upstream.service
+
+%files
+%license LICENSE
+%{_bindir}/helexa-upstream
+%{_unitdir}/helexa-upstream.service
+%{_sysusersdir}/helexa-upstream.conf
+%{_prefix}/lib/firewalld/services/helexa-upstream.xml
+%dir %{_sysconfdir}/helexa-upstream
+%config(noreplace) %{_sysconfdir}/helexa-upstream/helexa-upstream.toml
+
+%changelog
+* Mon Jun 23 2026 Gitea Actions <actions@git.lair.cafe> - %{upstream_version}-%{upstream_release}
+- Prerelease build from upstream CI binary.

script/dump_qwen3_next_tiny.py

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Synthesize a tiny qwen3_next parity fixture (#92).
+
+Unlike script/dump_reference.py (which replays a real HF snapshot and
+therefore needs the weights on disk), this builds a TINY random-weight
+`Qwen3NextForCausalLM` from scratch, saves the checkpoint INTO the
+fixture directory, runs the reference forward on fixed token ids, and
+dumps the final-position logits. The whole fixture (weights included)
+is a few hundred KB, so it is committed and the companion Rust test
+(crates/neuron/tests/qwen3_next_parity.rs) runs everywhere — no env
+var, no snapshot, CI included.
+
+What this pins, exactly: neuron's qwen3_next wiring against upstream —
+flat config normalisation, the `model.*` weight prefix, the
+per-key-head-group de-interleave of the fused `in_proj_qkvz` /
+`in_proj_ba` projections, hybrid layer interleaving, and the MoE block
+(softmax→top-k→renorm routing, per-expert SwiGLU, shared expert +
+sigmoid gate). The full-size 80B checkpoint differs only in dimensions.
+
+The config mirrors the real 80B's *shape decisions* at doll-house
+scale: interval-4 hybrid, 8 layers (so two full-attention layers),
+every layer MoE (decoder_sparse_step 1), 16 experts / top-4 + shared
+expert, partial rotary 0.25, 2 KV heads.
+
+Usage (host with torch + transformers>=4.57, e.g. beast):
+  python3 script/dump_qwen3_next_tiny.py \
+      --out crates/neuron/tests/fixtures/numerical/qwen3_next-tiny
+
+Regenerate whenever the transformers reference implementation changes;
+record the transformers version from the manifest in the commit
+message.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import struct
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Compat shim (same as dump_reference.py): transformers 5.9 constructs
+# kernels-hub repository objects at import time without the
+# revision/version that kernels 0.15 requires. The hub kernels are
+# never used here; the constructors just must not throw.
+os.environ.setdefault("USE_HUB_KERNELS", "NO")
+try:
+    import kernels.layer.func as _kf
+    import kernels.layer.layer as _kl
+
+    def _patch(cls):
+        orig = cls.__init__
+
+        def patched(self, *a, **kw):
+            if "revision" not in kw and "version" not in kw:
+                kw["revision"] = "main"
+            orig(self, *a, **kw)
+
+        cls.__init__ = patched
+
+    _patch(_kl.LayerRepository)
+    _patch(_kf.FuncRepository)
+except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 — older/newer kernels may not need it
+    pass
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+import torch  # noqa: E402
+
+# Fixed input: 96 token ids (> 64 so neuron's chunked delta-rule
+# prefill path is exercised), deterministic arithmetic sequence folded
+# into the tiny vocab.
+TOKEN_IDS = [(7 * i + 3) % 512 for i in range(96)]
+SEED = 92
+
+
+def tiny_config():
+    from transformers import Qwen3NextConfig
+
+    return Qwen3NextConfig(
+        vocab_size=512,
+        hidden_size=64,
+        intermediate_size=128,
+        num_hidden_layers=8,
+        num_attention_heads=4,
+        num_key_value_heads=2,
+        head_dim=32,
+        max_position_embeddings=512,
+        partial_rotary_factor=0.25,
+        rope_theta=10000000,
+        rms_norm_eps=1e-6,
+        tie_word_embeddings=False,
+        full_attention_interval=4,
+        linear_conv_kernel_dim=4,
+        linear_key_head_dim=16,
+        linear_num_key_heads=2,
+        linear_num_value_heads=4,
+        linear_value_head_dim=16,
+        decoder_sparse_step=1,
+        mlp_only_layers=[],
+        moe_intermediate_size=32,
+        norm_topk_prob=True,
+        num_experts=16,
+        num_experts_per_tok=4,
+        shared_expert_intermediate_size=32,
+    )
+
+
+def write_f32(path, tensor):
+    data = tensor.detach().to(torch.float32).cpu().contiguous().reshape(-1)
+    with open(path, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(struct.pack(f"<{data.numel()}f", *data.tolist()))
+
+
+def main():
+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    ap.add_argument("--out", required=True, help="fixture directory to write")
+    args = ap.parse_args()
+
+    import transformers
+    from transformers import Qwen3NextForCausalLM
+
+    os.makedirs(args.out, exist_ok=True)
+
+    torch.manual_seed(SEED)
+    cfg = tiny_config()
+    model = Qwen3NextForCausalLM(cfg).to(torch.float32).eval()
+
+    # Save the checkpoint into the fixture itself (config.json +
+    # model.safetensors) — the Rust test loads neuron's implementation
+    # from exactly these files.
+    model.save_pretrained(args.out, safe_serialization=True)
+
+    ids = torch.tensor([TOKEN_IDS], dtype=torch.long)
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        out = model(input_ids=ids)
+    logits = out.logits[0, -1]  # final position, (vocab,)
+
+    write_f32(f"{args.out}/logits.f32", logits)
+    manifest = {
+        "case": "qwen3_next-tiny",
+        "seed": SEED,
+        "token_ids": TOKEN_IDS,
+        "files": {"logits": {"file": "logits.f32", "shape": [cfg.vocab_size]}},
+        "versions": {
+            "transformers": transformers.__version__,
+            "torch": torch.__version__,
+        },
+    }
+    with open(f"{args.out}/manifest.json", "w") as f:
+        json.dump(manifest, f, indent=2)
+
+    print(f"fixture written to {args.out}")
+    print(f"  transformers {transformers.__version__}, torch {torch.__version__}")
+    print(f"  logits[:4] = {logits[:4].tolist()}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()