c630/docs/firmware.md

# Firmware

The C630's firmware splits into two groups, and the split is about licensing,
not difficulty.

## What ships in the image

Qualcomm permits redistribution of these, so Fedora packages them and the build
installs them:

| Package | Files | Enables |
|---|---|---|
| `atheros-firmware` | `ath10k/WCN3990/hw1.0/{firmware-5.bin,board-2.bin,wlanmdsp.mbn}` | WiFi and Bluetooth |
| `qcom-firmware` | `qcom/a630_gmu.bin`, `qcom/a630_sqe.fw` | The generic half of the Adreno 630 — necessary but not sufficient |

Networking therefore works on a freshly written image. Graphics does not: see
below.

## What you have to supply

These are signed against per-model keys and Fedora does not ship them, so a
stock install has none of them. Nothing about them is unredistributable in
principle — the equivalent files for the
ThinkPad X13s *are* in linux-firmware — it is that nobody has obtained
permission for this model. See [If you have no
backup](#if-you-have-no-backup).

The list is not a guess: it is every `firmware-name` property in the mainline
device tree, `arch/arm64/boot/dts/qcom/sdm850-lenovo-yoga-c630.dts`:

| File | Device tree node | Lost without it |
|---|---|---|
| `qcdxkmsuc850.mbn` | `gpu_zap_shader` | **Accelerated graphics** |
| `qcadsp850.mbn` | `adsp_pas` | Audio — speakers, microphone |
| `qcslpi850.mbn` | `slpi_pas` | Sensor hub — lid switch, accelerometer, auto-rotate |
| `qccdsp850.mbn` | `cdsp_pas` | Compute DSP offload |
| `qcvss850.mbn` | `venus` | Hardware video decode |
| `qcdsp1v2850.mbn` | `mss_pil` | Modem, stage 1 |
| `qcdsp2850.mbn` | `mss_pil` | Modem, stage 2 |
| `ipa_fws.elf` | `ipa` | IPA datapath, needed by the modem |

They belong under `/lib/firmware/updates/qcom/sdm850/LENOVO/81JL/`.

The GPU one is worth calling out, because it is easy to assume otherwise:
Fedora does ship an `sdm845/a630_zap.mbn`, but that is the generic
Snapdragon 845 zap shader and **not** what this device asks for. The C630's
device tree names `qcom/sdm850/LENOVO/81JL/qcdxkmsuc850.mbn` specifically, so
until you supply it you get an unaccelerated display.

Each file is independent, so a partial recovery is still worth having —
`qcdxkmsuc850.mbn` on its own buys you working graphics.

### Confirmed on the hardware

This is not inferred from the device tree. On a machine with the generic
Adreno firmware present and the model-signed blob absent, the GPU gets two
files in and then stops:

```
[drm:adreno_request_fw]   loaded qcom/a630_sqe.fw from new location
[drm:adreno_request_fw]   loaded qcom/a630_gmu.bin from new location
[drm:zap_shader_load_mdt] *ERROR* Unable to load qcom/sdm850/LENOVO/81JL/qcdxkmsuc850.mbn
[drm:adreno_load_gpu]     *ERROR* gpu hw init failed: -2
```

So the generic pieces are necessary and not sufficient, and the zap shader is a
hard requirement rather than an optimisation. Two details follow from that
trace:

The driver never falls back to `sdm845/a630_zap.mbn`, even though the file is
installed — the device tree's `firmware-name` pins the model-specific path. Nor
would falling back help: the zap shader is signed against the device's own
secure-boot chain, and the Snapdragon 845 development board's copy will not
validate here.

The display keeps working throughout. `msm_dpu` binds the panel and the console
lands on `msmdrmfb` regardless, so a failed GPU costs you acceleration, not a
picture. A desktop still runs on llvmpipe — though `/dev/dri/renderD128` is
present even when `hw init` has failed, so mesa may try freedreno, fail, and
take the display manager down with it. `LIBGL_ALWAYS_SOFTWARE=1` in
`/etc/environment` avoids that.

### These have to be in the initramfs

`msm_dpu` probes about six seconds in, while the initramfs is still the root
filesystem, and does not retry. Firmware that only exists on the real root is
therefore invisible to it:

```
msm_dpu ae01000.display-controller: Direct firmware load for qcom/a630_sqe.fw failed with error -2
```

`overlay/etc/dracut.conf.d/10-c630.conf` puts the Adreno files in the initramfs
for this reason, and `c630-firmware` adds `qcdxkmsuc850.mbn` once it exists.

Only the GPU needs this. The ADSP, CDSP, SLPI, venus and modem all probe around
forty seconds in, well after the real root is mounted, and load from it
perfectly happily. That distinction is worth keeping: `qcdsp2850.mbn` alone is
60 MB, so sweeping the whole firmware directory into the initramfs would inflate
it roughly twentyfold for no benefit.

## Finding them on a backup

If Windows is long gone from the machine but you kept a copy of the files, one
search catches all eight, since seven share a suffix:

```sh
find /mnt/backup -type f \
    \( -iname 'qc*850.mbn' -o -iname 'ipa_fws.elf' -o -iname 'bdwlan*.bin' \) \
    -printf '%10s  %p\n'
```

They originally lived in `C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\`, in
directories named `qcdx850.inf_arm64_*` and `qcadsp*.inf_arm64_*`. If the loose
files turn up nothing, look for those directories wholesale:

```sh
find /mnt/backup -type d -iname 'qc*.inf_arm64_*'
```

Sizes range from 14 KB (`qcdxkmsuc850.mbn`) to 60 MB (`qcdsp2850.mbn`).
Despite the `.mbn` extension they are ELF images, and `file` should say so:

```
qcdxkmsuc850.mbn: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, QUALCOMM DSP6, version 1 (SYSV)
```

Anything reporting as text or HTML is a download that went wrong.

Lenovo does not appear to publish a driver package for the 81JL containing
these. If the backups turn up nothing, see [If you have no
backup](#if-you-have-no-backup) — the files are not tied to your individual
machine, so yours is not the only possible source.

## If you have no backup

Losing the Windows partition is not the end of it, because **these blobs are
signed per model, not per machine**. A copy from any other Yoga C630 works on
yours.

The evidence is in linux-firmware itself, which already ships the exact
analogous set for the ThinkPad X13s — one copy serving every unit of that
model:

```
qcom/sc8280xp/LENOVO/21BX/qcdxkmsuc8280.mbn     zap shader
qcom/sc8280xp/LENOVO/21BX/qcadsp8280.mbn        audio
qcom/sc8280xp/LENOVO/21BX/qccdsp8280.mbn        compute DSP
qcom/sc8280xp/LENOVO/21BX/qcslpi8280.mbn        sensors
qcom/sc8280xp/LENOVO/21BX/qcvss8280.mbn         video
```

A one-to-one match with the C630's list, differing only in the model. So these
files are redistributable once Lenovo and Qualcomm permit it — it is a
licensing question, not a technical one.

`qcom/sdm850/LENOVO/81JL/` has simply never been contributed. Fedora ships no
sdm850 model firmware at all, so it will not turn up in a `linux-firmware`
update. Three routes, easiest first:

**WOA-Project.** <https://github.com/WOA-Project/Qualcomm-Reference-Drivers>
collects the Windows-on-ARM driver packages by SoC. The C630's are three
cabinet files, and between them they hold every file this machine asks for:

| Cabinet | Contains |
|---|---|
| `qcdx850.cab` | `qcdxkmsuc850.mbn` (zap shader), `qcvss850.mbn` (venus) |
| `qcipa850.cab` | `ipa_fws.elf` |
| `qcsubsys850.cab` | `qcadsp850.mbn`, `qccdsp850.mbn`, `qcslpi850.mbn`, `qcdsp1v2850.mbn`, `qcdsp2850.mbn`, and `WLANMDSP.MBN` |

That last one is a bonus — the WiFi firmware, which is not in the device tree's
`firmware-name` list but is what the onboard ath10k needs.

`cabextract` or `7z x` will open them:

```sh
for f in qcdx850.cab qcipa850.cab qcsubsys850.cab; do 7z x -o./extracted "$f"; done
find ./extracted -iname 'qc*850.mbn' -o -iname 'ipa_fws.elf' -o -iname 'WLANMDSP.MBN'
```

Ignore the `_nm` and `_CLS` variants; the device tree asks for the plain names.
Verify what you get with `file` — they should report as
`ELF 32-bit LSB executable, QUALCOMM DSP6`, not as text or HTML.

**Lenovo's Digital Download Recovery Service.** Lenovo builds a Windows
recovery image against a machine's serial number and lets the owner download
it. That image contains `Windows/System32/DriverStore/FileRepository`, and
therefore all eight files. Slower than the cabinets, but it is unambiguously
your own machine's firmware.

**Another C630 owner.** The aarch64-laptops project is where these have
circulated before, and any 81JL's copy is as good as your own.

Whichever route, drop the result into `firmware/local/` and rebuild — see
[Baking firmware into the image](#baking-firmware-into-the-image).

## What the firmware does not fix

Installing all of it still leaves two things broken, both for reasons that are
not about firmware. Recorded here so nobody repeats the search.

### Onboard WiFi: everything is in place except a working modem

The name gives it away: **wlan*mdsp*** is the WLAN *Modem* DSP. On SDM845 the
WiFi firmware runs on the modem, so `ath10k_snoc` binds to `18800000.wifi` and
then sits silent. It logs nothing and fails nothing — it has registered a QMI
client and is waiting for service 69, `wlfw`, which only appears once the modem
is up. `qrtr-lookup` shows what is and is not there.

Everything on the WiFi side checks out:

- `ath10k_snoc` binds successfully and is not in deferred probe
- the device tree carries `qcom,calibration-variant = "Lenovo_C630"`
- Fedora's `board-2.bin` contains a matching `variant=Lenovo_C630` entry
- `modemst1` and `modemst2` hold ~2 MB of real NV data — not wiped

#### The userspace services are required, and mostly missing by default

[aarch64-laptops' WiFi README][aal-wifi] lists four services. On a current
Fedora two of them are now in the kernel, and the other two are packaged but
inactive:

| Service | Status here |
|---|---|
| `pd-mapper` | in-kernel as `qcom_pd_mapper` — nothing to install |
| `qrtr-ns` | in-kernel — the `qrtr` package supplies only `qrtr-lookup`/`qrtr-cfg` |
| `rmtfs` | packaged, **disabled by default** — serves the modem's NV partitions |
| `tqftpserv` | packaged, **not installed** — serves files to the modem over TFTP |

```sh
sudo dnf install rmtfs tqftpserv qrtr
sudo systemctl enable --now rmtfs tqftpserv
```

Enabling these took `qrtr-lookup` from 19 services to 25. A working setup is
said to show around 40.

[aal-wifi]: https://github.com/aarch64-laptops/build/tree/master/misc/lenovo-yoga-c630/wifi

#### The modem fetches wlanmdsp over TFTP

This is the step that is easy to miss, and the reason `tqftpserv` exists.
`tqftpserv` serves from `/lib/firmware/`, and the modem asks it for the WLAN
firmware by path:

```sh
sudo mkdir -p /lib/firmware/readonly/firmware/image
sudo cp wlanmdsp.mbn /lib/firmware/readonly/firmware/image/
```

The modem also wants a writable area, and says so in the `tqftpserv` journal:

```
[TQFTP] RRQ: /readwrite/ota_firewall/ruleset → unable to open (2), reject
[TQFTP] WRQ: /readwrite/server_check.txt
```

```sh
sudo mkdir -p /lib/firmware/readwrite/ota_firewall
sudo touch /lib/firmware/readwrite/ota_firewall/ruleset
sudo chmod -R 0777 /lib/firmware/readwrite
```

Watching `journalctl -u tqftpserv` while starting the modem is the best
available feedback channel — it shows exactly which paths the modem wants.

#### Where it actually stops

The modem boots and then dies at RF front-end initialisation, roughly every 42
seconds until stopped:

```
qcom-q6v5-mss 4080000.remoteproc: MBA booted without debug policy, loading mpss
qcom-q6v5-mss 4080000.remoteproc: fatal error received:
    RFLM@rflm_qlnk.cpp:1087 [3,3] RF stuck in QLINK start state: 0x0 after maximum
remoteproc remoteproc0: crash detected ... recovering
```

It never gets far enough to request `wlanmdsp`, so WLAN never starts.

Three firmware pairings, three distinct failures — worth recording, because the
differences are informative:

| MBA (stage 1) | mpss (stage 2) | Result |
|---|---|---|
| full | full | boots, dies at `RF stuck in QLINK start state` |
| `_nm` | `_nm` | `PBL returned unexpected status` — rejected by the boot ROM |
| full | `_nm` | `MPSS header authentication failed: -3` |

The `_nm` ("no modem") variants are the obvious idea — Fedora ships the
equivalent `modem_nm.mbn` for generic sdm845, and skipping cellular RF is
exactly what is wanted here. They are not signed for this device and cannot be
made to load.

#### Firmware has been eliminated as the variable

The decisive test: [aarch64-laptops' wifi directory][aal-wifi] contains the
`qcdsp1v2850.mbn`, `qcdsp2850.mbn` and `wlanmdsp.mbn` from the setup whose
support table ticks WiFi. All three differ from the WOA-Project copies — the
modem pair matches on size but not checksum. Installed on this machine, with
`rmtfs` and `tqftpserv` running and `wlanmdsp` in the TFTP path, they produce
the **identical** QLINK failure.

So the difference is not the firmware, and not the userspace services. What
remains is the kernel: that setup ran `aarch64-laptops/linux` branch `gpu`,
circa 2019 on 5.x, against 7.1.5 here. Both ath10k patches it applied are long
upstream — the device tree carries `qcom,snoc-host-cap-8bit-quirk` from the
first of them. Six years of `qcom-q6v5-mss` churn sits between the two.

That points at a kernel regression rather than anything missing on disk.
Confirming it means bisecting or booting an older kernel, which nothing here
does yet.

Things that sound like they should help and do not:

- **Unplugging the USB WiFi dongle.** Different bus, different driver.
  `ath10k_snoc` is waiting on the modem, not competing for a radio.
- **`rmtfs` alone.** Necessary, not sufficient. Its "failed to update start
  state" warnings are its optional remoteproc-control helper and are harmless.
- **The `_nm` variants.** See above.

Untried, in rough order of promise: the other eight driver versions under
`Lenovo/YogaC630/` (this machine's UEFI is `9UCN33WW(V2.06)` from 2019, and the
newest package may not be the right vintage); `mcfg_subsys_ext850.cab`, which
holds modem configuration data; and building `board-2.bin` from the C630's own
`bdwlan.*` files rather than relying on Fedora's.

### Audio is a kernel driver problem

The ADSP runs, the audio services register, and the codec answers:

```
wcd934x-slim 217:250:1:0: WCD934x chip id major 0x108, minor 0x1
```

So SLIMbus, the ADSP and the hardware are all fine. What fails is one sub-device
of the codec:

```
qcom-soundwire wcd934x-soundwire.12.auto: din-ports (2) mismatch with controller (6)
platform sound: deferred probe pending: msm-snd-sdm845: SLIM Playback: codec dai not found
```

The codec's SoundWire block declares two data-in ports where the controller
expects six, so it never probes, so the sound card has no codec DAI and never
appears. That is a mismatch inside the kernel, and needs a kernel or
device-tree change rather than any blob.

One thing worth knowing if you go looking: `slim_qcom_ngd_ctrl` can probe before
the ADSP is ready and log `QMI wait timeout`. Reloading the module afterwards
gets the codec detected, which is how the chip ID above was obtained — but it
does not get past the SoundWire mismatch.

## Extracting them

The image ships Fedora's `qcom-firmware-extract`. Run it once:

```sh
sudo c630-firmware
sudo reboot
```

That wraps `qcom-firmware-extract` and regenerates the initramfs afterwards,
which matters — the ADSP firmware has to be available before the root
filesystem is mounted, and `overlay/etc/dracut.conf.d/10-c630.conf` only takes
effect on a rebuild.

If it cannot find Windows, mount it yourself and point the tool at it:

```sh
lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,FSTYPE,LABEL       # find the NTFS partition
sudo mkdir -p /mnt/windows
sudo mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/windows
sudo qcom-firmware-extract --windows-dir /mnt/windows
```

`qcom-firmware-extract` was written for the Snapdragon 8cx and X Elite laptops.
If it does not recognise the SDM850, copy the files by hand — they are in
`Windows/System32/DriverStore/FileRepository/` under a `qcdx*.inf_arm64_*`
directory:

```sh
sudo find /mnt/windows/Windows/System32/DriverStore/FileRepository \
    -iname 'qc*850.mbn' -o -iname 'ipa_fws.elf' -o -iname 'qcdxkmsuc850.mbn'

sudo mkdir -p /lib/firmware/updates/qcom/sdm850/LENOVO/81JL
sudo cp <each file> /lib/firmware/updates/qcom/sdm850/LENOVO/81JL/
sudo dracut --force --regenerate-all
```

Check it took:

```sh
dmesg | grep -iE 'remoteproc|adsp|cdsp'
```

## Baking firmware into the image

If you would rather not repeat the extraction on every reinstall, drop the files
into `firmware/local/` in this repo, mirroring the `/usr/lib/firmware/updates/`
layout:

```
firmware/local/qcom/sdm850/LENOVO/81JL/qcadsp850.mbn
firmware/local/qcom/sdm850/LENOVO/81JL/qccdsp850.mbn
...
```

`build/stage2.sh` picks them up automatically. They are gitignored, and should
stay that way — this repository is public and the blobs are not yours to
publish.