Reauthenticate runtime requests before reusing WebSocket access (#60055)

## Why

An open WebSocket can remain usable after its runtime is paused. Runtime-authenticated requests need a fresh handshake to revalidate access before submitting more work.

## What changed

- Reconnect before each runtime-authenticated Responses request and skip speculative preconnection. Preserve turn routing when the runtime identity is unchanged.
- Open a fresh connection for each runtime-authenticated Guardian classification instead of prewarming or reusing pooled sockets.
- Preserve HTTP fallback for unsupported upgrades and connection failures, while propagating authentication, authorization, rate-limit, and policy errors.

## Testing

Add regression coverage for pause and unpause behavior, credential changes, fresh assertions, and Guardian HTTP and WebSocket transports in both runtime authentication modes.

GitOrigin-RevId: 9f650147260da5cbbf5bb23dfff0af095fff3955
This commit is contained in:
cooper-oai
2026-11-07 04:06:26 +00:00
committed by copyberry
parent 44ccf39457
commit d4a341bd52
7 changed files with 513 additions and 49 deletions
+2
View File
@@ -3764,6 +3764,7 @@ name = "codex-guardian-v2"
version = "0.0.0"
dependencies = [
"anyhow",
"base64 0.22.1",
"codex-analytics",
"codex-api",
"codex-config",
@@ -3781,6 +3782,7 @@ dependencies = [
"codex-prompts",
"codex-protocol",
"codex-protocol-test-support",
"codex-runtime-agent-instance",
"codex-utils-cargo-bin",
"codex-websocket-client",
"core_test_support",
+9 -3
View File
@@ -316,7 +316,8 @@ pub struct ModelClient {
/// A turn-scoped streaming session created from a [`ModelClient`].
///
/// The session establishes a Responses WebSocket connection lazily and reuses it across multiple
/// requests within the turn. It also caches per-turn state:
/// requests within the turn. Runtime-authenticated requests reconnect between requests to
/// revalidate the registered credential source. It also caches per-turn state:
///
/// - The last full request, so subsequent calls can reuse incremental websocket request payloads
/// only when the current request is an incremental extension of the previous one.
@@ -1745,7 +1746,10 @@ impl ModelClientSession {
session_telemetry: &SessionTelemetry,
responses_metadata: &CodexResponsesMetadata,
) -> Result<()> {
if !self.client.responses_websocket_enabled() {
// Runtime admission belongs to the request that will use the connection.
if !self.client.responses_websocket_enabled()
|| self.client.state.provider.runtime_auth().is_some()
{
return Ok(());
}
let provider = Arc::clone(&self.client.state.provider);
@@ -1860,8 +1864,10 @@ impl ModelClientSession {
};
let connection_key = ResponsesConnectionKey::new(&api_provider, auth_revision);
let reset_reason = match self.websocket_session.connection.as_ref() {
// Reauthenticate before each runtime request; an open socket cannot prove liveness.
Some(_)
if self.websocket_session.responses_headers != *responses_headers
if runtime_id.is_some()
|| self.websocket_session.responses_headers != *responses_headers
|| self.websocket_session.connection_key.as_ref() != Some(&connection_key)
|| self.websocket_session.runtime_id != runtime_id
|| self.websocket_session.parent_routing_affinity
@@ -308,8 +308,9 @@ async fn websocket_reconnects_for_replacement_and_account_switch_within_a_turn(
];
let server = start_websocket_server(vec![
// Leave one unread response on each old connection so the server does not close it.
// Reconnection must follow runtime replacement, not a peer-initiated close.
vec![response.clone(), response.clone(), response.clone()],
// Runtime admission must happen again even when the peer keeps the socket open.
vec![response.clone(), response.clone()],
vec![response.clone(), response.clone()],
vec![response.clone(), response.clone()],
vec![response],
])
@@ -341,7 +342,7 @@ async fn websocket_reconnects_for_replacement_and_account_switch_within_a_turn(
stream_until_complete(&mut session, &harness, &prompt_with_input(input.clone())).await;
input.push(message_item("second"));
stream_until_complete(&mut session, &harness, &prompt_with_input(input.clone())).await;
assert_eq!(server.handshakes().len(), 1);
assert_eq!(server.handshakes().len(), 2);
*credentials.0.write().unwrap() = CodexAuth::from_api_key("key-b");
session
@@ -353,18 +354,23 @@ async fn websocket_reconnects_for_replacement_and_account_switch_within_a_turn(
)
.await
.unwrap();
assert_eq!(
server.handshakes().len(),
2,
"preconnect must not admit work"
);
input.push(message_item("third"));
stream_until_complete(&mut session, &harness, &prompt_with_input(input.clone())).await;
assert_eq!(server.handshakes().len(), 2);
assert_eq!(server.handshakes().len(), 3);
*credentials.0.write().unwrap() = CodexAuth::from_api_key("key-other-user");
input.push(message_item("fourth"));
stream_until_complete(&mut session, &harness, &prompt_with_input(input)).await;
let handshakes = server.handshakes();
assert_eq!(handshakes.len(), 3);
assert_eq!(handshakes.len(), 4);
let runtime_ids: Vec<_> = handshakes
.iter()
.zip(["key-a", "key-b", "key-other-user"])
.zip(["key-a", "key-a", "key-b", "key-other-user"])
.map(|(h, credential)| {
assert_eq!(
h.header("cookie").as_deref(),
@@ -384,30 +390,31 @@ async fn websocket_reconnects_for_replacement_and_account_switch_within_a_turn(
.clone()
})
.collect();
assert_ne!(runtime_ids[0], runtime_ids[1]);
assert_eq!(runtime_ids[0], runtime_ids[1]);
assert_ne!(runtime_ids[1], runtime_ids[2]);
assert_ne!(runtime_ids[2], runtime_ids[3]);
assert_eq!(
server
.connections()
.iter()
.map(Vec::len)
.collect::<Vec<_>>(),
vec![2, 1, 1]
vec![1, 1, 1, 1]
);
let connections = server.connections();
assert_eq!(
connections[0][1].body_json()["previous_response_id"],
"resp-1"
);
assert_eq!(
connections[0][1].body_json()["client_metadata"]["x-codex-turn-state"],
"runtime-state"
);
for (index, requests) in connections.iter().enumerate().skip(1) {
for (index, requests) in server.connections().iter().enumerate() {
let body = requests[0].body_json();
assert_eq!(body["previous_response_id"], Value::Null);
assert_eq!(body["client_metadata"]["x-codex-turn-state"], Value::Null);
assert_eq!(body["input"].as_array().unwrap().len(), index + 2);
// Reconnecting with the same actor preserves turn routing.
let expected_turn_state = if index == 1 {
json!("runtime-state")
} else {
Value::Null
};
assert_eq!(
body["client_metadata"]["x-codex-turn-state"],
expected_turn_state
);
assert_eq!(body["input"].as_array().unwrap().len(), index + 1);
}
for request in registration.received_requests().await.unwrap() {
let body: Value = request.body_json().unwrap();
@@ -563,3 +570,130 @@ async fn model_runtime_auth_strips_credentials_on_cross_origin_redirects(mode: R
.contains_key("x-openai-agent-assertion")
);
}
#[test_case(RuntimeAuthMode::DualHeader; "dual_header")]
#[test_case(RuntimeAuthMode::AssertionOnly; "assertion_only")]
#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
async fn paused_runtime_cannot_continue_on_an_admitted_websocket(mode: RuntimeAuthMode) {
use futures::SinkExt;
use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
use tokio_tungstenite::accept_hdr_async_with_config;
use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message;
use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::extensions::ExtensionsConfig;
use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::extensions::compression::deflate::DeflateConfig;
use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::handshake::server::Request as HandshakeRequest;
use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::handshake::server::Response as HandshakeResponse;
use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::protocol::WebSocketConfig;
skip_if_no_network!();
let registration = MockServer::start().await;
Mock::given(path("/register"))
.respond_with(registered)
.expect(1)
.mount(&registration)
.await;
let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
let mut provider = ModelProviderInfo::create_openai_provider(Some(format!(
"ws://{}/v1",
listener.local_addr().unwrap()
)));
provider.request_max_retries = Some(0);
let (harness, _) = runtime_harness(&registration, provider, mode).await;
let requests = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
let proofs = Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
let server_requests = Arc::clone(&requests);
let server_proofs = Arc::clone(&proofs);
let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
let mut connections = tokio::task::JoinSet::new();
for paused in [false, true, true, false] {
let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
let proofs = Arc::clone(&server_proofs);
let requests = Arc::clone(&server_requests);
connections.spawn(async move {
let handshake = move |request: &HandshakeRequest, response: HandshakeResponse| {
proofs.lock().unwrap().push(assertion_payload(
request.headers()["authorization"].to_str().unwrap(),
request
.headers()
.get("x-openai-agent-assertion")
.map(|value| value.to_str().unwrap().to_string()),
mode,
"key-a",
));
if paused {
let body = json!({"error": {
"message": "The runtime agent instance is paused.",
"code": "runtime_instance_paused", "type": "runtime_agent_error"
}})
.to_string();
return Err(HandshakeResponse::builder()
.status(403)
.header("content-type", "application/json")
.header("content-length", body.len())
.body(Some(body))
.unwrap());
}
Ok(response)
};
let mut extensions = ExtensionsConfig::default();
extensions.permessage_deflate = Some(DeflateConfig::default());
let mut config = WebSocketConfig::default();
config.extensions = extensions;
let Ok(mut socket) =
accept_hdr_async_with_config(stream, handshake, Some(config)).await
else {
return;
};
// Keep admitted sockets usable: only another handshake observes the pause.
while let Some(Ok(message)) = socket.next().await {
if message.is_text() {
requests.fetch_add(/*val*/ 1, Ordering::SeqCst);
for event in [ev_response_created("resp-1"), ev_completed("resp-1")] {
socket
.send(Message::Text(event.to_string().into()))
.await
.unwrap();
}
}
}
});
}
while connections.join_next().await.is_some() {}
});
let assert_paused = |error: &codex_protocol::error::CodexErr| {
let codex_protocol::error::CodexErrorDetails::UnexpectedStatus(response) = error.details()
else {
panic!("expected a paused-runtime HTTP response: {error:?}");
};
assert_eq!(response.status.as_u16(), 403);
let body: Value = serde_json::from_str(&response.body).unwrap();
assert_eq!(body["error"]["code"], "runtime_instance_paused");
};
let mut session = harness.client.new_session();
complete(&mut session, &harness).await.unwrap();
let error = complete(&mut session, &harness).await.unwrap_err();
assert_paused(&error);
drop(session);
let mut next_turn = harness.client.new_session();
let error = complete(&mut next_turn, &harness).await.unwrap_err();
assert_paused(&error);
// An authorized unpause permits the original registration to run again.
complete(&mut next_turn, &harness).await.unwrap();
assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);
let proofs = proofs.lock().unwrap();
assert_eq!(proofs.len(), 4);
for proof in proofs.iter().skip(1) {
assert_eq!(
proof["runtime_agent_instance"],
proofs[0]["runtime_agent_instance"]
);
}
let distinct_proofs = proofs
.iter()
.map(|proof| proof["id"].as_str().expect("assertion proof ID"))
.collect::<std::collections::BTreeSet<_>>();
assert_eq!(distinct_proofs.len(), proofs.len());
server.abort();
}
+2
View File
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ tracing = { workspace = true }
uuid = { workspace = true }
[dev-dependencies]
base64 = { workspace = true }
codex-runtime-agent-instance = { workspace = true }
codex-model-provider-info = { workspace = true }
codex-protocol-test-support = { workspace = true }
codex-utils-cargo-bin = { workspace = true }
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ pub(super) struct PooledConnection {
_permit: OwnedSemaphorePermit,
}
#[derive(Clone)]
struct ClientSetup {
provider: Provider,
http_client_factory: HttpClientFactory,
@@ -159,6 +160,10 @@ impl ConnectionPool {
}
fn start_refill(self: &Arc<Self>, guard: OwnedMutexGuard<()>) -> Option<JoinHandle<()>> {
// Runtime sources must be reauthenticated when a classification is admitted.
if self.config.provider.runtime_auth().is_some() {
return None;
}
let mut retry_after = self
.retry_after
.lock()
@@ -226,6 +231,8 @@ impl ConnectionPool {
.await
.map_err(|error| LunaSamplerError::Api(ApiError::Stream(error.to_string())))?;
let admitted = Instant::now();
let setup = self.client_setup().await?;
let fresh_connection = self.runtime_connection(&setup).await?;
let ClientSetup {
mut provider,
auth,
@@ -236,30 +243,34 @@ impl ConnectionPool {
redirect_policy,
key,
auth_changes,
} = self.client_setup().await?;
} = setup;
let setup_finished = Instant::now();
let connection = loop {
let idle = self
.idle_connections
.lock()
.unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
.pop();
match idle {
Some(connection)
if connection.key == key
&& connection.runtime_id == runtime_id
&& connection.auth_owner == auth_owner
&& connection
.auth_changes
.as_ref()
.is_none_or(|auth| !auth.has_changed().unwrap_or(true))
&& Instant::now() < connection.expires_at
&& !connection.connection.is_closed().await =>
{
break Some(connection);
let connection = if runtime_id.is_some() {
fresh_connection
} else {
loop {
let idle = self
.idle_connections
.lock()
.unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
.pop();
match idle {
Some(connection)
if connection.key == key
&& connection.runtime_id == runtime_id
&& connection.auth_owner == auth_owner
&& connection
.auth_changes
.as_ref()
.is_none_or(|auth| !auth.has_changed().unwrap_or(true))
&& Instant::now() < connection.expires_at
&& !connection.connection.is_closed().await =>
{
break Some(connection);
}
Some(_) => {}
None => break None,
}
Some(_) => {}
None => break None,
}
};
let (connection, thread_id, request_kind) = match connection {
@@ -458,9 +469,65 @@ impl ConnectionPool {
}
}
async fn runtime_connection(
&self,
setup: &ClientSetup,
) -> Result<Option<PooledConnection>, LunaSamplerError> {
if setup.runtime_id.is_none() || !self.config.provider.info().supports_websockets {
return Ok(None);
}
if self
.retry_after
.lock()
.unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
.is_some_and(|deadline| Instant::now() < deadline)
{
return Ok(None);
}
let Ok(permit) = Arc::clone(&self.sockets).try_acquire_owned() else {
return Ok(None);
};
match self.open_connection_with_setup(permit, setup.clone()).await {
Ok(connection) => Ok(Some(connection)),
Err(LunaSamplerError::ConnectionTimeout) => {
*self
.retry_after
.lock()
.unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner) =
Some(Instant::now() + CONNECT_COOLDOWN);
Ok(None)
}
Err(
error @ LunaSamplerError::Api(ApiError::Transport(
TransportError::Policy(_) | TransportError::Build(_),
)),
) => Err(error),
Err(
error @ LunaSamplerError::Api(ApiError::Transport(TransportError::Http {
status:
http::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED
| http::StatusCode::FORBIDDEN
| http::StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS,
..
})),
) => Err(error),
// Unsupported upgrades and connection failures can still use HTTP.
Err(_) => Ok(None),
}
}
async fn open_connection(
&self,
permit: OwnedSemaphorePermit,
) -> Result<PooledConnection, LunaSamplerError> {
self.open_connection_with_setup(permit, self.client_setup().await?)
.await
}
async fn open_connection_with_setup(
&self,
permit: OwnedSemaphorePermit,
setup: ClientSetup,
) -> Result<PooledConnection, LunaSamplerError> {
let ClientSetup {
provider,
@@ -472,7 +539,7 @@ impl ConnectionPool {
redirect_policy: _,
key,
auth_changes,
} = self.client_setup().await?;
} = setup;
let thread_id = ThreadId::new().to_string();
let mut headers = self.headers(&thread_id, request_kind)?;
headers.insert(
@@ -537,8 +604,8 @@ impl ConnectionPool {
.as_ref()
.is_some_and(|auth| auth.has_changed().unwrap_or(true))
{
return Err(LunaSamplerError::Api(ApiError::Stream(
"authentication changed while connecting".into(),
return Err(LunaSamplerError::Api(ApiError::Transport(
TransportError::Build("authentication changed while connecting".into()),
)));
}
@@ -597,6 +664,7 @@ impl ConnectionLease {
pub(super) async fn reuse(self) {
if let Connection::Websocket(connection) = self.connection
&& connection.runtime_id.is_none()
&& !connection.connection.is_closed().await
{
self.pool
@@ -653,3 +653,255 @@ async fn http_cache_preserves_no_constraint_redirect_policy_and_configured_heade
);
Ok(())
}
#[tokio::test]
async fn runtime_transports_authenticate_each_classification() -> Result<()> {
use base64::Engine;
use codex_features::RuntimeAuthMode;
use codex_login::CodexAuth;
use codex_runtime_agent_instance::AgentHostAuthorization;
use codex_runtime_agent_instance::RuntimeAuthManager;
use codex_runtime_agent_instance::RuntimeRegistrationMetadata;
use codex_runtime_agent_instance::RuntimeRole;
use serde_json::json;
use wiremock::Mock;
use wiremock::MockServer;
use wiremock::ResponseTemplate;
use wiremock::matchers::method;
use wiremock::matchers::path;
struct MutableAuth(Mutex<CodexAuth>);
impl codex_login::ExternalAuth for MutableAuth {
fn resolve(&self) -> codex_login::ExternalAuthFuture<'_, CodexAuth> {
Box::pin(async { Ok(self.0.lock().unwrap().clone()) })
}
fn refresh(
&self,
_context: codex_login::ExternalAuthRefreshContext,
) -> codex_login::ExternalAuthFuture<'_, CodexAuth> {
self.resolve()
}
}
skip_if_no_network!(Ok(()));
for mode in [RuntimeAuthMode::DualHeader, RuntimeAuthMode::AssertionOnly] {
for transport in [
"http",
"websocket",
"upgrade_required",
"legacy_endpoint",
"changed_auth",
"denied",
] {
let websocket = transport == "websocket";
let denied = transport == "denied";
let changed_auth = transport == "changed_auth";
let source = Arc::new(MutableAuth(Mutex::new(CodexAuth::from_api_key(
"guardian-key",
))));
let registration = MockServer::start().await;
Mock::given(method("POST"))
.and(path("/register"))
.respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({
"runtime_agent_instance_id": "runtime-guardian",
"agent_host_id": "host-guardian",
"actor": {"kind": "platform", "user_id": "actor", "organization_id": "org", "project_id": null},
})))
.expect(1)
.mount(&registration)
.await;
let response = vec![
responses::ev_output_text_delta("low"),
responses::ev_completed("score"),
];
let ws = if websocket {
// Each peer leaves another response available, so closure cannot force the retry.
Some(
responses::start_websocket_server(vec![
vec![response.clone(), response.clone()],
vec![response.clone(), response.clone()],
])
.await,
)
} else {
None
};
let http = MockServer::start().await;
let upgrade_response = if denied {
ResponseTemplate::new(403).set_body_json(json!({"error": {
"code": "runtime_instance_paused", "type": "runtime_agent_error",
"message": "The runtime agent instance is paused."
}}))
} else if transport == "legacy_endpoint" {
ResponseTemplate::new(404)
} else {
ResponseTemplate::new(426)
};
let handshake_source = Arc::clone(&source);
Mock::given(method("GET"))
.and(path("/responses"))
.respond_with(move |_request: &wiremock::Request| {
if changed_auth {
*handshake_source.0.lock().unwrap() =
CodexAuth::from_api_key("replacement-key");
}
upgrade_response.clone()
})
.expect(match transport {
"upgrade_required" | "legacy_endpoint" => 2,
"changed_auth" | "denied" => 1,
_ => 0,
})
.mount(&http)
.await;
Mock::given(method("POST"))
.and(path("/responses"))
.respond_with(
ResponseTemplate::new(200)
.insert_header("content-type", "text/event-stream")
.set_body_string(responses::sse(response)),
)
.expect(if websocket || denied {
0
} else if changed_auth {
1
} else {
2
})
.mount(&http)
.await;
let url = ws.as_ref().map_or_else(
|| http.uri(),
|ws| ws.uri().replacen("ws://", "http://", /*count*/ 1),
);
let mut config = sampler_config(url);
let credentials =
AuthManager::from_auth_for_testing(CodexAuth::from_api_key("guardian-key"));
if changed_auth {
credentials.set_external_auth(source.clone()).await?;
}
let runtime = Arc::new(RuntimeAuthManager::new(
Arc::clone(&credentials),
AgentHostAuthorization::InstallationId {
installation_id: uuid::Uuid::nil(),
},
RuntimeRegistrationMetadata {
harness: Some("codex".into()),
harness_version: None,
role: RuntimeRole::Orchestrator,
},
format!("{}/register", registration.uri()).parse()?,
));
let mut info = config.provider.info().clone();
info.supports_websockets = transport != "http";
config.provider = codex_model_provider::test_support::runtime_model_provider(
info,
Arc::clone(&credentials),
(runtime, mode),
);
let sampler = LunaSampler::new(config);
sampler.prewarm().await;
if let Some(ws) = &ws {
assert!(
ws.handshakes().is_empty(),
"prewarming must not admit runtime work"
);
}
if denied {
let error = sampler.sample(sample_request("denied")).await.unwrap_err();
assert!(
matches!(
error,
LunaSamplerError::Api(ApiError::Transport(TransportError::Http {
status: http::StatusCode::FORBIDDEN,
..
}))
),
"{error:?}"
);
} else {
assert_eq!(sampler.sample(sample_request("first")).await?, "low");
if changed_auth {
assert_eq!(
credentials.auth().await.unwrap().get_token()?,
"replacement-key"
);
} else {
assert_eq!(sampler.sample(sample_request("second")).await?, "low");
}
}
let headers = if let Some(ws) = &ws {
assert_eq!(
ws.connections().iter().map(Vec::len).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
vec![1, 1]
);
ws.handshakes()
.iter()
.map(|h| {
(
h.header("authorization").unwrap(),
h.header("x-openai-agent-assertion"),
)
})
.collect::<Vec<_>>()
} else {
http.received_requests()
.await
.unwrap()
.iter()
.map(|request| {
(
request.headers["authorization"]
.to_str()
.unwrap()
.to_owned(),
request
.headers
.get("x-openai-agent-assertion")
.map(|value| value.to_str().unwrap().to_owned()),
)
})
.collect::<Vec<_>>()
};
let expected_attempts = match transport {
"upgrade_required" | "legacy_endpoint" => 4,
"denied" => 1,
_ => 2,
};
assert_eq!(headers.len(), expected_attempts);
let mut proofs = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
for (authorization, supplemental) in headers {
let proof = match mode {
RuntimeAuthMode::DualHeader => {
assert_eq!(authorization, "Bearer guardian-key");
supplemental.unwrap()
}
RuntimeAuthMode::AssertionOnly => {
assert!(supplemental.is_none());
authorization
.strip_prefix("AgentAssertion ")
.unwrap()
.to_owned()
}
};
let payload: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(
&base64::engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD
.decode(proof.split('.').nth(/*n*/ 2).unwrap())?,
)?;
assert_eq!(payload["runtime_agent_instance"], "runtime-guardian");
assert!(
proofs.insert(proof),
"each attempt must authenticate afresh"
);
}
registration.verify().await;
http.verify().await;
drop(sampler);
if let Some(ws) = ws {
ws.shutdown().await;
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ pub struct ResolvedResponsesProvider {
}
/// Effective destination and credentials that permit reusing a Responses socket.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct ResponsesConnectionKey {
base_url: String,
routing_header: Option<HeaderValue>,