diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid.rs b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid.rs
index eeb0512850..a24414094d 100644
--- a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-//! PID reservations serialize detached launches; creation times protect stale-record cleanup.
+//! PID reservations serialize detached launches; process identities protect stale-record cleanup.
+
+#[path = "pid_identity.rs"]
+mod identity;
 
 use std::io::SeekFrom;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -40,8 +43,12 @@ pub(crate) struct PidBackend {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 struct PidRecord {
     pid: u32,
+    // Keep the legacy timestamp for older CLI/updater versions reading this record.
     process_start_time: String,
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    #[serde(alias = "linuxProcessIdentity")]
+    process_identity: Option<identity::ProcessIdentity>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     executable_identity: Option<ExecutableIdentity>,
 }
 
@@ -539,20 +546,37 @@ async fn process_matches_record(record: &PidRecord) -> Result<bool> {
         return Ok(false);
     }
 
-    match read_process_details(record.pid).await {
-        Ok((state, start_time)) => {
+    let details = async {
+        #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+        if let Some(expected) = &record.process_identity {
+            return expected.matches_process(record.pid).await;
+        }
+        let (state, start_time) = read_process_details(record.pid).await?;
+        let matches = start_time == record.process_start_time;
+        let is_zombie = state.starts_with('Z');
+        if !matches && !is_zombie {
+            bail!(
+                "cannot verify pid-managed process {}: legacy start time changed; PID record retained. \
+                 Retry with the locale and timezone used to start the daemon. If the system clock \
+                 changed, stop the original process before restarting the daemon",
+                record.pid
+            );
+        }
+        Ok((is_zombie, matches))
+    }
+    .await;
+    match details {
+        Ok((is_zombie, matches)) => {
             // An unreaped zombie still passes kill(pid, 0) and retains its start
             // time, but it can no longer run the app-server or updater.
-            if state.starts_with('Z') {
-                if start_time == record.process_start_time
-                    && let Ok(raw_pid) = libc::pid_t::try_from(record.pid)
-                {
+            if is_zombie {
+                if matches && let Ok(raw_pid) = libc::pid_t::try_from(record.pid) {
                     // Re-exec can lose the Child handle without changing parenthood.
                     unsafe { libc::waitpid(raw_pid, std::ptr::null_mut(), libc::WNOHANG) };
                 }
                 return Ok(false);
             }
-            Ok(start_time == record.process_start_time)
+            Ok(matches)
         }
         Err(_err) if !process_exists(record.pid) => Ok(false),
         Err(err) => Err(err),
@@ -714,21 +738,7 @@ async fn read_process_start_time(pid: u32) -> Result<String> {
 
 #[cfg(windows)]
 async fn process_matches_record(record: &PidRecord) -> Result<bool> {
-    let process = match super::windows::Process::open(record.pid) {
-        Ok(process) => process,
-        // A managed daemon is queryable by its launching user. A stale PID may
-        // have been reused by a protected process; never try to terminate it.
-        Err(err)
-            if err.downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>().is_some_and(|err| {
-                err.raw_os_error()
-                    == Some(windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED as i32)
-            }) =>
-        {
-            return Ok(false);
-        }
-        Err(err) => return Err(err),
-    };
-    let Some(process) = process else {
+    let Some(process) = super::windows::Process::open(record.pid)? else {
         return Ok(false);
     };
     Ok(process.is_running()? && process.start_time()? == record.process_start_time)
diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_identity.rs b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_identity.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea631a3ec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_identity.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+//! Native process identities and zombie state, independent of locale and timezone.
+//! Boot IDs prevent records surviving reboot from matching reused process identifiers.
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", test))]
+use anyhow::Context;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", test))]
+use anyhow::Result;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged, rename_all_fields = "camelCase")]
+pub(super) enum ProcessIdentity {
+    Linux {
+        boot_id: String,
+        start_ticks: u64,
+    },
+    // Untagged decoding must try this before the timestamp-only MacOs variant.
+    MacOsUnique {
+        boot_id: String,
+        unique_id: u64,
+        start_seconds: u64,
+        start_microseconds: u64,
+    },
+    MacOs {
+        start_seconds: u64,
+        start_microseconds: u64,
+    },
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+impl ProcessIdentity {
+    pub(super) async fn matches_process(&self, pid: u32) -> Result<(bool, bool)> {
+        // A different boot proves staleness even when the reused PID is inaccessible.
+        if let Self::Linux { boot_id, .. } | Self::MacOsUnique { boot_id, .. } = self
+            && *boot_id != read_boot_id().await?
+        {
+            return Ok((false, false));
+        }
+        #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+        if let Self::MacOsUnique { unique_id, .. } = self
+            && *unique_id != read_unique_id(pid)?
+        {
+            return Ok((false, false));
+        }
+        let (is_zombie, actual) = read_process_details(pid).await?;
+        let matches = if let (
+            // Timestamp-only native records predate the cross-user identity check.
+            Self::MacOs {
+                start_seconds,
+                start_microseconds,
+            },
+            Self::MacOsUnique {
+                start_seconds: actual_seconds,
+                start_microseconds: actual_microseconds,
+                ..
+            },
+        ) = (self, &actual)
+        {
+            start_seconds == actual_seconds && start_microseconds == actual_microseconds
+        } else {
+            *self == actual
+        };
+        Ok((is_zombie, matches))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+impl super::PidBackend {
+    pub(crate) async fn promote_legacy_identity(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let _reservation = self.acquire_reservation_lock().await?;
+        let super::PidFileState::Running(mut record) =
+            self.read_pid_file_state_with_lock_held().await?
+        else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        if matches!(
+            record.process_identity,
+            Some(ProcessIdentity::Linux { .. } | ProcessIdentity::MacOsUnique { .. })
+        ) {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        // An updater keeps its PID across exec during upgrades. Only promote a
+        // legacy record while its original check still identifies the process,
+        // with the native identity unchanged on both sides of that check.
+        let before = read_process_details(record.pid).await?;
+        if before.0 || !super::process_matches_record(&record).await? {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if read_process_details(record.pid).await? != before {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        record.process_identity = Some(before.1);
+        let temporary = self.pid_file.with_extension("pid.tmp");
+        tokio::fs::write(&temporary, serde_json::to_vec(&record)?).await?;
+        tokio::fs::rename(&temporary, &self.pid_file).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub(super) async fn read_process_details(pid: u32) -> Result<(bool, ProcessIdentity)> {
+    let boot_id = read_boot_id().await?;
+    let unique_id = read_unique_id(pid)?;
+    let pid = libc::pid_t::try_from(pid).context("daemon pid is out of range")?;
+    let mut info = std::mem::MaybeUninit::<libc::proc_bsdinfo>::uninit();
+    let size = std::mem::size_of::<libc::proc_bsdinfo>() as libc::c_int;
+    // SAFETY: the buffer has the exact size and alignment required by this flavor.
+    // arg=1 includes zombies so callers can reap children that have exited.
+    let read = unsafe {
+        libc::proc_pidinfo(
+            pid,
+            libc::PROC_PIDTBSDINFO,
+            /*arg*/ 1,
+            info.as_mut_ptr().cast(),
+            size,
+        )
+    };
+    if read <= 0 {
+        return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error())
+            .context("failed to read daemon process identity");
+    }
+    anyhow::ensure!(read == size, "incomplete daemon process identity");
+    // SAFETY: proc_pidinfo initialized the entire structure on success.
+    let info = unsafe { info.assume_init() };
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        unique_id == read_unique_id(info.pbi_pid)?,
+        "daemon process changed while reading its identity"
+    );
+    Ok((
+        info.pbi_status == libc::SZOMB,
+        ProcessIdentity::MacOsUnique {
+            boot_id,
+            unique_id,
+            start_seconds: info.pbi_start_tvsec,
+            start_microseconds: info.pbi_start_tvusec,
+        },
+    ))
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+fn read_unique_id(pid: u32) -> Result<u64> {
+    // XNU's proc_uniqidentifierinfo ABI (flavor 17), unchanged in size since 2013.
+    // Unlike PROC_PIDTBSDINFO, this query does not require matching process ownership.
+    #[repr(C)]
+    struct UniqueInfo {
+        executable_uuid: [u8; 16],
+        unique_id: u64,
+        parent_unique_id: u64,
+        reserved: [u64; 3],
+    }
+    let pid = libc::pid_t::try_from(pid).context("daemon pid is out of range")?;
+    let mut info = std::mem::MaybeUninit::<UniqueInfo>::uninit();
+    let size = std::mem::size_of::<UniqueInfo>() as libc::c_int;
+    // SAFETY: the buffer matches proc_uniqidentifierinfo's size and alignment.
+    let read = unsafe {
+        libc::proc_pidinfo(
+            pid,
+            /*flavor*/ 17,
+            /*arg*/ 1,
+            info.as_mut_ptr().cast(),
+            size,
+        )
+    };
+    if read <= 0 {
+        return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error()).context("failed to read daemon unique ID");
+    }
+    anyhow::ensure!(read == size, "incomplete daemon unique ID");
+    // SAFETY: proc_pidinfo initialized the entire structure on success.
+    Ok(unsafe { info.assume_init() }.unique_id)
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+async fn read_boot_id() -> Result<String> {
+    let mut buffer = [0u8; 37];
+    let mut size = buffer.len();
+    // SAFETY: the writable buffer has size bytes; the new-value pointer is null.
+    let result = unsafe {
+        libc::sysctlbyname(
+            c"kern.bootsessionuuid".as_ptr(),
+            buffer.as_mut_ptr().cast(),
+            &mut size,
+            std::ptr::null_mut(),
+            /*newlen*/ 0,
+        )
+    };
+    if result != 0 {
+        return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error()).context("failed to read macOS boot ID");
+    }
+    anyhow::ensure!(size == buffer.len(), "incomplete macOS boot ID");
+    Ok(std::ffi::CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(&buffer)?
+        .to_str()?
+        .to_owned())
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+pub(super) async fn read_process_details(pid: u32) -> Result<(bool, ProcessIdentity)> {
+    let stat = tokio::fs::read(format!("/proc/{pid}/stat"))
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read process stat for pid-managed process {pid}"))?;
+    let (state, start_ticks) = parse_stat(&stat)?;
+    Ok((
+        state == "Z",
+        ProcessIdentity::Linux {
+            boot_id: read_boot_id().await?,
+            start_ticks,
+        },
+    ))
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+async fn read_boot_id() -> Result<String> {
+    let boot_id = tokio::fs::read_to_string("/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id")
+        .await
+        .context("failed to read Linux boot ID")?;
+    let boot_id = boot_id.trim();
+    anyhow::ensure!(!boot_id.is_empty(), "Linux boot ID is empty");
+    Ok(boot_id.to_owned())
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", test))]
+fn parse_stat(stat: &[u8]) -> Result<(String, u64)> {
+    // comm (field 2) can contain spaces and closing parentheses. The final ')'
+    // terminates it; splitting the whole line on whitespace miscounts fields.
+    let end = stat
+        .iter()
+        .rposition(|byte| *byte == b')')
+        .context("process stat has no comm")?;
+    let fields = std::str::from_utf8(&stat[end + 1..]).context("invalid process stat fields")?;
+    let mut fields = fields.split_whitespace();
+    let state = fields.next().context("process stat has no state")?;
+    let start_ticks = fields
+        .nth(/*n*/ 18)
+        .context("process stat has no start time")?
+        .parse()
+        .context("process stat start time is invalid")?;
+    Ok((state.to_string(), start_ticks))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "pid_identity_tests.rs"]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_identity_tests.rs b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_identity_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0454e529e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_identity_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+use super::parse_stat;
+use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+
+#[test]
+fn parses_start_ticks_after_comm_with_spaces_and_parentheses() {
+    let stat =
+        b"123 (codex \xff) worker) S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 987654321 20";
+    assert_eq!(parse_stat(stat).unwrap(), ("S".to_string(), 987654321));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn reads_earlier_linux_identity_field() {
+    use crate::backend::pid::PidRecord;
+    let mut expected = serde_json::json!({
+        "pid": 42,
+        "processStartTime": "legacy timestamp",
+        "linuxProcessIdentity": {"bootId": "boot", "startTicks": 123},
+    });
+    let record: PidRecord = serde_json::from_value(expected.clone()).unwrap();
+    expected["processIdentity"] = expected
+        .as_object_mut()
+        .unwrap()
+        .remove("linuxProcessIdentity")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::to_value(record).unwrap(), expected);
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn previous_boot_does_not_require_process_inspection() {
+    let (_, identity) = super::read_process_details(std::process::id())
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut record = serde_json::to_value(identity).unwrap();
+    record["bootId"] = "previous boot".into();
+    let identity: super::ProcessIdentity = serde_json::from_value(record).unwrap();
+    // An invalid PID would make process inspection fail if it preceded the boot check.
+    assert_eq!(
+        identity.matches_process(u32::MAX).await.unwrap(),
+        (false, false)
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn reused_pid_can_belong_to_root() {
+    let (_, identity) = super::read_process_details(std::process::id())
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    // launchd is root-owned: PROC_PIDTBSDINFO returns EPERM for an ordinary caller.
+    assert_eq!(
+        identity.matches_process(/*pid*/ 1).await.unwrap(),
+        (false, false)
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn promotes_timestamp_only_macos_record() {
+    use crate::backend::pid::PidBackend;
+    use crate::backend::pid::PidRecord;
+
+    let temp = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = temp.path().join("server.pid");
+    let (_, identity) = super::read_process_details(std::process::id())
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut legacy = serde_json::to_value(&identity).unwrap();
+    legacy.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("bootId");
+    legacy.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("uniqueId");
+    let mut record = PidRecord {
+        pid: std::process::id(),
+        process_start_time: "unused legacy text".into(),
+        process_identity: Some(serde_json::from_value(legacy).unwrap()),
+        executable_identity: None,
+    };
+    std::fs::write(&path, serde_json::to_vec(&record).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let backend = PidBackend::new(
+        temp.path().join("codex"),
+        path.clone(),
+        /*remote_control_enabled*/ false,
+    );
+    backend.promote_legacy_identity().await.unwrap();
+    record.process_identity = Some(identity);
+    assert_eq!(
+        serde_json::from_slice::<PidRecord>(&std::fs::read(path).unwrap()).unwrap(),
+        record,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_start.rs b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_start.rs
index 55ab8fd12b..35248a7fd1 100644
--- a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_start.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_start.rs
@@ -260,15 +260,24 @@ impl PidBackend {
             super::super::windows::Process::open(pid)?
                 .context("daemon exited during launch")?
                 .ensure_detached()?;
-            read_process_start_time(pid).await
+            let process_start_time = read_process_start_time(pid).await?;
+            #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+            let process_identity = super::identity::read_process_details(pid)
+                .await
+                .ok()
+                .map(|(_, identity)| identity);
+            #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos")))]
+            let process_identity = None;
+            anyhow::Ok(PidRecord {
+                pid,
+                process_start_time,
+                process_identity,
+                executable_identity: launched_identity,
+            })
         }
         .await
         {
-            Ok(process_start_time) => PidRecord {
-                pid,
-                process_start_time,
-                executable_identity: launched_identity,
-            },
+            Ok(record) => record,
             Err(err) => {
                 let _ = self.terminate_process(pid);
                 let mut context =
diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_tests.rs b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_tests.rs
index 36f1b30650..5924495f64 100644
--- a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_tests.rs
@@ -197,11 +197,13 @@ async fn stale_record_cleanup_preserves_replacement_record() {
     let stale = PidRecord {
         pid: 1,
         process_start_time: "old".to_string(),
+        process_identity: None,
         executable_identity: None,
     };
     let replacement = PidRecord {
         pid: 2,
         process_start_time: "new".to_string(),
+        process_identity: None,
         executable_identity: None,
     };
     tokio::fs::write(
@@ -276,6 +278,38 @@ async fn pid_record_captures_the_resolved_launch_binary() {
     backend.stop().await.expect("stop daemon");
 }
 
+#[cfg(unix)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn legacy_start_time_mismatch_preserves_record_and_process() {
+    let temp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let backend = PidBackend::new(
+        temp.path().join("codex"),
+        temp.path().join("app-server.pid"),
+        /*remote_control_enabled*/ false,
+    );
+    let contents = serde_json::to_vec(&serde_json::json!({
+        "pid": std::process::id(),
+        "processStartTime": "historical wall-clock start time",
+    }))
+    .unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(&backend.pid_file, &contents).unwrap();
+    for result in [
+        backend.is_starting_or_running().await.map(|_| ()),
+        backend.start().await.map(|_| ()),
+        backend.stop().await,
+        #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+        backend.promote_legacy_identity().await,
+    ] {
+        assert!(
+            result
+                .unwrap_err()
+                .to_string()
+                .contains("PID record retained")
+        );
+    }
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&backend.pid_file).unwrap(), contents);
+}
+
 #[cfg(unix)]
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn stop_reaps_untracked_app_server_child() {
@@ -292,6 +326,7 @@ async fn stop_reaps_untracked_app_server_child() {
     let record = PidRecord {
         pid,
         process_start_time: read_process_start_time(pid).await.expect("start time"),
+        process_identity: None,
         executable_identity: None,
     };
     tokio::fs::write(
@@ -383,6 +418,7 @@ async fn shutdown_grace_handles_process_exit() {
             process_start_time: super::read_process_start_time(pid)
                 .await
                 .expect("start time"),
+            process_identity: None,
             executable_identity: None,
         };
         tokio::fs::write(
@@ -460,6 +496,7 @@ async fn stopping_updater_signals_its_installer_process_group() {
         serde_json::to_vec(&PidRecord {
             pid,
             process_start_time: read_process_start_time(pid).await.expect("start time"),
+            process_identity: None,
             executable_identity: None,
         })
         .expect("serialize pid"),
@@ -488,11 +525,21 @@ async fn exited_unreaped_updater_is_reaped() {
         .arg("60")
         .spawn()
         .expect("spawn updater shim");
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+    let process_identity = Some(
+        super::identity::read_process_details(child.id())
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .1,
+    );
+    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos")))]
+    let process_identity = None;
     let record = PidRecord {
         pid: child.id(),
         process_start_time: read_process_start_time(child.id())
             .await
             .expect("start time"),
+        process_identity,
         executable_identity: None,
     };
     let backend =
@@ -584,7 +631,6 @@ async fn read_stderr_log_tail_returns_recent_complete_lines() {
     );
 }
 
-#[cfg(windows)]
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn stale_creation_time_never_stops_reused_pid() {
     let temp = TempDir::new().expect("temp");
@@ -593,17 +639,45 @@ async fn stale_creation_time_never_stops_reused_pid() {
         temp.path().join("server.pid"),
         /*remote_control_enabled*/ false,
     );
-    let record = PidRecord {
-        pid: std::process::id(),
-        process_start_time: "stale".into(),
-        executable_identity: None,
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+    let identities = {
+        use super::identity::ProcessIdentity;
+        let (_, identity) = super::identity::read_process_details(std::process::id())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut stale_time = identity.clone();
+        let mut stale_epoch = identity;
+        match &mut stale_time {
+            ProcessIdentity::Linux { start_ticks, .. } => *start_ticks += 1,
+            ProcessIdentity::MacOs {
+                start_microseconds, ..
+            }
+            | ProcessIdentity::MacOsUnique {
+                start_microseconds, ..
+            } => *start_microseconds += 1,
+        }
+        match &mut stale_epoch {
+            ProcessIdentity::Linux { boot_id, .. } => boot_id.push_str("-previous"),
+            ProcessIdentity::MacOs { start_seconds, .. } => *start_seconds += 1,
+            ProcessIdentity::MacOsUnique { unique_id, .. } => *unique_id += 1,
+        }
+        [Some(stale_time), Some(stale_epoch)]
     };
-    tokio::fs::write(&backend.pid_file, serde_json::to_vec(&record).unwrap())
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
-    backend.stop().await.expect("stale record cleanup");
-    assert!(!backend.pid_file.exists());
-    assert!(!backend.pid_file.with_extension("shutdown").exists());
+    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos")))]
+    let identities = [None];
+    for process_identity in identities {
+        let record = PidRecord {
+            pid: std::process::id(),
+            process_start_time: "stale".into(),
+            process_identity,
+            executable_identity: None,
+        };
+        let contents = serde_json::to_vec(&record).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(&backend.pid_file, &contents).unwrap();
+        backend.stop().await.expect("stale record cleanup");
+        assert!(!backend.pid_file.exists());
+        assert!(!backend.pid_file.with_extension("shutdown").exists());
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -624,6 +698,7 @@ async fn failed_updater_handoff_preserves_predecessor_record() {
         process_start_time: super::read_process_start_time(std::process::id())
             .await
             .unwrap(),
+        process_identity: None,
         executable_identity: None,
     };
     for record in [
@@ -685,6 +760,7 @@ async fn updater_readiness_and_post_publication_failure_preserve_ownership() {
         process_start_time: super::read_process_start_time(pid)
             .await
             .expect("creation time"),
+        process_identity: None,
         executable_identity: None,
     };
     let predecessor = PidRecord {
@@ -692,6 +768,7 @@ async fn updater_readiness_and_post_publication_failure_preserve_ownership() {
         process_start_time: super::read_process_start_time(std::process::id())
             .await
             .expect("creation time"),
+        process_identity: None,
         executable_identity: None,
     };
     tokio::fs::write(&backend.pid_file, serde_json::to_vec(&successor).unwrap())
@@ -779,7 +856,7 @@ async fn updater_readiness_and_post_publication_failure_preserve_ownership() {
 
 #[cfg(windows)]
 #[test]
-fn inaccessible_reused_pid_is_stale_without_hiding_process_open_errors() {
+fn inaccessible_pid_preserves_identity_check_error() {
     use futures::FutureExt;
     use windows_sys::Win32::Security::ImpersonateAnonymousToken;
     use windows_sys::Win32::Security::RevertToSelf;
@@ -791,6 +868,7 @@ fn inaccessible_reused_pid_is_stale_without_hiding_process_open_errors() {
         let record = PidRecord {
             pid: std::process::id(),
             process_start_time: "stale".into(),
+            process_identity: None,
             executable_identity: None,
         };
         assert!(
@@ -816,7 +894,15 @@ fn inaccessible_reused_pid_is_stale_without_hiding_process_open_errors() {
                 .raw_os_error(),
             Some(windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED as i32),
         );
-        assert!(!matches.expect("identity check must not suspend").unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(
+            matches
+                .expect("identity check must not suspend")
+                .unwrap_err()
+                .downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .raw_os_error(),
+            Some(windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED as i32),
+        );
     })
     .join()
     .expect("anonymous identity check");
diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_windows.rs b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_windows.rs
index 58150527a1..8487fa2bc4 100644
--- a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_windows.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/backend/pid_windows.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ impl PidBackend {
         let record = PidRecord {
             pid: std::process::id(),
             process_start_time: read_process_start_time(std::process::id()).await?,
+            process_identity: None,
             executable_identity: None,
         };
         self.start_inner(Some(record)).await?;
diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/update_loop.rs b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/update_loop.rs
index 4513ce6855..e8a248f6a5 100644
--- a/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/update_loop.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/app-server-daemon/src/update_loop.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ use crate::RestartMode;
 use crate::managed_install::ExecutableIdentity;
 use crate::managed_install::executable_identity;
 use crate::managed_install::resolved_managed_codex_bin;
-#[cfg(windows)]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", windows))]
 use crate::settings::DaemonSettings;
 use crate::settings::UpdaterSettings;
 
@@ -88,6 +88,17 @@ async fn run_with_http(
     #[cfg(unix)]
     let mut terminate =
         signal(SignalKind::terminate()).context("failed to install updater shutdown handler")?;
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+    {
+        let paths = daemon.backend_paths(&DaemonSettings::default());
+        for backend in [
+            crate::backend::pid_backend(paths.clone()),
+            crate::backend::pid_update_loop_backend(paths),
+        ] {
+            // Inspection failures must preserve legacy records without blocking updates.
+            let _ = backend.promote_legacy_identity().await;
+        }
+    }
     #[cfg(windows)]
     let updater = {
         // Updater ownership needs only paths, not settings that may be mid-edit.
diff --git a/codex-rs/cli/tests/app_server_daemon.rs b/codex-rs/cli/tests/app_server_daemon.rs
index fb923a82bc..666791fc05 100644
--- a/codex-rs/cli/tests/app_server_daemon.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/cli/tests/app_server_daemon.rs
@@ -122,6 +122,99 @@ fn wait_for_exit(pid: u32) -> Result<()> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+#[test]
+fn managed_identity_survives_locale_and_timezone_changes() -> Result<()> {
+    let daemon = TestDaemon::new()?;
+    let mut original = Vec::new();
+    let mut updater_pid = 0;
+    let pid_file = daemon.home.path().join("app-server-daemon/app-server.pid");
+    for (action, locale, timezone, expected_status) in [
+        ("start", "C", "UTC0", "started"),
+        ("version", "en_AU.UTF-8", "PST8PDT", "running"),
+        ("restart", "en_AU.UTF-8", "PST8PDT", "restarted"),
+        ("stop", "C", "UTC0", "stopped"),
+    ] {
+        let output = daemon
+            .command()
+            .args(["app-server", "daemon", action])
+            .env("LC_ALL", locale)
+            .env("TZ", timezone)
+            .output()?;
+        ensure!(
+            output.status.success(),
+            "daemon {action} failed: {}",
+            String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+        );
+        let output: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout)?;
+        assert_eq!(output["status"], expected_status);
+        if action == "start" {
+            updater_pid = daemon.pid("app-server-updater.pid")?;
+            original = std::fs::read(&pid_file)?;
+            let record: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&original)?;
+            assert!(record["processIdentity"].is_object());
+            // Older clients still receive the original, unnormalized ps value.
+            let legacy = Command::new("ps")
+                .args([
+                    "-p",
+                    &daemon.pid("app-server.pid")?.to_string(),
+                    "-o",
+                    "lstart=",
+                ])
+                .env("LC_ALL", locale)
+                .env("TZ", timezone)
+                .output()?;
+            ensure!(legacy.status.success(), "failed to read legacy start time");
+            assert_eq!(
+                record["processStartTime"],
+                String::from_utf8(legacy.stdout)?.trim()
+            );
+        } else if action == "version" {
+            assert_eq!(output["backend"], "pid");
+            assert_eq!(daemon.pid("app-server-updater.pid")?, updater_pid);
+            assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&pid_file)?, original);
+
+            // Finish startup promotion before deliberately restoring a legacy record.
+            let updater_socket = daemon
+                .home
+                .path()
+                .join("app-server-daemon/app-server-updater.sock");
+            let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(30);
+            while !updater_socket.exists() {
+                ensure!(Instant::now() < deadline, "updater did not become ready");
+                std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50));
+            }
+            let mut legacy: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&original)?;
+            legacy
+                .as_object_mut()
+                .context("PID record object")?
+                .remove("processIdentity");
+            let legacy_bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&legacy)?;
+            std::fs::write(&pid_file, &legacy_bytes)?;
+            let result = daemon
+                .command()
+                .args(["app-server", "daemon", "version"])
+                .env("LC_ALL", locale)
+                .env("TZ", timezone)
+                .output();
+            let preserved = std::fs::read(&pid_file);
+            // Restore the native identity before assertions so Drop can stop the daemon.
+            std::fs::write(&pid_file, &original)?;
+            let result = result?;
+            assert!(!result.status.success());
+            assert_eq!(preserved?, legacy_bytes);
+            let stderr =
+                String::from_utf8(result.stderr)?.replace(&legacy["pid"].to_string(), "[PID]");
+            insta::assert_snapshot!(stderr, @"Error: cannot verify pid-managed process [PID]: legacy start time changed; PID record retained. Retry with the locale and timezone used to start the daemon. If the system clock changed, stop the original process before restarting the daemon");
+        }
+        if action == "restart" {
+            assert_eq!(daemon.pid("app-server-updater.pid")?, updater_pid);
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(!pid_file.exists());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn package_ownership_check_does_not_start_an_updater() -> Result<()> {
     let daemon = TestDaemon::new()?;
@@ -159,10 +252,30 @@ fn managed_starts_ensure_one_updater_and_recover_a_missing_one() -> Result<()> {
 
     signal(updater_pid, libc::SIGTERM)?;
     wait_for_exit(updater_pid)?;
+    // A replacement updater also upgrades still-verifiable records left by an old CLI.
+    let server_record_path = daemon.home.path().join("app-server-daemon/app-server.pid");
+    let mut legacy: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&std::fs::read(&server_record_path)?)?;
+    let native = legacy.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("processIdentity");
+    std::fs::write(&server_record_path, serde_json::to_vec(&legacy)?)?;
     assert_eq!(daemon.lifecycle("start")?["status"], "alreadyRunning");
     assert_eq!(daemon.pid("app-server.pid")?, backend_pid);
     let replacement_pid = daemon.pid("app-server-updater.pid")?;
     assert_ne!(replacement_pid, updater_pid);
+    if let Some(native) = native {
+        legacy["processIdentity"] = native;
+        let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(30);
+        loop {
+            let record: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&std::fs::read(&server_record_path)?)?;
+            if record == legacy {
+                break;
+            }
+            ensure!(
+                Instant::now() < deadline,
+                "legacy record was not upgraded: {record}"
+            );
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50));
+        }
+    }
     assert_eq!(daemon.lifecycle("restart")?["status"], "restarted");
     assert_ne!(daemon.pid("app-server.pid")?, backend_pid);
     assert_eq!(daemon.pid("app-server-updater.pid")?, replacement_pid);
@@ -199,6 +312,35 @@ fn managed_start_succeeds_when_updater_record_is_invalid() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+#[test]
+fn wall_clock_shift_keeps_server_and_updater_managed() -> Result<()> {
+    let daemon = TestDaemon::new()?;
+    assert_eq!(daemon.lifecycle("start")?["status"], "started");
+    let server_pid = daemon.pid("app-server.pid")?;
+    let updater_pid = daemon.pid("app-server-updater.pid")?;
+    for name in ["app-server.pid", "app-server-updater.pid"] {
+        let path = daemon.home.path().join("app-server-daemon").join(name);
+        let mut record: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&std::fs::read(&path)?)?;
+        record["processStartTime"] = "historical wall-clock start time".into();
+        let replacement = path.with_extension("replacement");
+        std::fs::write(&replacement, serde_json::to_vec(&record)?)?;
+        std::fs::rename(replacement, path)?;
+    }
+
+    let version = daemon.lifecycle("version")?;
+    assert_eq!(version["status"], "running");
+    assert_eq!(version["backend"], "pid");
+    assert_eq!(daemon.lifecycle("start")?["status"], "alreadyRunning");
+    assert_eq!(daemon.pid("app-server.pid")?, server_pid);
+    assert_eq!(daemon.pid("app-server-updater.pid")?, updater_pid);
+    assert_eq!(daemon.lifecycle("restart")?["status"], "restarted");
+    wait_for_exit(server_pid)?;
+    assert_ne!(daemon.pid("app-server.pid")?, server_pid);
+    assert_eq!(daemon.pid("app-server-updater.pid")?, updater_pid);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn managed_start_keeps_updater_on_marker_mismatch_but_stops_it_for_pin() -> Result<()> {
     let daemon = TestDaemon::new()?;