diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server-protocol/schema/precomputed/app-server-exports-stable.json.zst b/codex-rs/app-server-protocol/schema/precomputed/app-server-exports-stable.json.zst
index 5175c675ef..d40c289a6b 100644
Binary files a/codex-rs/app-server-protocol/schema/precomputed/app-server-exports-stable.json.zst and b/codex-rs/app-server-protocol/schema/precomputed/app-server-exports-stable.json.zst differ
diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server/src/external_agent_migration/session_importer.rs b/codex-rs/app-server/src/external_agent_migration/session_importer.rs
index caaef00904..88e1a9ad16 100644
--- a/codex-rs/app-server/src/external_agent_migration/session_importer.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/app-server/src/external_agent_migration/session_importer.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use codex_external_agent_migration::sessions::record_completed_session_imports;
 use codex_models_manager::manager::RefreshStrategy;
 use codex_protocol::ThreadId;
 use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructions;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::protocol::EventMsg;
 use codex_protocol::protocol::MultiAgentVersion;
 use codex_protocol::protocol::RolloutItem;
@@ -448,6 +449,17 @@ impl ExternalAgentSessionImporter {
                     .base_instructions
                     .clone()
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| model_info.get_model_instructions(config.personality)),
+                provenance: Some(config.base_instructions_provenance.clone().unwrap_or_else(
+                    || {
+                        if config.base_instructions.is_some() {
+                            BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom
+                        } else {
+                            BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+                                model: model_info.slug.clone(),
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
+                )),
             },
             dynamic_tools: Vec::new(),
             selected_capability_roots: Vec::new(),
diff --git a/codex-rs/app-server/src/request_processors/feedback_processor.rs b/codex-rs/app-server/src/request_processors/feedback_processor.rs
index 216f3b8b43..f085fa51c6 100644
--- a/codex-rs/app-server/src/request_processors/feedback_processor.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/app-server/src/request_processors/feedback_processor.rs
@@ -624,6 +624,7 @@ mod tests {
                     cwd: tempdir.path().to_path_buf(),
                     base_instructions: Some(codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructions {
                         text: "actual developer prompt".to_string(),
+                        provenance: None,
                     }),
                     ..Default::default()
                 },
diff --git a/codex-rs/config/src/config_toml.rs b/codex-rs/config/src/config_toml.rs
index b5b44d6adf..397abfe233 100644
--- a/codex-rs/config/src/config_toml.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/config/src/config_toml.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ use codex_protocol::config_types::Verbosity;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::WebSearchMode;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::WebSearchToolConfig;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::WindowsSandboxLevel;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::models::PermissionProfile;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::ReasoningEffort;
 use codex_protocol::permissions::NetworkSandboxPolicy;
@@ -516,6 +517,10 @@ pub struct ConfigLockfileToml {
     pub version: u32,
     pub codex_version: String,
 
+    /// Origin of the effective base instructions captured in the lockfile.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub base_instructions_provenance: Option<BaseInstructionsProvenance>,
+
     /// Replayable effective config captured in the lockfile.
     pub config: ConfigToml,
 }
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/agent/role.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/agent/role.rs
index 69fe8bcdc3..1da0b68478 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/agent/role.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/agent/role.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ use codex_config::ConfigLayerStack;
 use codex_config::config_toml::ConfigToml;
 use codex_config::loader::resolve_relative_paths_in_config_toml;
 use codex_exec_server::LOCAL_FS;
+use codex_features::Feature;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -175,6 +177,8 @@ mod reload {
         let preserve_current_model = role_layer_toml.get("model").is_none();
         let preserve_current_reasoning_effort =
             role_layer_toml.get("model_reasoning_effort").is_none();
+        let preserve_current_base_instructions = role_layer_toml.get("instructions").is_none()
+            && role_layer_toml.get("model_instructions_file").is_none();
         let mut overrides = reload_overrides(
             config,
             preserve_current_model,
@@ -206,6 +210,24 @@ mod reload {
                 .model_reasoning_effort
                 .clone_from(&config.model_reasoning_effort);
         }
+        if preserve_current_base_instructions {
+            let personality_changed = config.personality != next_config.personality
+                || config.features.enabled(Feature::Personality)
+                    != next_config.features.enabled(Feature::Personality);
+            if personality_changed
+                && matches!(
+                    config.base_instructions_provenance,
+                    Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model { .. })
+                )
+            {
+                next_config.base_instructions = None;
+                next_config.base_instructions_provenance = None;
+            } else {
+                next_config.base_instructions = config.base_instructions.clone();
+                next_config.base_instructions_provenance =
+                    config.base_instructions_provenance.clone();
+            }
+        }
         Ok(next_config)
     }
 
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/agent/role_tests.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/agent/role_tests.rs
index ea0087171d..3cc1b2b31d 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/agent/role_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/agent/role_tests.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use crate::config::ConfigBuilder;
 use crate::plugins::plugins_manager_for_config;
 use crate::skills_load_input_from_config;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::ServiceTier;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::ReasoningEffort;
 use codex_utils_absolute_path::test_support::PathExt;
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
@@ -179,6 +180,12 @@ async fn apply_role_preserves_unspecified_keys() {
 
     config.model = Some("spawn-model".to_string());
     config.model_reasoning_effort = Some(ReasoningEffort::Low);
+    config.base_instructions = Some("inherited model instructions".to_string());
+    config.base_instructions_provenance = Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+        model: "parent-model".to_string(),
+    });
+    let base_instructions = config.base_instructions.clone();
+    let provenance = config.base_instructions_provenance.clone();
 
     apply_role_to_config(&mut config, Some("custom"))
         .await
@@ -197,6 +204,66 @@ async fn apply_role_preserves_unspecified_keys() {
         Some(PathBuf::from("/tmp/codex-execve-wrapper"))
     );
     assert!(config.psp);
+    assert_eq!(config.base_instructions, base_instructions);
+    assert_eq!(config.base_instructions_provenance, provenance);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn apply_role_regenerates_model_instructions_when_personality_changes() {
+    for (role_contents, provenance) in [
+        (
+            "personality = \"none\"",
+            BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+                model: "parent-model".to_string(),
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            "[features]\npersonality = false",
+            BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+                model: "parent-model".to_string(),
+            },
+        ),
+        ("personality = \"none\"", BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom),
+    ] {
+        let (home, mut config) = test_config_with_cli_overrides(vec![
+            (
+                "personality".to_string(),
+                TomlValue::String("friendly".to_string()),
+            ),
+            ("features.personality".to_string(), TomlValue::Boolean(true)),
+        ])
+        .await;
+        let role_path = write_role_config(&home, "personality-role.toml", role_contents).await;
+        config.agent_roles.insert(
+            "custom".to_string(),
+            AgentRoleConfig {
+                description: None,
+                config_file: Some(role_path),
+                nickname_candidates: None,
+            },
+        );
+        config.base_instructions = Some("inherited instructions".to_string());
+        config.base_instructions_provenance = Some(provenance.clone());
+
+        apply_role_to_config(&mut config, Some("custom"))
+            .await
+            .expect("custom role should apply");
+
+        let expected = match provenance {
+            BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model { .. } => (None, None),
+            BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom => (
+                Some("inherited instructions".to_string()),
+                Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom),
+            ),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            (
+                config.base_instructions,
+                config.base_instructions_provenance
+            ),
+            expected
+        );
+    }
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/client_tests.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/client_tests.rs
index ff7c087cd5..b0f5219793 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/client_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/client_tests.rs
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ async fn compact_uses_bearer_after_agent_identity_session_fallback() -> anyhow::
         }],
         base_instructions: BaseInstructions {
             text: "base instructions".to_string(),
+            provenance: None,
         },
         ..Default::default()
     };
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/config/mod.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/config/mod.rs
index 62c42a2f30..91f33a70ce 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/config/mod.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/config/mod.rs
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ use codex_protocol::config_types::WebSearchConfig;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::WebSearchMode;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::WindowsSandboxLevel;
 use codex_protocol::models::ActivePermissionProfile;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::models::PermissionProfile;
 use codex_protocol::models::SandboxEnforcement;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::ModelsResponse;
@@ -689,6 +690,9 @@ pub struct Config {
     /// Base instructions override.
     pub base_instructions: Option<String>,
 
+    /// Origin of the configured base instructions when supplied by another session or lockfile.
+    pub base_instructions_provenance: Option<BaseInstructionsProvenance>,
+
     /// Developer instructions override injected as a separate message.
     pub developer_instructions: Option<String>,
 
@@ -1539,6 +1543,9 @@ impl ConfigBuilder {
                 lock_config_layer_stack,
             )
             .await?;
+            if let Some(provenance) = lockfile_toml.base_instructions_provenance {
+                config.base_instructions_provenance = Some(provenance);
+            }
             config.config_lock_toml = Some(Arc::new(expected_lock_config));
             config.config_lock_allow_codex_version_mismatch = allow_codex_version_mismatch;
             config.config_lock_save_fields_resolved_from_model_catalog =
@@ -1641,7 +1648,12 @@ impl Config {
             model_context_window: self.model_context_window,
             model_auto_compact_token_limit: self.model_auto_compact_token_limit,
             tool_output_token_limit: self.tool_output_token_limit,
-            base_instructions: self.base_instructions.clone(),
+            base_instructions: self.base_instructions.clone().filter(|_| {
+                !matches!(
+                    self.base_instructions_provenance,
+                    Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model { .. })
+                )
+            }),
             personality_enabled: self.features.enabled(Feature::Personality),
             personality: self.personality,
             model_catalog: self.model_catalog.clone(),
@@ -3922,6 +3934,9 @@ impl Config {
         let base_instructions = base_instructions
             .or(file_base_instructions)
             .or(cfg.instructions.clone());
+        let base_instructions_provenance = base_instructions
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|_| BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom);
         let developer_instructions = developer_instructions.or(cfg.developer_instructions);
         let include_permissions_instructions = cfg.include_permissions_instructions.unwrap_or(true);
         let include_apps_instructions = cfg.include_apps_instructions.unwrap_or(true);
@@ -4128,6 +4143,7 @@ impl Config {
             enforce_residency: enforce_residency.value,
             notify: cfg.notify,
             base_instructions,
+            base_instructions_provenance,
             personality,
             developer_instructions,
             compact_prompt,
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/config_lock.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/config_lock.rs
index f99ded0bf8..73f57f94d6 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/config_lock.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/config_lock.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ pub(crate) fn config_lockfile(config: ConfigToml) -> ConfigLockfileToml {
     ConfigLockfileToml {
         version: CONFIG_LOCK_VERSION,
         codex_version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string(),
+        base_instructions_provenance: None,
         config,
     }
 }
@@ -61,7 +62,10 @@ pub(crate) fn validate_config_lock_replay(
     }
 
     let expected_lock = config_lock_for_comparison(expected_lock, options);
-    let actual_lock = config_lock_for_comparison(actual_lock, options);
+    let mut actual_lock = config_lock_for_comparison(actual_lock, options);
+    if expected_lock.base_instructions_provenance.is_none() {
+        actual_lock.base_instructions_provenance = None;
+    }
     if expected_lock != actual_lock {
         let diff = compact_diff("config", &expected_lock, &actual_lock)
             .unwrap_or_else(|err| format!("failed to build config lock diff: {err}"));
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history.rs
index d900ec9813..df59522da5 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history.rs
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ impl ContextManager {
         let personality = turn_context.personality.or(turn_context.config.personality);
         let base_instructions = BaseInstructions {
             text: model_info.get_model_instructions(personality),
+            provenance: None,
         };
         self.estimate_token_count_with_base_instructions(&base_instructions)
     }
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history_tests.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history_tests.rs
index 2f3ea18237..825161a15c 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history_tests.rs
@@ -828,9 +828,11 @@ fn estimate_token_count_with_base_instructions_uses_provided_text() {
     let history = create_history_with_items(vec![assistant_msg("hello from history")]);
     let short_base = BaseInstructions {
         text: "short".to_string(),
+        provenance: None,
     };
     let long_base = BaseInstructions {
         text: "x".repeat(1_000),
+        provenance: None,
     };
 
     let short_estimate = history
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/guardian/review_session.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/guardian/review_session.rs
index 42e696c97d..f84a1d8c65 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/guardian/review_session.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/guardian/review_session.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use codex_protocol::ThreadId;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::AutoCompactTokenLimitScope;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::Personality;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::ReasoningSummary as ReasoningSummaryConfig;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::models::PermissionProfile;
 use codex_protocol::models::ResponseItem;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::ModelMessages;
@@ -1028,6 +1029,7 @@ pub(crate) fn build_guardian_review_session_config(
         tenant_policy_config,
         policy_template,
     ));
+    guardian_config.base_instructions_provenance = Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom);
     guardian_config.notify = None;
     guardian_config.developer_instructions = None;
     guardian_config.permissions.approval_policy = Constrained::allow_only(AskForApproval::Never);
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/session/config_lock.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/session/config_lock.rs
index 4c12c3e406..c6a23cc2f8 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/session/config_lock.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/session/config_lock.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use codex_features::RolloutBudgetConfigToml;
 use codex_features::TokenBudgetConfigToml;
 use codex_features::ToolRegistryConfigToml;
 use codex_protocol::ThreadId;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::config_lock::ConfigLockReplayOptions;
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ use super::SessionConfiguration;
 
 pub(crate) async fn validate_config_lock_if_configured(
     session_configuration: &SessionConfiguration,
+    base_instructions_provenance: Option<&BaseInstructionsProvenance>,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     if session_configuration.session_source.is_non_root_agent() {
         return Ok(());
@@ -36,7 +38,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn validate_config_lock_if_configured(
     else {
         return Ok(());
     };
-    let actual = session_configuration.to_config_lockfile_toml()?;
+    let mut actual = session_configuration.to_config_lockfile_toml()?;
+    if actual.config.instructions.is_some() {
+        actual.base_instructions_provenance = base_instructions_provenance.cloned();
+    }
     let config = session_configuration.original_config_do_not_use.as_ref();
     let options = ConfigLockReplayOptions {
         allow_codex_version_mismatch: config.config_lock_allow_codex_version_mismatch,
@@ -49,13 +54,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn validate_config_lock_if_configured(
 pub(crate) async fn export_config_lock_if_configured(
     session_configuration: &SessionConfiguration,
     conversation_id: ThreadId,
+    base_instructions_provenance: Option<&BaseInstructionsProvenance>,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let config = session_configuration.original_config_do_not_use.as_ref();
     let Some(export_dir) = config.config_lock_export_dir.as_ref() else {
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    let lock = session_configuration.to_config_lockfile_toml()?;
+    let mut lock = session_configuration.to_config_lockfile_toml()?;
+    if lock.config.instructions.is_some() {
+        lock.base_instructions_provenance = base_instructions_provenance.cloned();
+    }
     let lock = toml::to_string_pretty(&lock).context("failed to serialize config lock")?;
     let path = export_dir.join(format!("{conversation_id}.config.lock.toml"));
 
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/session/mod.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/session/mod.rs
index de33ce20d0..36acaa914a 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/session/mod.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/session/mod.rs
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ use codex_protocol::items::UserMessageItem;
 use codex_protocol::models::ActivePermissionProfile;
 use codex_protocol::models::AdditionalPermissionProfile;
 use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructions;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::models::PermissionProfile;
 use codex_protocol::models::SandboxEnforcement;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::ModelInfo;
@@ -1263,6 +1264,7 @@ impl Session {
         let state = self.state.lock().await;
         BaseInstructions {
             text: state.session_configuration.base_instructions.clone(),
+            provenance: state.base_instructions_provenance.clone(),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/session/session.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/session/session.rs
index b043a83593..138db94f31 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/session/session.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/session/session.rs
@@ -546,6 +546,27 @@ impl Session {
             session_configuration.collaboration_mode.model(),
             session_configuration.provider
         );
+        let base_instructions_provenance = if config.base_instructions.is_some() {
+            Some(
+                config
+                    .base_instructions_provenance
+                    .clone()
+                    .unwrap_or(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom),
+            )
+        } else if let Some(inherited_base_instructions) = initial_history.get_base_instructions() {
+            let BaseInstructions { text, provenance } = inherited_base_instructions;
+            provenance.or_else(|| {
+                (text == model_info.get_model_instructions(config.personality)).then(|| {
+                    BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+                        model: model_info.slug.clone(),
+                    }
+                })
+            })
+        } else {
+            Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+                model: model_info.slug.clone(),
+            })
+        };
         let forked_from_id = session_configuration
             .forked_from_thread_id
             .or_else(|| initial_history.forked_from_id());
@@ -660,6 +681,7 @@ impl Session {
                             originator: session_configuration.originator.clone(),
                             base_instructions: BaseInstructions {
                                 text: session_configuration.base_instructions.clone(),
+                                provenance: base_instructions_provenance.clone(),
                             },
                             dynamic_tools: session_configuration.dynamic_tools.clone(),
                             selected_capability_roots: selected_capability_roots.clone(),
@@ -1012,16 +1034,22 @@ impl Session {
                 );
             }
             session_configuration.thread_name = thread_name.clone();
-            validate_config_lock_if_configured(&session_configuration).await?;
-            export_config_lock_if_configured(&session_configuration, thread_id).await?;
+            validate_config_lock_if_configured(
+                &session_configuration,
+                base_instructions_provenance.as_ref(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+            export_config_lock_if_configured(
+                &session_configuration,
+                thread_id,
+                base_instructions_provenance.as_ref(),
+            )
+            .await?;
             let mut state = SessionState::new_with_auto_compact_window_ids(
                 session_configuration.clone(),
                 initial_auto_compact_window_ids,
             );
-            state.base_instructions_model = (config.base_instructions.is_none()
-                && session_configuration.base_instructions
-                    == model_info.get_model_instructions(config.personality))
-            .then(|| model_info.slug.clone());
+            state.base_instructions_provenance = base_instructions_provenance.clone();
             let managed_network_requirements_configured = config
                 .config_layer_stack
                 .requirements_toml()
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/session/tests.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/session/tests.rs
index 0dd5d28216..1a77322630 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/session/tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/session/tests.rs
@@ -2647,6 +2647,7 @@ async fn recompute_token_usage_uses_session_base_instructions() {
     let history = session.clone_history().await;
     let session_base_instructions = BaseInstructions {
         text: override_instructions,
+        provenance: None,
     };
     let expected_tokens = history
         .estimate_token_count_with_base_instructions(&session_base_instructions)
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/session/world_state.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/session/world_state.rs
index 60f1829f40..2800edca11 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/session/world_state.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/session/world_state.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use codex_extension_api::WorldStateContributionInput;
 use codex_features::Feature;
 use codex_protocol::error::CodexErr;
 use codex_protocol::error::Result as CodexResult;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 
 impl Session {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "world_state.build", level = "info", skip_all)]
@@ -50,8 +51,12 @@ impl Session {
                     .map(|previous| previous.model)
                     .or_else(|| {
                         state
-                            .base_instructions_model
+                            .base_instructions_provenance
                             .as_ref()
+                            .and_then(|provenance| match provenance {
+                                BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model { model } => Some(model),
+                                BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom => None,
+                            })
                             .filter(|_| base_instructions != model_instructions)
                             .cloned()
                     }),
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/session_startup_prewarm.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/session_startup_prewarm.rs
index abffe19313..305c9c51ba 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/session_startup_prewarm.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/session_startup_prewarm.rs
@@ -295,6 +295,7 @@ async fn schedule_startup_prewarm_inner(
         startup_turn_context.as_ref(),
         BaseInstructions {
             text: base_instructions,
+            provenance: None,
         },
     );
     startup_turn_context.session_telemetry.record_startup_phase(
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/state/session.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/state/session.rs
index f0b4e9ccc6..4dd3b6b940 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/state/session.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/state/session.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Session-wide mutable state.
 
 use codex_protocol::models::AdditionalPermissionProfile;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::models::ResponseItem;
 use codex_sandboxing::policy_transforms::merge_permission_profiles;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -25,8 +26,8 @@ use codex_utils_output_truncation::TruncationPolicy;
 /// Persistent, session-scoped state previously stored directly on `Session`.
 pub(crate) struct SessionState {
     pub(crate) session_configuration: SessionConfiguration,
-    /// Model that generated the base instructions, when their provenance is known.
-    pub(crate) base_instructions_model: Option<String>,
+    /// Persisted origin of the session base instructions, when known.
+    pub(crate) base_instructions_provenance: Option<BaseInstructionsProvenance>,
     pub(crate) history: ContextManager,
     pub(crate) latest_rate_limits: Option<RateLimitSnapshot>,
     pub(crate) server_reasoning_included: bool,
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ impl SessionState {
         let history = ContextManager::new();
         Self {
             session_configuration,
-            base_instructions_model: None,
+            base_instructions_provenance: None,
             history,
             latest_rate_limits: None,
             server_reasoning_included: false,
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/tasks/review.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/tasks/review.rs
index 4a0c1c6855..d244cd0c44 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/tasks/review.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/tasks/review.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use codex_protocol::ResponseItemId;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::WebSearchMode;
 use codex_protocol::items::ExitedReviewModeItem;
 use codex_protocol::items::TurnItem;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::models::ContentItem;
 use codex_protocol::models::ResponseItem;
 use codex_protocol::protocol::AgentMessageContentDeltaEvent;
@@ -113,6 +114,7 @@ async fn start_review_conversation(
 
     // Set explicit review rubric for the sub-agent
     sub_agent_config.base_instructions = Some(crate::REVIEW_PROMPT.to_string());
+    sub_agent_config.base_instructions_provenance = Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom);
     sub_agent_config.permissions.approval_policy = Constrained::allow_only(AskForApproval::Never);
 
     let model = config
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_common.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_common.rs
index 4d833c348a..4e4acb7410 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_common.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_common.rs
@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ pub(crate) fn build_agent_spawn_config(
 ) -> Result<Config, FunctionCallError> {
     let mut config = build_agent_shared_config(turn, environment)?;
     config.base_instructions = Some(base_instructions.text.clone());
+    config.base_instructions_provenance = base_instructions.provenance.clone();
     Ok(config)
 }
 
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ pub(crate) fn build_agent_resume_config(
     let mut config = build_agent_shared_config(turn, environment)?;
     // For resume, keep base instructions sourced from rollout/session metadata.
     config.base_instructions = None;
+    config.base_instructions_provenance = None;
     Ok(config)
 }
 
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_tests.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_tests.rs
index 353338faee..6e18dfe971 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_tests.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ use codex_protocol::config_types::ServiceTier;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::ShellEnvironmentPolicy;
 use codex_protocol::mcp::ClientMcpExtensions;
 use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructions;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::models::ContentItem;
 use codex_protocol::models::FunctionCallOutputBody;
 use codex_protocol::models::PermissionProfile;
@@ -4442,6 +4443,9 @@ async fn build_agent_spawn_config_uses_turn_context_values() {
     let (_session, mut turn) = make_session_and_context().await;
     let base_instructions = BaseInstructions {
         text: "base".to_string(),
+        provenance: Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+            model: turn.model_info.slug.clone(),
+        }),
     };
     turn.developer_instructions = Some("dev".to_string());
     let mut config = (*turn.config).clone();
@@ -4486,6 +4490,7 @@ async fn build_agent_spawn_config_uses_turn_context_values() {
     let config = build_agent_spawn_config(&base_instructions, &turn, turn.environments.primary())
         .expect("spawn config");
     let mut expected = (*turn.config).clone();
+    expected.base_instructions_provenance = base_instructions.provenance.clone();
     expected.base_instructions = Some(base_instructions.text);
     expected.model = Some(turn.model_info.slug.clone());
     expected.model_provider = turn.provider.info().clone();
@@ -4513,6 +4518,9 @@ async fn build_agent_resume_config_clears_base_instructions() {
     let (_session, mut turn) = make_session_and_context().await;
     let mut base_config = (*turn.config).clone();
     base_config.base_instructions = Some("caller-base".to_string());
+    base_config.base_instructions_provenance = Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+        model: turn.model_info.slug.clone(),
+    });
     turn.config = Arc::new(base_config);
     Arc::make_mut(&mut turn.config)
         .permissions
@@ -4541,6 +4549,7 @@ async fn build_agent_resume_config_clears_base_instructions() {
 
     let mut expected = (*turn.config).clone();
     expected.base_instructions = None;
+    expected.base_instructions_provenance = None;
     expected.model = Some(turn.model_info.slug.clone());
     expected.model_provider = turn.provider.info().clone();
     expected.model_reasoning_effort = turn.reasoning_effort.clone();
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/client_websockets.rs b/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/client_websockets.rs
index d35f15af7b..400282e476 100755
--- a/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/client_websockets.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/client_websockets.rs
@@ -2363,6 +2363,7 @@ fn prompt_with_input_and_instructions(input: Vec<ResponseItem>, instructions: &s
     let mut prompt = prompt_with_input(input);
     prompt.base_instructions = BaseInstructions {
         text: instructions.to_string(),
+        provenance: None,
     };
     prompt
 }
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/model_switching.rs b/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/model_switching.rs
index 4155f253ac..941a2a04b2 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/model_switching.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/model_switching.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use codex_models_manager::manager::RefreshStrategy;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::ReasoningSummary;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::SERVICE_TIER_DEFAULT_REQUEST_VALUE;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::ServiceTier;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::models::PermissionProfile;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::ConfigShellToolType;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::InputModality;
@@ -202,11 +203,14 @@ async fn first_turn_model_change_appends_model_instructions_developer_message(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[test_case(None; "model-generated base instructions")]
-#[test_case(Some("inherited custom base instructions"); "custom base instructions")]
+#[test_case(None, "gpt-5.2"; "model-generated base instructions and original model")]
+#[test_case(None, "gpt-5.4"; "model-generated base instructions and fork model")]
+#[test_case(Some("inherited custom base instructions"), "gpt-5.2"; "custom base instructions and original model")]
+#[test_case(Some("inherited custom base instructions"), "gpt-5.4"; "custom base instructions and fork model")]
 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
 async fn first_turn_after_empty_prefix_fork_preserves_inherited_base_instructions(
     custom_base_instructions: Option<&'static str>,
+    turn_model: &'static str,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     skip_if_no_network!(Ok(()));
 
@@ -222,6 +226,21 @@ async fn first_turn_after_empty_prefix_fork_preserves_inherited_base_instruction
     let test = builder.build_with_auto_env(&server).await?;
     test.codex.ensure_rollout_materialized().await;
     test.codex.flush_rollout().await?;
+    let source_rollout_path = test.codex.rollout_path().expect("rollout path");
+    let source_history =
+        codex_rollout::RolloutRecorder::get_rollout_history(&source_rollout_path).await?;
+    let expected_provenance = match custom_base_instructions {
+        Some(_) => BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom,
+        None => BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+            model: initial_model.to_string(),
+        },
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        source_history
+            .get_base_instructions()
+            .and_then(|instructions| instructions.provenance),
+        Some(expected_provenance)
+    );
 
     let mut fork_config = test.config.clone();
     fork_config.model = Some("gpt-5.4".to_string());
@@ -231,29 +250,27 @@ async fn first_turn_after_empty_prefix_fork_preserves_inherited_base_instruction
         .fork_thread(
             ForkSnapshot::TruncateBeforeNthUserMessage(0),
             fork_config,
-            test.codex.rollout_path().expect("rollout path"),
+            source_rollout_path,
             /*thread_source*/ None,
             /*parent_trace*/ None,
         )
         .await?;
-    submit_model_turn(
-        &fork.thread,
-        initial_model,
-        ThreadSettingsOverrides::default(),
-    )
-    .await?;
+    submit_model_turn(&fork.thread, turn_model, ThreadSettingsOverrides::default()).await?;
 
     let request = resp_mock.single_request();
-    assert_eq!(request.body_json()["model"], initial_model);
+    assert_eq!(request.body_json()["model"], turn_model);
     if let Some(instructions) = custom_base_instructions {
         assert_eq!(request.instructions_text(), instructions);
     }
-    assert!(
-        request
-            .message_input_texts("developer")
-            .iter()
-            .all(|text| !text.contains("<model_switch>")),
-        "the inherited base instructions must not be replaced by catalog instructions"
+    let model_switch_count = request
+        .message_input_texts("developer")
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|text| text.contains("<model_switch>"))
+        .count();
+    assert_eq!(
+        model_switch_count,
+        usize::from(custom_base_instructions.is_none() && turn_model != initial_model),
+        "only inherited model-generated instructions should change models"
     );
 
     Ok(())
@@ -304,7 +321,7 @@ async fn rollback_first_turn_model_change_removes_its_instructions(
 
     let test = match followup {
         RollbackFollowup::ColdResume => {
-            let mut resume_builder = test_codex().with_model(initial_model);
+            let mut resume_builder = test_codex().with_model(switched_model);
             resume_builder.restart(&server, &test).await?
         }
         RollbackFollowup::StartupModel | RollbackFollowup::SwitchedModel => test,
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/token_budget.rs b/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/token_budget.rs
index 43c11a193e..a1c05edd34 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/token_budget.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/tests/suite/token_budget.rs
@@ -470,18 +470,34 @@ async fn token_budget_model_defaults_survive_config_lock_replay() -> Result<()>
         })
         .build_with_auto_env(&server)
         .await?;
+    core_test_support::submit_thread_settings(
+        &replay.codex,
+        ThreadSettingsOverrides {
+            model: Some("gpt-5.4".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+    )
+    .await?;
     replay
-        .submit_turn("inspect guidance after lock replay")
+        .submit_text_turn("inspect guidance after lock replay and model switch")
         .await?;
 
     let requests = responses.requests();
     assert_eq!(requests.len(), 2);
-    for request in requests {
+    for request in &requests {
         assert!(
             request.body_contains_text("Use the model-owned context-window guidance."),
             "exporting and replaying a config lock must preserve model-owned guidance"
         );
     }
+    assert_eq!(requests[1].body_json()["model"], "gpt-5.4");
+    assert!(
+        requests[1]
+            .message_input_texts("developer")
+            .iter()
+            .any(|text| text.contains("<model_switch>")),
+        "replaying model-owned instructions must not override the new model's template"
+    );
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/codex-rs/memories/write/src/phase1.rs b/codex-rs/memories/write/src/phase1.rs
index 2ba4ef28bb..f54646dd11 100644
--- a/codex-rs/memories/write/src/phase1.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/memories/write/src/phase1.rs
@@ -307,6 +307,7 @@ mod job {
         }];
         prompt.base_instructions = BaseInstructions {
             text: crate::stage_one::PROMPT.to_string(),
+            provenance: None,
         };
         prompt.output_schema = Some(output_schema());
         prompt.output_schema_strict = true;
diff --git a/codex-rs/protocol/src/models.rs b/codex-rs/protocol/src/models.rs
index 99d6bf7f50..4ea9cd1c23 100644
--- a/codex-rs/protocol/src/models.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/protocol/src/models.rs
@@ -1272,17 +1272,33 @@ impl ResponseItem {
 
 pub const BASE_INSTRUCTIONS_DEFAULT: &str = include_str!("prompts/base_instructions/default.md");
 
+/// Describes whether persisted base instructions were supplied by the user or generated for a model.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, JsonSchema, TS)]
+#[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+#[ts(tag = "type")]
+pub enum BaseInstructionsProvenance {
+    /// The instructions were explicitly configured and must survive model changes unchanged.
+    Custom,
+    /// The instructions were generated from this model's instruction template.
+    Model { model: String },
+}
+
 /// Base instructions for the model in a thread. Corresponds to the `instructions` field in the ResponsesAPI.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, JsonSchema, TS)]
 #[serde(rename = "base_instructions", rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub struct BaseInstructions {
     pub text: String,
+    /// Missing on rollouts written before base-instruction provenance was persisted.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    #[ts(optional)]
+    pub provenance: Option<BaseInstructionsProvenance>,
 }
 
 impl Default for BaseInstructions {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             text: BASE_INSTRUCTIONS_DEFAULT.to_string(),
+            provenance: None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -2230,6 +2246,31 @@ mod tests {
         1, 122, 94, 171, 63, 0, 0, 0, 0, 73, 69, 78, 68, 174, 66, 96, 130,
     ];
 
+    #[test]
+    fn base_instructions_preserve_provenance_and_accept_legacy_rollouts() -> Result<()> {
+        let legacy: BaseInstructions =
+            serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({ "text": "legacy instructions" }))?;
+        assert_eq!(legacy.provenance, None);
+
+        for provenance in [
+            BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom,
+            BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+                model: "gpt-5.2".to_string(),
+            },
+        ] {
+            let instructions = BaseInstructions {
+                text: "persisted instructions".to_string(),
+                provenance: Some(provenance),
+            };
+            assert_eq!(
+                serde_json::from_value::<BaseInstructions>(serde_json::to_value(&instructions)?)?,
+                instructions
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn plaintext_agent_message_content_rejects_mixed_encrypted_content() {
         let content = vec![
diff --git a/codex-rs/thread-manager-sample/src/main.rs b/codex-rs/thread-manager-sample/src/main.rs
index 1e7f8d7ba6..a231102479 100644
--- a/codex-rs/thread-manager-sample/src/main.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/thread-manager-sample/src/main.rs
@@ -208,6 +208,7 @@ fn new_config(model: Option<String>, arg0_paths: Arg0DispatchPaths) -> anyhow::R
         hide_agent_reasoning: false,
         show_raw_agent_reasoning: false,
         base_instructions: None,
+        base_instructions_provenance: None,
         developer_instructions: None,
         guardian_policy_config: None,
         include_permissions_instructions: false,
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session.rs
index fb007c653a..b3754d764c 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session.rs
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ use codex_protocol::ThreadId;
 use codex_protocol::approvals::GuardianAssessmentEvent;
 use codex_protocol::config_types::SERVICE_TIER_DEFAULT_REQUEST_VALUE;
 use codex_protocol::models::ActivePermissionProfile;
+use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructionsProvenance;
 use codex_protocol::models::PermissionProfile;
 use codex_protocol::models::ResponseItem;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::ModelAvailabilityNux;
@@ -1808,7 +1809,12 @@ fn thread_fork_params_from_config(
         sandbox,
         permissions,
         config: config_request_overrides_from_config(&config),
-        base_instructions: config.base_instructions.clone(),
+        base_instructions: config.base_instructions.clone().filter(|_| {
+            !matches!(
+                config.base_instructions_provenance,
+                Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model { .. })
+            )
+        }),
         developer_instructions: with_terminal_visualization_instructions(
             &config,
             config.developer_instructions.clone(),
@@ -2918,11 +2924,12 @@ mod tests {
         let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
         let mut config = build_config(&temp_dir).await;
         config.base_instructions = Some("Base override.".to_string());
+        config.base_instructions_provenance = Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Custom);
         config.developer_instructions = Some("Developer override.".to_string());
         let thread_id = ThreadId::new();
 
         let params = thread_fork_params_from_config(
-            config,
+            config.clone(),
             thread_id,
             ThreadParamsMode::Embedded,
             /*remote_cwd_override*/ None,
@@ -2933,6 +2940,18 @@ mod tests {
             params.developer_instructions.as_deref(),
             Some("Developer override.")
         );
+
+        config.base_instructions_provenance = Some(BaseInstructionsProvenance::Model {
+            model: "gpt-5.2".to_string(),
+        });
+        let params = thread_fork_params_from_config(
+            config,
+            thread_id,
+            ThreadParamsMode::Remote,
+            /*remote_cwd_override*/ None,
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(params.base_instructions, None);
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]