[bazel] Bump up cc and rust toolchains (#14542)

This lets us drop various patches and go all the way to a very clean
setup.

In case folks are curious what was going on... we were depending on the
toolchain finding stdlib headers as sibling files of `clang++`, and for
linking we were providing a `-resource-dir` containing the runtime libs.
However, some users of the cc toolchain (such as rust build scripts) do
the equivalent of `$CC $CCFLAGS $LDFLAGS` so the `-resource-dir` was
being passed when compiling, which suppressed the default stdlib header
location logic. The upstream fix was to swap to using `-isystem` to pass
the stdlib headers, while carefully controlling the ordering to simulate
them coming from the resource-dir.

.bazelrc

@@ -56,3 +56,7 @@ common --jobs=30
 common:remote --extra_execution_platforms=//:rbe
 common:remote --remote_executor=grpcs://remote.buildbuddy.io
 common:remote --jobs=800
+# TODO(team): Evaluate if this actually helps, zbarsky is not sure, everything seems bottlenecked on `core` either way.
+# Enable pipelined compilation since we are not bound by local CPU count.
+#common:remote --@rules_rust//rust/settings:pipelined_compilation
+