From 6cc2ba8a9567e3083531283f923127b86a6c5908 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Adam Perry @ OpenAI" <anp@openai.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Aug 2026 03:57:32 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Support FD mounts with older system Bubblewrap versions
 (#39404)

## Why

System Bubblewrap installations that lack `--ro-bind-fd` cannot directly create
the descriptor-backed read-only mounts used by the Linux sandbox.

## What changed

- Detect `--ro-bind-fd` support when probing system Bubblewrap.
- On older versions, translate descriptor-backed mounts to `/proc/self/fd`
  read-only binds and pass their descriptors and destinations to the trusted
  inner sandbox stage for verification.
- Reject malformed, duplicate, mismatched, or symlink-substituted mounts, and
  close inherited descriptors before running sandboxed code.

## Testing

Added unit coverage for capability detection, legacy argument translation,
invalid mount rejection, inode verification, and descriptor closure.

GitOrigin-RevId: dfc0a457b572cdd9aed093fb5abf57360e9724a2
---
 codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount.rs       |  91 +++++++
 codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount_tests.rs | 108 +++++++++
 codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/launcher.rs       | 235 +++++++++++++++++++
 codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/lib.rs            |   2 +
 codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/linux_run_main.rs |  12 +
 5 files changed, 448 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount.rs
 create mode 100644 codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount_tests.rs

diff --git a/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount.rs b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4a8a638a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+//! Authenticate descriptor-backed mounts before sandboxed code can inherit them.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::fs;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io;
+use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
+use std::os::fd::FromRawFd;
+use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+pub(crate) fn verify_fd_mounts(mounts: &[String]) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut claimed_descriptors = HashSet::with_capacity(mounts.len());
+
+    for mount in mounts {
+        let (descriptor, destination) = mount.split_once(':').ok_or_else(|| {
+            io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                format!("descriptor-backed mount must contain FD:DEST: {mount}"),
+            )
+        })?;
+        let descriptor = descriptor.parse::<libc::c_int>().map_err(|_| {
+            io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                format!("descriptor-backed mount has an invalid descriptor: {mount}"),
+            )
+        })?;
+        if descriptor <= libc::STDERR_FILENO {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                format!("descriptor-backed mount cannot use a standard descriptor: {descriptor}"),
+            ));
+        }
+        if !claimed_descriptors.insert(descriptor) {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                format!("descriptor-backed mount reuses descriptor {descriptor}"),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // The launcher transfers each distinct descriptor exactly once across
+        // bubblewrap, so first confirm it is live before assuming ownership.
+        let flags = unsafe { libc::fcntl(descriptor, libc::F_GETFD) };
+        if flags < 0 {
+            return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
+        }
+        // SAFETY: the launcher transferred this live descriptor to this stage,
+        // and the set above prevents claiming the same descriptor twice.
+        let file = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(descriptor) };
+        let result =
+            unsafe { libc::fcntl(file.as_raw_fd(), libc::F_SETFD, flags | libc::FD_CLOEXEC) };
+        if result < 0 {
+            return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
+        }
+
+        let destination = Path::new(destination);
+        if !destination.is_absolute() {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                format!(
+                    "descriptor-backed mount destination must be absolute: {}",
+                    destination.display()
+                ),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let descriptor_metadata = file.metadata()?;
+        let destination_metadata = fs::symlink_metadata(destination)?;
+        if (descriptor_metadata.dev(), descriptor_metadata.ino())
+            != (destination_metadata.dev(), destination_metadata.ino())
+        {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied,
+                format!(
+                    "descriptor-backed mount does not match its destination: {}",
+                    destination.display()
+                ),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // Closing immediately prevents a writable host directory descriptor
+        // from reaching bridge workers or the sandboxed command.
+        drop(file);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "fd_mount_tests.rs"]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount_tests.rs b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe0bf7d7d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/fd_mount_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+use super::verify_fd_mounts;
+use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::os::fd::IntoRawFd;
+
+/// A matching mount authenticates its original inode and closes the inherited descriptor.
+#[test]
+fn matching_mount_closes_inherited_descriptor() {
+    let root = tempfile::tempdir().expect("temporary directory should be created");
+    let descriptor = File::open(root.path())
+        .expect("directory descriptor should open")
+        .into_raw_fd();
+    let marker = format!("{descriptor}:{}", root.path().display());
+
+    verify_fd_mounts(&[marker]).expect("matching mount should verify");
+
+    assert_eq!(unsafe { libc::fcntl(descriptor, libc::F_GETFD) }, -1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        std::io::Error::last_os_error().raw_os_error(),
+        Some(libc::EBADF)
+    );
+}
+
+/// A swapped destination fails closed without leaking the original descriptor.
+#[test]
+fn mismatched_mount_closes_inherited_descriptor() {
+    let source = tempfile::tempdir().expect("source directory should be created");
+    let destination = tempfile::tempdir().expect("destination directory should be created");
+    let descriptor = File::open(source.path())
+        .expect("source directory descriptor should open")
+        .into_raw_fd();
+    let marker = format!("{descriptor}:{}", destination.path().display());
+
+    let error = verify_fd_mounts(&[marker]).expect_err("different inodes must be rejected");
+
+    assert_eq!(error.kind(), std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied);
+    assert_eq!(unsafe { libc::fcntl(descriptor, libc::F_GETFD) }, -1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        std::io::Error::last_os_error().raw_os_error(),
+        Some(libc::EBADF)
+    );
+}
+
+/// A symlink to the original inode is not itself the authenticated mount.
+#[test]
+fn symlinked_mount_destination_closes_inherited_descriptor() {
+    let root = tempfile::tempdir().expect("temporary directory should be created");
+    let source = root.path().join("source");
+    let destination = root.path().join("destination");
+    std::fs::create_dir(&source).expect("source directory should be created");
+    std::os::unix::fs::symlink(&source, &destination)
+        .expect("mount destination symlink should be created");
+    let descriptor = File::open(&source)
+        .expect("source directory descriptor should open")
+        .into_raw_fd();
+    let marker = format!("{descriptor}:{}", destination.display());
+
+    let error = verify_fd_mounts(&[marker]).expect_err("symlinked mounts must be rejected");
+
+    assert_eq!(error.kind(), std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied);
+    assert_eq!(unsafe { libc::fcntl(descriptor, libc::F_GETFD) }, -1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        std::io::Error::last_os_error().raw_os_error(),
+        Some(libc::EBADF)
+    );
+}
+
+/// Malformed mount markers cannot claim standard streams or relative destinations.
+#[test]
+fn malformed_mount_markers_are_rejected() {
+    for marker in [
+        "missing-separator",
+        "invalid:/tmp",
+        "0:/tmp",
+        "1:/tmp",
+        "2:/tmp",
+    ] {
+        let error = verify_fd_mounts(&[marker.to_string()])
+            .expect_err("malformed mount marker must be rejected");
+        assert_eq!(error.kind(), std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput);
+    }
+
+    let root = tempfile::tempdir().expect("temporary directory should be created");
+    let descriptor = File::open(root.path())
+        .expect("directory descriptor should open")
+        .into_raw_fd();
+    let error = verify_fd_mounts(&[format!("{descriptor}:relative")])
+        .expect_err("relative mount destinations must be rejected");
+
+    assert_eq!(error.kind(), std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput);
+    assert_eq!(unsafe { libc::fcntl(descriptor, libc::F_GETFD) }, -1);
+}
+
+/// A transferred descriptor can be consumed only once even if a marker is repeated.
+#[test]
+fn duplicate_mount_descriptors_are_rejected() {
+    let root = tempfile::tempdir().expect("temporary directory should be created");
+    let descriptor = File::open(root.path())
+        .expect("directory descriptor should open")
+        .into_raw_fd();
+    let marker = format!("{descriptor}:{}", root.path().display());
+
+    let error = verify_fd_mounts(&[marker.clone(), marker])
+        .expect_err("a mount descriptor must not be consumed twice");
+
+    assert_eq!(error.kind(), std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput);
+    assert_eq!(unsafe { libc::fcntl(descriptor, libc::F_GETFD) }, -1);
+}
diff --git a/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/launcher.rs b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/launcher.rs
index 8f491a37c6..d4e9b521bf 100644
--- a/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/launcher.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/launcher.rs
@@ -25,12 +25,14 @@ enum BubblewrapLauncher {
 struct SystemBwrapLauncher {
     program: AbsolutePathBuf,
     supports_argv0: bool,
+    supports_ro_bind_fd: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct SystemBwrapCapabilities {
     supports_argv0: bool,
     supports_perms: bool,
+    supports_ro_bind_fd: bool,
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn exec_bwrap(mut argv: Vec<String>, preserved_files: Vec<File>) -> ! {
@@ -38,6 +40,10 @@ pub(crate) fn exec_bwrap(mut argv: Vec<String>, preserved_files: Vec<File>) -> !
 
     match preferred_bwrap_launcher() {
         BubblewrapLauncher::System(launcher) => {
+            if !launcher.supports_ro_bind_fd {
+                translate_legacy_bwrap_fd_mounts(&mut argv)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|error| panic!("invalid legacy bubblewrap fd mount: {error}"));
+            }
             exec_system_bwrap(&launcher.program, argv, preserved_files)
         }
         BubblewrapLauncher::Bundled(launcher) => launcher.exec(argv, preserved_files),
@@ -50,6 +56,73 @@ pub(crate) fn exec_bwrap(mut argv: Vec<String>, preserved_files: Vec<File>) -> !
     }
 }
 
+fn translate_legacy_bwrap_fd_mounts(argv: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let command_separator = argv
+        .iter()
+        .position(|argument| argument == "--")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "bubblewrap argv is missing the command separator '--'".to_string())?;
+    let mut verification_args = Vec::new();
+    let mut verified_fds = Vec::new();
+    let mut argument_index = 0;
+
+    while argument_index < command_separator {
+        if argv[argument_index] != "--ro-bind-fd" {
+            argument_index += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let fd_argument = argv
+            .get(argument_index + 1)
+            .filter(|_| argument_index + 1 < command_separator)
+            .ok_or_else(|| "--ro-bind-fd is missing its file descriptor".to_string())?;
+        let fd = fd_argument
+            .parse::<libc::c_int>()
+            .map_err(|_| format!("invalid --ro-bind-fd file descriptor: {fd_argument}"))?;
+        if fd <= libc::STDERR_FILENO {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "--ro-bind-fd file descriptor must not use standard descriptors: {fd}"
+            ));
+        }
+        if verified_fds.contains(&fd) {
+            return Err(format!("duplicate --ro-bind-fd file descriptor: {fd}"));
+        }
+
+        let destination = argv
+            .get(argument_index + 2)
+            .filter(|_| argument_index + 2 < command_separator)
+            .ok_or_else(|| "--ro-bind-fd is missing its mount destination".to_string())?;
+        if !Path::new(destination).is_absolute() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "--ro-bind-fd mount destination must be absolute: {destination}"
+            ));
+        }
+
+        verification_args.push("--verify-fd-mount".to_string());
+        verification_args.push(format!("{fd}:{destination}"));
+        verified_fds.push(fd);
+        argv[argument_index] = "--ro-bind".to_string();
+        argv[argument_index + 1] = format!("/proc/self/fd/{fd}");
+        argument_index += 3;
+    }
+
+    if verification_args.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let inner_command = command_separator + 1;
+    if argv.get(inner_command).is_none() {
+        return Err("bubblewrap argv is missing the inner command after '--'".to_string());
+    }
+    if !argv[inner_command + 1..]
+        .iter()
+        .take_while(|argument| argument.as_str() != "--")
+        .any(|argument| argument == "--apply-seccomp-then-exec")
+    {
+        return Err("descriptor-backed mounts require the trusted inner sandbox stage".to_string());
+    }
+    argv.splice(inner_command + 1..inner_command + 1, verification_args);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn preferred_bwrap_launcher() -> BubblewrapLauncher {
     static LAUNCHER: OnceLock<BubblewrapLauncher> = OnceLock::new();
     LAUNCHER
@@ -83,6 +156,7 @@ fn system_bwrap_launcher_for_path_with_probe(
     let Some(SystemBwrapCapabilities {
         supports_argv0,
         supports_perms: true,
+        supports_ro_bind_fd,
     }) = system_bwrap_capabilities(system_bwrap_path)
     else {
         return None;
@@ -97,6 +171,7 @@ fn system_bwrap_launcher_for_path_with_probe(
     Some(SystemBwrapLauncher {
         program: system_bwrap_path,
         supports_argv0,
+        supports_ro_bind_fd,
     })
 }
 
@@ -125,6 +200,7 @@ fn system_bwrap_capabilities(system_bwrap_path: &Path) -> Option<SystemBwrapCapa
     Some(SystemBwrapCapabilities {
         supports_argv0: stdout.contains("--argv0") || stderr.contains("--argv0"),
         supports_perms: stdout.contains("--perms") || stderr.contains("--perms"),
+        supports_ro_bind_fd: stdout.contains("--ro-bind-fd") || stderr.contains("--ro-bind-fd"),
     })
 }
 
@@ -160,6 +236,7 @@ fn exec_system_bwrap(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+    use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
     use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
 
     #[test]
@@ -173,11 +250,13 @@ mod tests {
                 Some(SystemBwrapCapabilities {
                     supports_argv0: true,
                     supports_perms: true,
+                    supports_ro_bind_fd: true,
                 })
             }),
             Some(SystemBwrapLauncher {
                 program: expected,
                 supports_argv0: true,
+                supports_ro_bind_fd: true,
             })
         );
     }
@@ -192,11 +271,13 @@ mod tests {
                 Some(SystemBwrapCapabilities {
                     supports_argv0: false,
                     supports_perms: true,
+                    supports_ro_bind_fd: false,
                 })
             }),
             Some(SystemBwrapLauncher {
                 program: AbsolutePathBuf::from_absolute_path(fake_bwrap_path).expect("absolute"),
                 supports_argv0: false,
+                supports_ro_bind_fd: false,
             })
         );
     }
@@ -210,12 +291,166 @@ mod tests {
                 Some(SystemBwrapCapabilities {
                     supports_argv0: false,
                     supports_perms: false,
+                    supports_ro_bind_fd: false,
                 })
             }),
             None
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn detects_fd_backed_read_only_mount_support_in_system_bwrap_help() {
+        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("temp directory");
+        let fake_bwrap_path = temp_dir.path().join("bwrap");
+        std::fs::write(
+            &fake_bwrap_path,
+            "#!/bin/sh\nprintf '%s\\n' '--as-pid-1' '--perms' '--argv0' '--ro-bind-fd'\n",
+        )
+        .expect("write fake bubblewrap");
+        std::fs::set_permissions(&fake_bwrap_path, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755))
+            .expect("make fake bubblewrap executable");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            system_bwrap_capabilities(&fake_bwrap_path),
+            Some(SystemBwrapCapabilities {
+                supports_argv0: true,
+                supports_perms: true,
+                supports_ro_bind_fd: true,
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn translates_fd_mounts_for_legacy_system_bubblewrap() {
+        let mut argv = vec![
+            "bwrap".to_string(),
+            "--ro-bind-fd".to_string(),
+            "7".to_string(),
+            "/tmp/socket-root".to_string(),
+            "--".to_string(),
+            "/usr/bin/codex-linux-sandbox".to_string(),
+            "--apply-seccomp-then-exec".to_string(),
+            "--".to_string(),
+            "echo".to_string(),
+            "--ro-bind-fd".to_string(),
+        ];
+
+        translate_legacy_bwrap_fd_mounts(&mut argv).expect("fd mount should translate");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            argv,
+            vec![
+                "bwrap".to_string(),
+                "--ro-bind".to_string(),
+                "/proc/self/fd/7".to_string(),
+                "/tmp/socket-root".to_string(),
+                "--".to_string(),
+                "/usr/bin/codex-linux-sandbox".to_string(),
+                "--verify-fd-mount".to_string(),
+                "7:/tmp/socket-root".to_string(),
+                "--apply-seccomp-then-exec".to_string(),
+                "--".to_string(),
+                "echo".to_string(),
+                "--ro-bind-fd".to_string(),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn translates_multiple_fd_mounts_for_legacy_system_bubblewrap() {
+        let mut argv = vec![
+            "bwrap".to_string(),
+            "--ro-bind-fd".to_string(),
+            "7".to_string(),
+            "/tmp/first".to_string(),
+            "--ro-bind-fd".to_string(),
+            "9".to_string(),
+            "/tmp/second:with-colon".to_string(),
+            "--".to_string(),
+            "codex-linux-sandbox".to_string(),
+            "--apply-seccomp-then-exec".to_string(),
+            "--".to_string(),
+            "true".to_string(),
+        ];
+
+        translate_legacy_bwrap_fd_mounts(&mut argv).expect("fd mounts should translate");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            argv,
+            vec![
+                "bwrap".to_string(),
+                "--ro-bind".to_string(),
+                "/proc/self/fd/7".to_string(),
+                "/tmp/first".to_string(),
+                "--ro-bind".to_string(),
+                "/proc/self/fd/9".to_string(),
+                "/tmp/second:with-colon".to_string(),
+                "--".to_string(),
+                "codex-linux-sandbox".to_string(),
+                "--verify-fd-mount".to_string(),
+                "7:/tmp/first".to_string(),
+                "--verify-fd-mount".to_string(),
+                "9:/tmp/second:with-colon".to_string(),
+                "--apply-seccomp-then-exec".to_string(),
+                "--".to_string(),
+                "true".to_string(),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_malformed_legacy_bubblewrap_fd_mounts() {
+        for (fd, destination) in [
+            ("invalid", "/tmp/socket-root"),
+            ("2", "/tmp/socket-root"),
+            ("7", "relative/socket-root"),
+        ] {
+            let mut argv = vec![
+                "bwrap".to_string(),
+                "--ro-bind-fd".to_string(),
+                fd.to_string(),
+                destination.to_string(),
+                "--".to_string(),
+                "codex-linux-sandbox".to_string(),
+            ];
+
+            assert!(translate_legacy_bwrap_fd_mounts(&mut argv).is_err());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_fd_mounts_without_the_trusted_inner_sandbox_stage() {
+        let mut argv = vec![
+            "bwrap".to_string(),
+            "--ro-bind-fd".to_string(),
+            "7".to_string(),
+            "/tmp/socket-root".to_string(),
+            "--".to_string(),
+            "/bin/true".to_string(),
+            "--".to_string(),
+            "--apply-seccomp-then-exec".to_string(),
+        ];
+
+        assert!(translate_legacy_bwrap_fd_mounts(&mut argv).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_duplicate_legacy_bubblewrap_fd_mounts() {
+        let mut argv = vec![
+            "bwrap".to_string(),
+            "--ro-bind-fd".to_string(),
+            "7".to_string(),
+            "/tmp/first".to_string(),
+            "--ro-bind-fd".to_string(),
+            "7".to_string(),
+            "/tmp/second".to_string(),
+            "--".to_string(),
+            "codex-linux-sandbox".to_string(),
+        ];
+
+        assert!(translate_legacy_bwrap_fd_mounts(&mut argv).is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn ignores_system_bwrap_when_system_bwrap_is_missing() {
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/lib.rs b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/lib.rs
index 9599d562a0..ad44216822 100644
--- a/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/lib.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ mod bwrap;
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 mod exec_util;
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+mod fd_mount;
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 mod landlock;
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 mod launcher;
diff --git a/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/linux_run_main.rs b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/linux_run_main.rs
index 2006888675..4228c71ea3 100644
--- a/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/linux_run_main.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/linux-sandbox/src/linux_run_main.rs
@@ -131,6 +131,10 @@ pub struct LandlockCommand {
     #[arg(long = "proxy-route-spec", hide = true)]
     pub proxy_route_spec: Option<String>,
 
+    /// Inherited fallback mounts that must be authenticated before sandboxed code runs.
+    #[arg(long = "verify-fd-mount", hide = true)]
+    pub verify_fd_mounts: Vec<String>,
+
     /// When set, skip mounting a fresh `/proc` even though PID isolation is
     /// still enabled. This is primarily intended for restrictive container
     /// environments that deny `--proc /proc`.
@@ -158,6 +162,7 @@ pub fn run_main() -> ! {
         apply_seccomp_then_exec,
         allow_network_for_proxy,
         proxy_route_spec,
+        verify_fd_mounts,
         no_proc,
         command,
     } = LandlockCommand::parse();
@@ -165,6 +170,9 @@ pub fn run_main() -> ! {
     if command.is_empty() {
         panic!("No command specified to execute.");
     }
+    if !apply_seccomp_then_exec && !verify_fd_mounts.is_empty() {
+        panic!("--verify-fd-mount is only supported in the inner sandbox stage");
+    }
     ensure_inner_stage_mode_is_valid(apply_seccomp_then_exec, use_legacy_landlock);
     let EffectivePermissions {
         permission_profile,
@@ -181,6 +189,10 @@ pub fn run_main() -> ! {
     // Inner stage: apply seccomp/no_new_privs after bubblewrap has already
     // established the filesystem view.
     if apply_seccomp_then_exec {
+        if let Err(err) = crate::fd_mount::verify_fd_mounts(&verify_fd_mounts) {
+            panic!("failed to verify descriptor-backed bubblewrap mount: {err}");
+        }
+
         let mut capability_header = [LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0];
         let mut capability_sets = [[0_u32; 3]; 2];
         // SAFETY: capability ABI version 3 uses a [version, pid] header and